Notion Of Society Research Articles

Law in the Buddhist Tradition in Ancient Indian Society

The Vinaya pitaka is the sacred literature of the Buddhists which contains the regulations for the outward life of the members of the Buddhist samgha - nearly the oldest, and probably the most influential, of all fraternities of monks. Unlike the primarily prescriptive Brahmanical law codes, the vinayas contain narrative portions, commentaries, and casuistries, albeit to different degree. 1Law in the Vinaya texts highlighted as - 1) a body of rules considered binding on a particular political or social unit, and the principle of justice underlying in it. 2) A code or canons of such rules. 3) Institutions and practices for the creation and application of such rules and for of disputes. 4) laws also include such other practices such as the social customs, practices and rules that constitute a form of social control for the maintenance of the groups. 5) Social manners, customary practices etiquette and general behaviors regulating silence, speech, interaction. The set of canonical law texts containing rules, descriptions, case studies, definitions, and punishments and some ancillary material that was used to regulate the samgha. 2The paper explores on how the laws were evolved, the process of making law, the need to make laws? How it regulated? The notion of society during the evolution of law? And in the society how the Buddhist tradition different or similar to the other traditions which existed in during the period? What were the political and economic conditions? Internal relations within the samgha? Law relates to Bhikkhus and law relates to Bhikkhunîs? The relation between laity and renouncers?

Education Relationship with the Community in a Sociological Per Spective

This study aims to describe: the relationship between education and society, the notion of education, the notion of society, and the sociology of education. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive method. The information obtained came from one of the teachers who taught at the research site and the surrounding community. The results of this study are the development of education, community participation in education, and the supporting and inhibiting factors in the relationship between education and the community, namely the development of education in the research area is quite good, the community participates in activities carried out by the school, for example when holding competitions, supporting factors that is, there is a systematic program and planning, the condition of the school organization is quite good and the inhibiting factor is the lack of public understanding of the importance of having a relationship between parents and school, the road to school is quite far. Efforts to overcome these obstacles are to provide information as clearly as possible to parents about what is on the agenda in meetings or meetings between parents and the school.

SOCIETY 4.0: GENERAL ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

The term «Society 4.0» is used to define a group of people in advanced economies who form a modern cultural society, which is heavily influenced by technological developments and digitalization and having a significant impact on most aspects of human life. The notion of Society 4.0 is closely related to and factually corresponds with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is also referred to as «Industry 4.0» and widely debated. Despite its topicality, this concept has not received as much publishing attention as anticipated. Surprisingly, the term «Society 5.0», which describes what the current society will gradually transform into in the near future, receives much more focus in this context. The aim of this article is to present the concept of Society 4.0 in its factual form and to identify its general exogenous and endogenous implications, in particular in the sphere of economics.

Volunteering and care in old age: voices from People's Solidarity in East Germany

ABSTRACT Volunteering and care are concepts that have rarely been considered together in contemporary historical research. This article now combines both concepts in an examination of voluntary care practices in People’s Solidarity (PS, Volkssolidarität), an East German organization that has specialized in elder care since the post-war period. The study explores the motivations and perceptions of people who have volunteered in this organization from late socialism to the post-1989 transformation period. Having experienced both state-socialist and post-socialist East Germany, their particular notions of society, care, gender, ageing, and belonging have hardly been recorded so far. Their voices introduce alternative narratives of solidarity and agency, and thus contribute to a more nuanced understanding of East German transformation experiences. Revisiting informal care for the elderly is a subject that remains acutely relevant up to today. “Who cares for the elderly?” is a question these people have answered with determination and initiative over the past thirty years. The article explores the extent to which their practices of volunteering and caring intertwined with their diverse responses to the post-socialist transformation.

Schopenhauer and Luhmann: Some Unlikely Similarities?

