Notion Of Complexity Research Articles

A Fuzzy Grammar for Evaluating Universality and Complexity in Natural Language

The paper focuses on linguistic complexity and language universals, which are two important and controversial issues in language research. A Fuzzy Property Grammar for determining the degree of universality and complexity of a natural language is introduced. In this task, the Fuzzy Property Grammar operated only with syntactic constraints. Fuzzy Natural Logic sets the fundamentals to express the notions of universality and complexity as evaluative expressions. The Fuzzy Property Grammar computes the constraints in terms of weights of universality and calculates relative complexity. We present a proof-of-concept in which we have generated a grammar with 42B syntactic constraints. The model classifies constraints in terms of low, medium, and high universality and complexity. Degrees of relative complexity in terms of similarity from a correlation matrix have been obtained. The results show that the architecture of a Universal Fuzzy Property Grammar is flexible, reusable, and re-trainable, and it can easily take into account new sets of languages, perfecting the degree of universality and complexity of the linguistic constraints as well as the degree of complexity between languages.

Types for Complexity of Parallel Computation in Pi-calculus

Type systems as a technique to analyse or control programs have been extensively studied for functional programming languages. In particular, some systems allow one to extract from a typing derivation a complexity bound on the program. We explore how to extend such results to parallel complexity in the setting of pi-calculus, considered as a communication-based model for parallel computation. Two notions of time complexity are given: the total computation time without parallelism (the work) and the computation time under maximal parallelism (the span). We define operational semantics to capture those two notions and present two type systems from which one can extract a complexity bound on a process. The type systems are inspired both by sized types and by input/output types, with additional temporal information about communications.

Krylov complexity from integrability to chaos

We apply a notion of quantum complexity, called “Krylov complexity”, to study the evolution of systems from integrability to chaos. For this purpose we investigate the integrable XXZ spin chain, enriched with an integrability breaking deformation that allows one to interpolate between integrable and chaotic behavior. K-complexity can act as a probe of the integrable or chaotic nature of the underlying system via its late-time saturation value that is suppressed in the integrable phase and increases as the system is driven to the chaotic phase. We furthermore ascribe the (under-)saturation of the late-time bound to the amount of disorder present in the Lanczos sequence, by mapping the complexity evolution to an auxiliary off-diagonal Anderson hopping model. We compare the late-time saturation of K-complexity in the chaotic phase with that of random matrix ensembles and find that the chaotic system indeed approaches the RMT behavior in the appropriate symmetry class. We investigate the dependence of the results on the two key ingredients of K-complexity: the dynamics of the Hamiltonian and the character of the operator whose time dependence is followed.

International Security and Challenges Along “One Belt, One Road” in Central Asia

The concept of international security has numerous dimensions and interpretations, because of a wide scope of threats and challenges, which have various roots and reasons and depend on the region of the development of a particular security issue. This accounts for the choice of the form: the best way to discuss international security is to use particular cases while conducting the research. This method allows us to perceive the issue as a complex notion in particular circumstances while avoiding unnecessary generalization of the researched object. Current research is devoted to the issue of security assets in Central Asian republics (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kirgizstan). Moreover, the research does not only take into consideration security threats purely as a notion but also brings in another variable to the discussion: a factor of the Chinese "One Belt, One Road" initiative. This fact allows the research to obtain geopolitical meaning and depth. For China realization of the OBOR initiative means far more than the creation of a mechanism of international logistics, investments, and cooperation. Using the OBOR China tries to promote a scale of values, which is different from the Western one. Moreover, building the OBOR grants China the role of an international superpower as well as a new pole of gravity in international relations. The research also addresses the question of the importance of Central Asia as a geopolitical bridge. The control over it has been a debatable issue among international players since the early 19th century, and it still has not lost its importance because the region has its borders close to the borders of the Russian Federation from the south and China from the west. Central Asia is also a region with numerous internal problems: on one hand, they are very similar for all the five republics of the region, but, on the other hand, they have their peculiarities differing from country to country. First of all, these concerns are related to the newly emerged unconventional security threat like religious radicalism and extremism: particular features of this phenomenon are different from country to country, and it does not have a unified solution. The last fact endangers not only national states of the region, but also countries of the neighboring region of Central Asia. In general, the research discusses the correlation of the OBOR as an international phenomenon with possible security risks for this project in the region of Central Asia.

