Notion Of Agreement Research Articles

Systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive impairment in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)

Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is commonly associated with cognitive complaints. To bring out the neuropsychological symptomatology inherent to ME/CFS, we conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines of the literature through the analysis of 764 studies published between 1988 and 2019 by using PubMed Central website and Clarivate analytics platform. We performed a meta-analysis to delineate an idea of the neuropsychological profile inherent in ME/CFS. The clinical picture typically affects visuo-spatial immediate memory (g = − 0.55, p = 0.007), reading speed (g = − 0.82, p = 0.0001) and graphics gesture (g = − 0.59, p = 0.0001). Analysis also revealed difficulties in several processes inherent in episodic verbal memory (storage, retrieval, recognition) and visual memory (recovery) and a low efficiency in attentional abilities. Executive functions seemed to be little or not affected and instrumental functions appeared constantly preserved. With regard to the complexity and heterogeneity of the cognitive phenotype, it turns out that determining a sound clinical picture of ME/CFS cognitive profile must go through a neuropsychological examination allowing a complete evaluation integrating the notion of agreement between the choice and the number of tests and the complexity intrinsic to the pathology.

Analysis and control of agreement and disagreement opinion cascades

We introduce and analyze a continuous time and state-space model of opinion cascades on networks of large numbers of agents that form opinions about two or more options. By leveraging our recent results on the emergence of agreement and disagreement states, we introduce novel tools to analyze and control agreement and disagreement opinion cascades. New notions of agreement and disagreement centrality, which depend only on network structure, are shown to be key to characterizing the nonlinear behavior of agreement and disagreement opinion formation and cascades. Our results are relevant for the analysis and control of opinion cascades in real-world networks, including biological, social, and artificial networks, and for the design of opinion-forming behaviors in robotic swarms. We illustrate an application of our model to a multi-robot task-allocation problem and discuss extensions and future directions opened by our modeling framework.

Introducing New Measures of Inter- and Intra-Rater Agreement to Assess the Reliability of Medical Ground Truth.

In this paper, we present and discuss two new measures of inter- and intra-rater agreement to assess the reliability of the raters, and hence of their labeling, in multi-rater setings, which are common in the production of ground truth for machine learning models. Our proposal is more conservative of other existing agreement measures, as it considers a more articulated notion of agreement by chance, based on an empirical estimation of the precision (or reliability) of the single raters involved. We discuss the measures in light of a realistic annotation tasks that involved 13 expert radiologists in labeling the MRNet dataset.

The syntax of sign language agreement: Common ingredients, but unusual recipe

The sign language phenomenon that some scholars refer to as “agreement” has triggered controversial discussions among sign language linguists. Crucially, it has been argued to display properties that are at odds with the notion of agreement in spoken languages. A thorough theoretical investigation of the phenomenon may thus add to our understanding of the nature and limits of agreement in natural language. Previous analyses of the phenomenon can be divided into three groups: (i) gesture-based non-syntactic analyses, (ii) hybrid solutions combining syntactic and semantic agreement, and (iii) syntactic accounts under which agreement markers are reanalyzed as clitics. As opposed to these accounts, we argue in this paper that sign language agreement does represent an instance of agreement proper, as familiar from spoken language, that is fully governed by syntactic principles. We propose an explicit formal analysis couched within the Minimalist Program that is modality-independent and only involves mechanisms that have been independently proposed for the analysis of agreement in spoken language. Our proposal is able to capture the (apparent) peculiarities of sign language agreement such as the distinction of verb types (only some verbs show agreement), the behavior of backwards verbs (verbs displaying agreement reversal), and the distribution of the agreement auxiliary. However, we suggest that the combination of mechanisms is modality-specific, that is, agreement in sign language, and in German Sign Language in particular, involves modality-independent ingredients, but uses a modality-specific recipe which calls for a (somewhat) unusual combination of independently motivated mechanisms.

Agreement Technologies for Coordination in Smart Cities

Many challenges in today’s society can be tackled by distributed open systems. This is particularly true for domains that are commonly perceived under the umbrella of smart cities, such as intelligent transportation, smart energy grids, or participative governance. When designing computer applications for these domains, it is necessary to account for the fact that the elements of such systems, often called software agents, are usually made by different designers and act on behalf of particular stakeholders. Furthermore, it is unknown at design time when such agents will enter or leave the system, and what interests new agents will represent. To instil coordination in such systems is particularly demanding, as usually only part of them can be directly controlled at runtime. Agreement technologies refer to a sandbox of tools and mechanisms for the development of such open multiagent systems, which are based on the notion of agreement. In this paper, we argue that agreement technologies are a suitable means for achieving coordination in smart city domains, and back our claim through examples of several real-world applications.