The purpose of this paper is to compare similarities between Schopenhauer's conception of the world as Representation and Niklas Luhmann's notion of society as Communication . We explore the similarities between the way in which Schopenhauer constructs his speculations on the comprehension of reality, and how Luhmann describes what he considers contemporary society’s intelligibility. The analyses presented here do not deal with the discussion of the nature of the Will and its manifestations in the process of construction of reality, which constitutes a relevant part of Schopenhauer's thought. At the end of our exposition we infer some points of convergence in these authors’ explanatory models, although it is not possible to deduce, in a direct and categorical way, a theoretical affiliation between them. Keywords: Schopenhauer. Representation. Luhmann. Communication. Systems. DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-16-06 Publication date: August 31 st 2022

Regnum et communitas regni : représentations de la ‘patrie’ dans la littérature légendaire hongroise et dans les chroniques

The present paper assume the manifestations in the main narative sources (legends and cronicles) of two crucial terms of the medieval „state” and society notions, ’patria’ and ’regnum’ as we ll. The manifestations and an essay of reconstruction of their relations and their connotations are presented in the Annexe.

Notes on an archipelagic ethnography: Ships, seas, and islands of relation in the Indian Ocean

This paper explores a mobile anthropological method, or what I call an archipelagic ethnography. This archipelagic ethnography focuses on relationality to think through not only islandness and archipelagoes—land, ship, and sea—but also considers relationality as a starting point for examining connections across space. Based on over ten years of ethnographic research among dhow sailors in the Indian Ocean, I argue that navigation, social interactions, notions of patronage, and protection alongside memories and histories of mobility draw together these multiple spaces across the Indian Ocean. Moving between dhows docked in port, on islands, and at sea, I elaborate on an archipelagic ethnographic method that is a mode of thinking relationally about different kinds of spaces and places. Taking relationality as a central point in thinking through relations between ship, land, and sea, I hope to think about the notion of society in relational terms as a starting point for an anthropological method that is attuned to both difference and connection.

People of the Rainforest: The Villas Boas Brothers, Explorers and Humanitarians of the Amazon

People of the Rainforest: The Villas Boas Brothers, Explorers and Humanitarians of the Amazon

The Concept of “Community” in the Social Ontology of J.-L.Nancy and J. Agamben

The article discusses new ontological approaches to the concept of “community” that appeared after the “ontological turn”. If ontotheology (metaphysics) in search of the foundation of the existing (society) takes the existing beyond the limits of the existing, then the new ontology (ontoheterology) based on new methodological premises asserts the difference of being, its multiplicity due to which the being is affirmed in its being. On the basis of new theoretical prerequisites, Nancy and Agamben create new concepts of “community” which are discussed in this article. For Nancy, “community” is, first of all, a shared coexistence of being, where each individual being is manifested in multiplicity. The unitary is singular and displayed in the display to the Other. In co-existence, individuals share the meaning of finite existence, but finiteness (death) is not completeness, it is an immeasurable responsibility for existence constituting a community. In constructing the ontology of the “community”, J. Agamben uses the concepts of dispositive, homo sacer, naked life, state of emergency, and messianic time. According to Agamben, modern society is in a state of emergency, where the rule and law are suspended. In this suspension, a person turns into a homo sacer, and his life turns into a vita sacra (naked life), the city becomes a camp. At the foundation of the coming community, Agamben believes that non-activity is rooted in the Messianic time, which overcoming violence and totality opens the way to a new form-life. Thus, the new concepts of the “community”, overcoming the traditional notions of society, eliminate any form of theoretical (and practical) totality, since they carry the multiple redundancy of social being. Keywords: community, being-together, singularity, dispositive, homo sacer, state of emergency

Implicit Bias in Counseling for Permanent Contraception: Historical Context and Recommendations for Counseling.

We provide an overview of the causes, manifestations, and potential mitigating steps regarding implicit bias in counseling for permanent contraception. The historical context of sterilization abuses and the implications of these on society's notions of fitness for parenthood are reviewed. We present contemporary examples of contraceptive coercion and discuss the impact of implicit bias from health care providers. Finally, we outline steps for ensuring a patient-centered shared decision-making ethical approach to permanent contraceptive counseling.