The historical nature of biological complexity and the ineffectiveness of the mathematical approach to it

Contemporary scientific knowledge is built on both methodological and epistemological reductionism. The discovery of the limitations of the reductionist paradigm in the mathematical treatment of certain physical phenomena originated the notion of complexity, both as a pattern and process. After clarifying some very general terms and ideas on biological evolution and biological complexity, the article will tackle to seek to summarize the debate on biological complexity and discuss the difference between complexities of living and inert matter. Some examples of the major successes of mathematics applied to biological problems will follow; the notion of an intrinsic limitation in the application of mathematics to biological complexity as a global, relational, and historical phenomenon at the individual and species level will also be advanced.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF INDONESIAN EFL LEARNERS’ IDENTITIES: A NARRATIVE-BASED CASE STUDY

The identity that the learners construct during the English learning process is essential to understand how the EFL learners continuously negotiate the identities they have until they successfully achieve adequate proficiency in English. This narrative-based case study investigates how the learning of English has constructed the learner identity of two Indonesian postgraduate students who graduated from the English Education Department. Categorized under narrative inquiry design, this research explored the participants’ personal narratives related to their experiences during the English language learning process. In the early phase of identity construction, both participants showed little or no relevance in learning English because it was imposed on them through the school curriculum. However, soon they developed positive identities which later turned to be false positivity. Thus, these distressing moments asked for more investments from the participants. This study successfully confirms the notion of complex, multilayered, and multifaceted proved by the narratives that emerged from the participants' lived English learning experiences.

MO476: Prevalence of Symptoms in End Stage Renal Disease and Their Association With Quality of Life

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS End-stage chronic renal disease (ESRD) is an irreversible disease with serious consequences for the life of the patient and perceived as a social and professional handicap. Management of ESRD therefore requires not only control of symptoms and morbidity, but also improvement in the quality of life (QoL) of these patients. Due to its wide variety of symptoms as well as the cost/dialysis patient, ESRD is one of the most expensive pathologies in the world, making it the subject of several studies. The aim of this study was to study the prevalence and influence of symptoms on the physical and mental components of the QoL in patients with ESRD, both in those on pre-dialysis as well as in those already at the stage of hemodialysis. METHOD This is a cross-sectional observational study carried out between January and April 2021. This multicenter study concerned a cohort of 245 patients with end-stage chronic renal failure on dialysis or on pre-dialysis. Upon entry into the study, a set of 17 symptoms was collected by patient interview or by patient self-administered questionnaire. Patients’ QOL was assessed using the physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) summary components of the `Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form’ (KDQoL SF-36). Single and multiple logistic and linear regression analyzes were used to compare symptoms and their impact on QoL between predialysis and dialysis. A P-value < .05 in a confidence interval >95% is considered statistically significant. RESULTS Among the 245 patients included, 102 were on pre-dialysis and 143 were in the hemodialysis stage. The mean age of all of our patients was 54.21 ± 11.07 years old with extremes of 19–81 years old and predominantly male (63%). Causal nephropathy was undetermined in 53% of cases; 44% of our patients had hypertension under treatment, and 38% were diabetic. The most common symptoms are sleep disorders (71%), anorexia (48%), muscle pain (26%), weight loss (26%), loss of autonomy and chest pain (21%), asthenia and then libido disorders (20%). Among our patients, 46% still had residual kidney function. Only cramps and fatigue were significantly associated with a decline in kidney function. Symptoms such as asthenia, sleep disturbances, along with restless legs syndrome and pruritus were significantly different in the two groups, being more common in dialysis patients. In univariate analysis, the comparative study of the different components of the score found a statistically significant association between the mental component of the scoring and the age, the female sex, the feeling of burden in relation to the family, the quality of dialysis (Kt/V) and pruritus. In contrast, the duration of kidney disease, loss of residual kidney function and anemia were associated with increased kidney disease burden and physical component. In multivariate analysis, the presence of cardiovascular disease increased the risk of clinically poor QoL, and age >60 years increased the risk of having poor QoL. On the contrary, having the ability to do the work at home as well as a good relationship with caregivers are factors of good QoL mentally, and seniority in HD > 5 years had a positive impact on physical QoL. CONCLUSION The QoL during ESRD is a complex notion that results from an interaction of several components: the disease itself, the patient's psychological traits, the patient's behavior in the face of his illness and social support. Despite this complexity, it must be considered as a criterion for evaluating the means of substitution offered in IRCT. Finally, the QoL after kidney transplant remains much higher than that offered by dialysis despite the risk of complications related to immunosuppressants.