What is (Dis)Agreement?

When do we agree? The answer might once have seemed simple and obvious; we agree that p when we each believe that p. But from a formal epistemological perspective, where degrees of belief are more fundamental than beliefs, this answer is unsatisfactory. On the one hand, there is reason to suppose that it is false; degrees of belief about p might differ when beliefs simpliciter on p do not. On the other hand, even if it is true, it is too vague; for what it is to believe simpliciter ought to be explained in terms of degrees of belief.This paper presents several possible notions of agreement, and corresponding notions of disagreement. It indicates how the findings are fruitful for the epistemology of disagreement, with special reference to the notion of epistemic peerhood.

Agonism and antagonism

This essay considers dissensus as the starting point for the construction of a common epistemic space rather than as the acknowledgement of an irreducible disagreement. In the argumentative confrontation and disagreements, we do not want to identify a process which might lead to agreement through rational debate. The aim of this essay is rather to understand how dissensus leads to the constitution of plural communities. It discusses a certain number of texts of political philosophy (Habermas, Mouffe, etc.), where the notion of agreement is crucial to an analysis of argumentative confrontations. This essay uses the hypothesis to analyse the circulation of Leibniz's dynamics in his correspondence with De Volder. This perspective shows eventually that dissensus is not an obstacle but the basis on which multiple circulations of theories are possible.

Special issue on agreement technologies

Most would agree that large-scale open distributed systems are an area of enormous social and economic potential. In fact, regardless of whether they are realised for the purpose of business or leisure, in a private or a public context, people’s transactions and interactions are increasingly mediated by computers. The resulting networks are usually large in scale, involving millions of interactions, and are open for the interacting entities to join or leave at will. We have been experiencing a paradigm shift in the way that such systems are built, enacted, and managed: away from rigid and centralised client–server architectures, towards more flexible and decentralised means of interaction. Nowadays, there is a growing awareness that the notion of agreement and agreement processes will be of key importance for the next generation of such decentralised large-scale open distributed systems (Ossowski et al. 2013). Until recently, the concept of agreement was a domain of study mainly for philosophers and sociologists and it was applied exclusively to human societies. In recent years, the growth of disciplines such as social psychology, socio-biology, social neuroscience, together with the spectacular emergence of the information society technologies, have changed this situation. Presently, agreement and all the processes and mechanisms related with reaching agreements between different kinds of agents are a subject of research and analysis also from technology-oriented perspectives. Casanovas (2013), for instance, tackles this matter from within the context of philosophy and sociology of law. A study from the perspective of cognitive science and technology is introduced by Paglieri (2013). In one or another way, the notion of agreement has always been relevant to the development software systems as well. Traditionally, it has been based on implicit agreements between programmers and language designers. Thanks to the formal semantics of programming languages specified by their designers, programmers are aware of the meaning of the computational concepts used to write and execute a program. For instance, programmers who use some imperative programming languages share the meaning of the concept of variable, value or loop as well as the notion of program state and state transition. As software systems become bigger and more complex, more dynamic and explicit agreements between project leaders and programmers are needed, in order to establish and document the relationships between the different software components. These agreements (e.g. in the form of specifications of interface and behaviour) become then the basis for the subsequent implementation and verification of the resulting software product. They are established dynamically at design-time, as project leaders and programmers need to interact and discuss the component specifications. However, once such agreements are reached for all elements of the software system, they necessarily remain unchanged at execution time. But, when * George Vouros georgev@unipi.gr

Contract agreements via logic

We relate two contract models: one based on event structures and game theory, and the other one based on logic. In particular, we show that the notions of agreement and winning strategies in the game-theoretic model are related to that of provability in the logical model.