Effects of voluntary activities of university students on reputation management strategies of universities: Sample of public university

Reputation and reputation management, referred to as evaluations related to organizations, are a compilation of perceptual descriptions that are in relation with nearly all of the concepts included within public relations field at national and international levels, that are impossible to be characterized independently from the notion of society they exist in, that are determined by West centered frameworks, whose conceptual structures change relatively at social and cultural levels, and that are included in social sciences disciplines which have the nature to create the agenda especially after 1990s. In the era of change where preferences, tastes, needs, desires, and daily routines change, reputation and reputation management are considered as a prescription including crucial elements in reaching target groups and having the nature of a key to institutional approach whose conceptual framework cannot be drawn by sharp lines. In today's cyclical structure in which every element the institutions face together with their competitors change rapidly and the process of decision making turns into a complex structure, the efforts of interpreting the complex structures that exceed the national level and tend to institutionalize at global scale have been an issue of discussion questioned, framed, and followed by many social sciences disciplinary, from sociology to anthropology, from marketing to communication sciences. In this manner, reputation and reputation management concepts including emotional and rational aspects are descriptions of information and opinions of individuals with relation to institutions and organizations as well as values. In today's world, in which we experience the age of information, it is impossible to reach the speed and density of communication networks, basic marketing strategies, the fact of globalization, every doctrine, concept and thesis change radically, the reputation and reputation management concepts take over a key role in enabling the institutions to make the highest level of profit, to increase recognition and productivity in terms of products and services they introduce, and they are considered as long term processes composing the whole of current and potential perceptions. The thesis of reputation and reputation management, forming the basic subject of the study and considered as successor of Public Relations disciplinary, have been studies within the scope of public institutions, especially Universities providing Higher Education, questioned within the framework of culture, intercultural communication and organizational culture concepts and theories, and examined in parallel with Public Relations context.

KAJIAN SEMANTIK PROTOTIPE TERHADAP ISTILAH “DESA WISATA”

Every person has a specific idea of a word, term, phrase, or discourse. The thought is heavily influenced by culture background and surroundings. This study uses the term “tourist village” to understand the thinking of society. The objectives of this study are to assess and describe the prototype semantics “tourist village” based on the notion of society. The study was conducted using a questionnaire that has been designed based on the hypothesis derived from field observations regarding the definition of “tourist village”. The questionnaire has given to 50 persons at random. The respondent's answer was counted, and the results were analyzed based on the predetermined variables. The research proves that prototype semantics “tourist village” as a linguistics study has four main variables, namely the beauty of nature, people skills, culture, and the arrival of people. The results of this study concluded that the prototype semantics “tourist village” according to the community is a village that has a natural beauty, people skills are adequate and special, unique culture, and there are people who want to know the arrival of distinctiveness that is owned in the village.

НАСКРІЗНІ ЗМІСТОВІ ЛІНІЇ В ПОЧАТКОВІЙ ШКОЛІУ

Introduction.The article considers the es-sence of the competence approach to teaching primary school students. The article highlights the views of well-known Ukrainian scholars on the modern terminological field of a competent approach to teaching pupils general secondary educational institutions. It is established that under the competence approach in education it is advisa-ble to understand the orientation of the educational pro-cess to the formation hierarchically subordinated system of key, general subject and subject competences in pupils.The publication presents the structural-functional rela-tionship between the cross-cutting content lines, key, subject competences and their cross-cutting skills in im-plementing a competent approach to teaching primary pupils in New Ukrainian School. The priority of the development of subject competences in the implementation of the competence approach to teaching primary pupils is shown. It is concluded that the purpose of primary education in modern conditions is the comprehensive development of the child's personality in accordance with its age and individual psychophysiological characteristics and cogni-tive needs, the formation of cultural and moral and ethical values, mastery of key and subject competencies and cross-cutting skills, necessary life and social skills. to life in a democratic and information society and continuing education in primary school. Achieving this goal are cross-cutting content lines in primary school, which involve the development of children of junior classes socially signifi-cant cross-curricular topics that contribute to the formation of their notions of society as a whole, develop the ability to apply knowledge in practice. Cross-cutting content lines are an effective means of integrating basic and general subject competencies, subjects and subject cycles in pri-mary education.