The atomic properties of stress

AbstractThis article posits a theory of iterative stress that separates each facet of the stress map into its constituent parts, or ‘atoms’. Through the well-defined notion of complexity provided by Formal Language Theory, it is shown that this division of the stress map results in a more restrictive characterisation of iterative stress than a single-function analysis does. While the single-function approach masks the complexity of the atomic properties present in the pattern, the compositional analysis makes it explicitly clear. It also demonstrates the degree to which, despite what appear to be significant surface differences in the patterns, the calculation of the stress function is largely the same, even between quantity-sensitive and quantity-insensitive patterns. These stress compositions are limited to one output-local function to iterate stress, and a small number of what I call edge-oriented functions to provide ‘cleanup’ when the iteration function alone fails to capture the pattern.

Strategic new product media planning under emergent channel substitution and synergy

New product and service introductions require careful joint planning of production and marketing campaigns. Consequently, they typically utilize multiple information channels to stimulate customer awareness and resultant word‐of‐mouth (WOM), availing of standard budget allocation tools. By contrast, when enacting strategic allocation decisions—which must align with other management imperatives—dividing expenditures across channels is far more complex. To this end, we formulate a multichannel demand model for new products (or services), amenable to analysis of inter‐ and intrachannel interaction patterns and with the WOM process, without building such interactions directly into the modeling framework. To address the notorious complexity of media planning over time, we propose a novel decomposition of the multichannel dynamic programming problem into two distinct “tiers”: the strategic tier addresses how to allocate total expenditure across channels, while the tactical tier studies how to allocate the channel‐specific budgets (determined in the strategic tier) over time periods. This decomposition enables optimal media strategies to sidestep the curse of dimensionality and renders the model pragmatically estimable. Strategic tier analysis suggests a variety of novel insights, primarily that funds should not be allocated based on (relative) channel effectiveness alone but also systematically aligned with WOM generation. Specifically, each channel can face a “chasm‐crossing” threshold, abruptly transitioning the adoption process from lead‐users to mass‐market penetration. Moreover, the model provides actionable managerial insights into when, and which, channel interactions are synergistic versus substitutive. Specifically, a channel's interactions are governed primarily by its own “leverage” (potential demand impact) and the WOM‐based demand “momentum” (market penetration) it can generate, affording a novel basis for channel typography and firm action. The modeling framework is illustrated by examining camera sales for two media channels (free‐standing inserts and radio) and their effects over 28 months. We use Bayesian machinery to estimate a highly flexible diffusion‐based model, along with forecasts, media plans, and both theoretical and empirically‐based qualitative insights.

Ideology in the mirror: A loving (self) critique of our equity and social justice efforts in STEM education

AbstractThis manuscript is born from contemplating and exploring how it is that we see so little systemic change in STEM education after so many years of working toward it, including the insidious persistence of systems of oppression, and historical and generational exploitation that our current critical, social justice efforts in STEM teacher preparation programs are ineffective and ill‐equipped at changing or dismantling. Starting from an explanatory frame of Freire's conundrum of the oppressed, we theorize toward a more complex notion of ideological change. Through the novel reflexive discourse of a loving (self) critique, we interrogate our own individual failures to construct a better theoretical understanding of them. Using self‐reflections and other examples, we theorize an imperative of continued ideological growth and development to more authentically step forward in our STEM education equity and social justice work.

Maps in Tangent Complex of Order Three

Previously we have extended the notion of tangent complex of first order to second order and proposed various morphisms in order to connect the tangent complex to well known Grassmannian complex. Now we are motivated to find similar constructions and maps for order greater than 2. Therefore in this paper we present the maps and other ingredients for the tangent complex of order three in dialogarithmic settings. This work will play a key role in the generalization of these constructions.

What’s a chance event? Contrasting different senses of ‘chance’ with Aristotle’s idea of meaningful unusual accidents

In this article, I present and explain ten different possible meanings of a chance event – some ontological, some epistemic – and provide examples whenever possible. I describe and illustrate more carefully the view of chance (tychē) expressed by Aristotle in his Physics, a demanding and complex notion, and contrast it to the other senses examined. The etymology of chance also reveals a cross-reference between chance and indeterminism. I draw attention to the fact that most of the definitions of chance on offer need not conflict with causal determinism.

Biblia Hebraica Quinta Kontekst i znaczenie nowego wydania krytycznego

Starting from the considerations on the complex notions of the original text, the article speaks of some antecedents of the textual criticism practiced in antiquity. The quest for the original text of the Old Testament began more than two thousand years ago. A summary of the previous critical editions of the Hebrew Bible places the ongoing project of the Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ) in its historical and methodological context. The experience of the author in his work on 2 Kgs illustrates the importance of BHQ for historians and Biblical scholars, as well as its possible consequences for hermeneutics and theology.

