Abstract
Many challenges in today’s society can be tackled by distributed open systems. This is particularly true for domains that are commonly perceived under the umbrella of smart cities, such as intelligent transportation, smart energy grids, or participative governance. When designing computer applications for these domains, it is necessary to account for the fact that the elements of such systems, often called software agents, are usually made by different designers and act on behalf of particular stakeholders. Furthermore, it is unknown at design time when such agents will enter or leave the system, and what interests new agents will represent. To instil coordination in such systems is particularly demanding, as usually only part of them can be directly controlled at runtime. Agreement technologies refer to a sandbox of tools and mechanisms for the development of such open multiagent systems, which are based on the notion of agreement. In this paper, we argue that agreement technologies are a suitable means for achieving coordination in smart city domains, and back our claim through examples of several real-world applications.
Highlights
The transactions and interactions among people in modern societies are increasingly mediated by computers
We tested the effectiveness of the dynamic reassignment and redeployment approaches in different experiments simulating the operation of SUMMA112, the emergency medical assistance (EMA) service provider organisation in the Autonomous Region of Madrid in Spain
We have argued that recent technological advances open up new possibilities for computers to support people’s interactions in a variety of domains with high socioeconomic potential
Summary
The transactions and interactions among people in modern societies are increasingly mediated by computers. Such systems cannot be built and managed based on rigid, centralised client-server architectures, but call for more flexible and decentralised means of interaction. The field of agreement technologies (AT) [1] envisions next-generation open distributed systems, where interactions between software components are based on the concept of agreement, and which enact two key mechanisms: a means to specify the “space” of agreements that the agents can possibly reach, and an interaction model by means of which agreements can be effectively reached. Two main ingredients are essential for such multiagent systems based on AT: firstly, a normative model that defines the “rules of the game”
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