Apie mokytojų homunkulą, įsikūrusį mūsų mąstyme

[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
 Straipsnis skirtas mokytojo vaizdiniui, įsisavintam paties mokytojo, ir vaizdiniui, paplitusiam bendrabūvyje – pačių mokytojų požiūriu – bei šio vaizdinio įtakai mokytojo profesinei veiklai nagrinėti. Straipsnyje mokytojo vaizdinys suvokiamas ne kaip psichologinis, bet kaip sociologinis konstruktas, besiformuojantis dėl egzogeninių veiksnių. Manytina, kad egzistuoja aiškus žinojimas, kas yra ,,tikras mokytojas“, paplitę diskursai, detalizuojantys, koks turįs būti geras mokytojas, kaip jis turi elgtis, atrodyti, bei kas yra geras ,,mokytojavimas“. Analizuojama sociologo Z. Norkaus pasiūlyta sąvoka ,,sociologinis homunkulas“ ir pagal ją konstruojama nauja – mokytojo homunkulo – sąvoka. Ji pasitelkiama mokytojo suvokiniui, paplitusiam tiek pačių mokytojų savivokoje, tiek apskritai bendrabūvyje, įvardyti. Pasitelkiant naujajai švietimo sociologijai priskiriamus mokslininkų darbus, aiškinamasi, kokios priežastys formuoja mokytojų homunkulą ir kaip tai atsiliepia profesinei veiklai. Remiantis 2017–2018 m. atliktu empiriniu tyrimu (jame dalyvavo 16 mokytojų ir 5 mokyklų direktoriai) nagrinėjama, koks yra mokytojo Lietuvoje homunkulas, kaip jis konstruoja patį mokytoją kaip patyrimą bei kitų socialinių agentų lūkesčius ir reikalavimus mokytojui. Straipsnis baigiamas išvada, kad mokytojo homunkulas labai veikia mokytojų savivoką ir turi įtakos mokytojų laikysenai kitų socialinių agentų atžvilgiu bei pastarųjų laikysenai mokytojų atžvilgiu ir jų profesinei veiklai vertinti.

Vietnam’s ‘socialization’ policy and the moral subject in a privatizing economy

The Vietnamese term for socialization, xã hội hóa, is grounded in its history of socialist construction, originally referring to the collectivization of property and resources. Since the country shifted to a market economy, yet remaining under the leadership of the Communist Party, the term has come to imply the individualization of responsibilities and the privatization of public goods. As a policy, however, it continues to evoke the idioms of ‘the whole society’ or ‘all the people’ as the basis of wellbeing and development. This paper examines the practices of socialization as part of broader shifts in welfare provision and local dynamics of exemplarity. I show that socialization concerns not only the mobilization of resources, but also the production of a moral subject that is self-optimized and yet sensitized to helping others, self-governed and yet governable by the party state. In a socialist country that is rapidly marketising, this moral subject plays into governing rationalities that blends new-prudentialist logics with socialist genealogies, privatization with a notion of society within which individual actions can be made morally meaningful. While the tension and contestation induced by people’s greater burdens are immanent, the continued reference to collective idioms appeals to people’s moral sensibilities, and thus makes socialization meaningful to some extent, even as they resent the turn away from broad-based structures of wellbeing.

The concept of nationalism in discussions on a European society

ABSTRACTIn scholarship, nationalism has been found to be an integral ingredient of any sense of nationhood. In everyday public use, nationalism is used as a term of disapproval. The stubborn discursive border between the two uses of the concept of nationalism evokes questions about the historical preconditions of creating an ism concept based on the roots ‘nation’ or ‘national’. In the period often called ‘the age of nationalism’, from the French Revolution to the First World War, nationhood was essentialized in ways that did not allow nations to be explained as constructions of any ism. ‘Nationalism’ gained popularity from the 1890s onwards as a critical concept directed at ideas and actions that broke against what was seen as the legitimate role of a nation. Defining the role of nations and nationhood took place in a series of political contests utilizing the concept of nationalism. Debates on Europe and ‘European society’ created one of the contexts of these contests. In current scholarly discussion on the idea of a European society, the critique of ‘methodological nationalism’ has been targeted at the nation-state-bound notion of society. However, in much of policy-oriented research and policy planning, the references to nationalism only contain views and actions found to be reactions against globalization and European integration. ‘Nationalism’ does not apply to efforts to improve ‘our’ national and European competitiveness nor ‘our’ joint EU policies of external bordering.