Agreement of Election of the Law Applicable to Matrimonial Regime

Abstract The rules of private international law are regulated in the Civil Code, Book VII “Provisions of Private International Law”, Chapter II is called “The Family”. The conflict of laws in the field of matrimonial agreement is set out in art. 2593 and art. 2594 of the Civil Code. From the provisions of art. 2591 of the Civil Code in conjunction with art. 2593 paragraph 1 letter a and b of the Civil Code we note that we have two types of agreement. Thus, the first type of agreement from art. 2593 paragraph 1 letter a of the Civil Code is called the agreement of election of the law applicable to the matrimonial regime and refers to the conditions of validity “on the election of the law applicable to the matrimonial regime, except capacity” and the second type called matrimonial agreement is regulated by art. 2593 paragraph 1 of the Civil Code referring to “the admissibility and validity conditions of matrimonial agreement, except capacity.” To clarify the meaning of the conflict of laws of Article 2590 of the Civil Code in conjunction with 2593 of the Civil Code we need to perform the primary classification of the concept of agreement of election of the law applicable to matrimonial regime. Application of private international law is impossible without deciphering the meaning of the legal rules specific to this branch or without classifying the test cases on categories. We can observe that art. 2593 paragraph 1 letter b and art. 2594 of the Civil Code does not define the notion of agreement of election of the law applicable to matrimonial regime. Once the operation of primary qualification is completed, by framing the legal relationship of private international law among the conflict of laws mentioned above and the applicable law determined, the agreement of election of the law applicable to matrimonial regime shall acquire new content and a new scope, due to the operation of secondary qualification, which is achieved by lex causae , namely by the substantive law applicable to the legal relationship in question.

Agreement and Communication

I distinguish two notions of agreement (disagreement) in belief: (a) believing the same (contradictory) content(s) versus (b) having beliefs that necessarily coincide/diverge in normative status. The second notion of agreement (disagreement), (b), is clearly significant for the communication of beliefs amongst thinkers. Thus there would seem to be some prima facie advantage to choosing the conception of content operative in (a) in such a way that the normative status of beliefs supervenes on their content, and this seems to be the prevailing assumption of many semanticists. I shall argue that de se beliefs and assertions provide a motivation to depart from this assumption, and so do beliefs and assertions concerning what is epistemically possible. I conclude by offering two models of assertoric communication that are compatible with the abandonment of the assumption, and suggesting schematically that each model applies to different cases.

O que funda o laço social? Um estudo sobre a lei da linguagem

This article seeks to approach the issue of language of the question by the social bond. It recognizes that this can only be possible based on a conception of language that is not hostage to the metaphysical tradition. In these terms, the paper crosses two distinct hermeneutic horizons, namely, the notion of agreement, which has its basis in the problem of language, and the concept of ius gentium, which, though of Roman origin, was reworked in the second scholasticism, giving rise to International Law. These two concepts, however, will collide directly with the ideas of human nature and social contract, so we seek to discuss them from their foundations in order to point their embarrassment in relation to the radical difference.

Agreement and its Multimodal Communication in Debates: A Qualitative Analysis

The paper defines the notion of agreement from a cognitive point of view and analyses types of agreement signals in TV debates. Agreement is defined as a relation of identity, similarity or congruence between the opinions of two or more persons, by contrasting it with confirmation and admission, and the connected notions of proposal, assessment and opinion are overviewed. Research is then presented on the multimodal signals of agreement in debates from the Canal 9 and the AMI corpora; different ways to express agreement are singled out in extensive discourse, single words and body signals, and analysed through an annotation scheme of multimodal data. Different types of agreement are illustrated, including true, indirect and apparent agreement.

Incompatibility Semantics from Agreement

In this paper, I discuss the analysis of logic in the pragmatic approach recently proposed by Brandom. I consider different consequence relations, formalized by classical, intuitionistic and linear logic, and I will argue that the formal theory developed by Brandom, even if provides powerful foundational insights on the relationship between logic and discursive practices, cannot account for important reasoning patterns represented by non-monotonic or resource-sensitive inferences. Then, I will present an incompatibility semantics in the framework of linear logic which allow to refine Brandom’s concept of defeasible inference and to account for those non-monotonic and relevant inferences that are expressible in linear logic. Moreover, I will suggest an interpretation of discursive practices based on an abstract notion of agreement on what counts as a reason which is deeply connected with linear logic semantics.