ANTROPOLOGIA, CULTURA E INDIVÍDUO: REFLEXÕES SOBRE IDENTIDADE

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de fazer uma discussão em torno de alguns conceitos e de teóricos da Antropologia sobre identidade cultural. Para isto, aponta questões referentes à noção de sociedade, de cultura e de indivíduo. Estes elementos ajudam a compor o corpo daquilo que entendemos ser a noção de identidade cultural. Busca, também, fazer uma reflexão sobre a necessidade do estudo e da pesquisa dentro dessas temáticas, da constante reflexão sobre os métodos e ferramentas usados nas análises e do processo contínuo de transformação dos aspectos culturais e identitários.

Contributions of Religions to the Common Good in Pluralistic Societies from a Christian Perspective? Some Critical Remarks

Abstract The paper argues that, from the perspective of South African experiences, four notions in the title could easily lead to misunderstandings. The notion of a Christian perspective could ignore the deep diversity and contestation within the Christian traditions themselves. The notion pluralistic could easily be too innocent to address the deep forms of division, alienation and injustice in real life. The notion of the contributions made by religions may be understood, especially by Reformed Christians, primarily in terms of speaking, while the real contributions made by religions to the common life may in fact be more complex and more fundamental. The notion of societies in the plural may again be too superficial and innocent and obscure the ways in which we share a common world and life today.

FMRI to probe sex-related differences in brain function with multitasking.

BackgroundAlthough established as a general notion in society, there is no solid scientific foundation for the existence of sex-differences in multitasking. Reaction time and accuracy in dual task conditions have an inverse relationship relative to single task, independently from sex. While a more disseminated network, parallel to decreasing accuracy and reaction time has been demonstrated in dual task fMRI studies, little is known so far whether there exist respective sex-related differences in activation.MethodsWe subjected 20 women (mean age = 25.45; SD = 5.23) and 20 men (mean age = 27.55; SD = 4.00) to a combined verbal and spatial fMRI paradigm at 3.0T to assess sex-related skills, based on the assumption that generally women better perform in verbal tasks while men do better in spatial tasks. We also obtained behavioral tests for verbal and spatial intelligence, attention, executive functions, and working memory.ResultsNo differences between women and men were observed in behavioral measures of dual-tasking or cognitive performance. Generally, brain activation increased with higher task load, mainly in the bilateral inferior and prefrontal gyri, the anterior cingulum, thalamus, putamen and occipital areas. Comparing sexes, women showed increased activation in the inferior frontal gyrus in the verbal dual-task while men demonstrated increased activation in the precuneus and adjacent visual areas in the spatial task.ConclusionAgainst the background of equal cognitive and behavioral dual-task performance in both sexes, we provide first evidence for sex-related activation differences in functional networks for verbal and spatial dual-tasking.

Society without the social: the Spanish labour movement and the rise of the social, 1840–1880

Focusing on the Spanish case, this article addresses two fundamental questions: why were many unionized workers sceptical about state intervention in labour issues throughout the nineteenth century, and why did this attitude begin to change from the 1860s onwards? Its main thesis is that workers’ attitudes derived ultimately from different historical notions of ‘society’ that shaped their perceptions and experiences of labour relations and their attitude toward the role of the state. Thus, a notion of society as an aggregation of individuals shaped unionized Spanish workers’ hostility toward state intervention since the creation of the first unions in the 1840s. From the 1860s onward, a new conception of collective relations, namely ‘the social’, began to transform some workers’ expectations of the role of the state in labour conflicts. The main factor that explains this change, it is argued, lies in the relationship between the workers’ imaginary, their actions, and their expectations about these actions.