Ensemble clustering using semidefinite programming with applications

In this paper, we study the ensemble clustering problem, where the input is in the form of multiple clustering solutions. The goal of ensemble clustering algorithms is to aggregate the solutions into one solution that maximizes the agreement in the input ensemble. We obtain several new results for this problem. Specifically, we show that the notion of agreement under such circumstances can be better captured using a 2D string encoding rather than a voting strategy, which is common among existing approaches. Our optimization proceeds by first constructing a non-linear objective function which is then transformed into a 0-1 Semidefinite program (SDP) using novel convexification techniques. This model can be subsequently relaxed to a polynomial time solvable SDP. In addition to the theoretical contributions, our experimental results on standard machine learning and synthetic datasets show that this approach leads to improvements not only in terms of the proposed agreement measure but also the existing agreement measures based on voting strategies. In addition, we identify several new application scenarios for this problem. These include combining multiple image segmentations and generating tissue maps from multiple-channel Diffusion Tensor brain images to identify the underlying structure of the brain.

Positional information and preference aggregation

A new version of independence (I+) is proposed for social welfare functions based on the following notion of agreement. Two weak orders R and R’ on a finite set S agree on a pair {x,y}, denoted by if R|{x,y} = R’|{x,y} and [z R*x and z R*y for some z∈S] if and only if [z’ (R’)* x and z’(R’)*y for some z’∈S]. The last part says that x and y are strictly under z with respect to R exactly when x and y are strictly under z’ with respect to R’. Some examples and results on social welfare functions that satisfy (I+), Pareto, and nondictatorship are given.

Closeness to Identity: A Conceptual Framework for the Definition and Interpretation of Correlations

This paper introduces a way of understanding correlation coefficients based on the notion of scaled-score similarity (i.e., closeness to identity). It is suggested that the proposed framework has intuitive appeal. It points to the equivalence among various correlation coefficients by showing that correlation problems involve the notion of agreement between interval or ordinal measures expressed on different scales.

Clitic Combinations, Their Hosts and Their Ordering

In this work we investigate the implications of Kayne's (1994) antisymmetry proposals for the position to which clitics adjoin in the sentence and the manner in which two (or more) clitics may combine. It is demonstrated that adjunction of clitics to Agr0 is excluded by antisymmetry, leading to results in the spirit of Chomsky (1995), who dispenses with the notion of agreement as a functional head, hence as a potential adjunction site for clitics. Assuming that the Linear Correspondence Axiom does not apply after spell-out, we argue that T0 serves as a host of clitics when Tense features are weak; as for the remaining contexts, we propose that clitics adjoin to heads that are placeholders, departing from the idea that there is a designated functional head and that clitics adjoin to it in all syntactic environments. We present evidence from Greek dialects which supports these claims and instantiates the different manner in which clitics combine in clusters. We extend our proposals to explain similar issues pertaining to the clitic system of the Standard Romance languages.

ASSESSING ATTITUDINAL CONGRUENCE: A CASE FOR ABSOLUTE (AS WELL AS RELATIVE) INDICES

Looking through most popular textbooks on research methods and statistics used in the behavioral sciences, one will be unable to find any presentation focused on the measurement of attitude congruence. Yet, the notion of agreement or disagreement between various matched pairs has been widely researched in many areas. Perhaps it has just been assumed that assessing this kind of agreement or congruence is merely an application of well-known methods such as correlational analysis and comparison of means. An example of this situation is found in a recent review of parent-child attitude studies (Sirotnik, 1981) in which three distinct analytic methods seemed to be in use equally often for assessing attitudinal congruence: (a) Pearson product-moment correlation, (b) paired-comparison of means, and (c) comparison of independent group means. Such applications could easily lead to non-convergent interpretations. Moreover, method b is not necessarily sensitive to congruence since the algebraic sign of differences confounds the comparison, and method c is clearly inappropriate given the dependent nature of paired data. It will be argued here that questions of attitude congruence can be of at least two distinct types, absolute and/or relative. These types have attendant differences in analytic models and, therefore, also have different implications for data analysis. The term absolute congruence applies to the simple observed proportion of agreement between respondent pairs. The term relative congruence applies to the family of agreement indices which, although functions of the absolute index, are formulated relative to chance expectations. It should be noted that differentiating between these indices is a general problem pertaining to any form of cross classification for the purpose of measuring agreement. For example, the issue raised herein has recently been confronted and similarly resolved by Kane and Brennan (1980) in the context of criterion-referenced testing and indexing the reliability of mastery-nonmastery decisions.