What they are really saying: An analysis of the messages in full-time virtual school television-length advertisements

Virtual schooling in America is a complex notion, one riddled with simultaneous claims of provenance coupled with poor achievement results when compared to other forms of schooling. Recruitment practices for virtual schools, specifically available television-length advertisements from a national list of fully online schools, comprised a data set around which this study revolved. We examined how virtual school television-length advertisements represented or misrepresented their approach to schooling by utilizing a cultural studies technique of performing preferred, negotiated, and oppositional readings. Qualitative analysis—including an independent interrater process—led to findings that often directly contradicted the messages present in the television-length advertisements, as well as currently available research on the performance and practices of virtual schools. Thus, virtual schools should consider the manner in which race, student performance, and teacher quality are portrayed in the teaching, learning, and collaboration of their television-length advertisement recruitment efforts.

PERFORMANCE AND STRATEGIC PROCESSES

The aim of this paper is to clarify the complex and multidimensional notion of performance, whether in terms of definition or measurement, and its link with strategic processes. These are "sets of actions or activities organized in a network, mobilizing resources and skills to create value" and "the finalization of the intentions of the company through actions" (Lorino & Tarondeau, 2015). They can be deliberate (rational and reflected), or emerging (imposed and not reflected). The article will try to explain the deliberate or emerging origin or both at the same time of the performance. It will provide a state of the art on strategic processes and their link with strategy, performance and organizational learning. It will show that the strategic processes are constantly renewed thanks to new combinations of resources and skills giving rise to organizational learning, which itself allows the creation of value for the company and therefore performance.

Homer and Ancient Narrative Time

This paper considers the nature of time and temporality in Homer. It argues that any exploration of narrative and time must, as its central tenet, take into account the irreducible plurality and interconnectedness of memory, the event, and experienced time. Drawing on notions of complexity, emergence, and stochastic behavior in science as well as phenomenological traditions in the discussion and analysis of time, temporality, and change, and offering extensive readings of Homer, of Homeric epithets and formulae, and of key passages in the Iliad and Odyssey, the paper argues against chronological notions of linear (“numbered”) time and progression and in favor of a complex, dynamic temporal “geometries” of Homeric temporality. The paper concludes by briefly extending the argument to the wider domain of ancient time in general. Homer is a fundamental point of reference in the ancient world. Thus, Homeric temporality—irreducibly complex—affects the cognition and perception of time throughout the whole of antiquity.

Observing interventions: a logic for thinking about experiments

AbstractThis paper makes a first step towards a logic of learning from experiments. For this, we investigate formal frameworks for modeling the interaction of causal and (qualitative) epistemic reasoning. Crucial for our approach is the idea that the notion of an intervention can be used as a formal expression of a (real or hypothetical) experiment (Pearl, 2009, Causality. Models, Reasoning, and Inference, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Woodward, 2003, Making Things Happen, vol. 114 of Oxford Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Oxford University Press). In a first step we extend a causal model (Briggs, 2012, Philosophical Studies, 160, 139–166; Galles and Pearl, 1998, An axiomatic characterisation of causal counterfactuals. Foundations of Science, 3, 151–182; Halpern, 2000, Axiomatizing causal reasoning. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 12, 317–337; Pearl, 2009, Causality. Models, Reasoning, and Inference, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) with a simple Hintikka-style representation of the epistemic state of an agent. In the resulting setting, one can talk about the knowledge of an agent and information update. The resulting logic can model reasoning about thought experiments. However, it is unable to account for learning from experiments, which is clearly brought out by the fact that it validates the principle of no learning for interventions. Therefore, in a second step, we implement a more complex notion of knowledge (Nozick, 1981, Philosophical Explanations. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts) that allows an agent to observe (measure) certain variables when an experiment is carried out. This extended system does allow for learning from experiments. For all the proposed logics, we provide a sound and complete axiomatization.

Audio mediation technology and liveness in modern musical theatre performance

The widespread use of audio technology in musical theatre – and, in particular, how the use of this audio technology interfaces with the presence of live musicians – complicates the sonic notion of liveness in the theatrical setting. This article will delve into the more complex details of what we call liveness in mainstream musical theatre, with special attention paid to live musicians in this highly mediated environment. The first half of the article explores the roots of contemporary audio technology norms for musical theatre and argues that they have developed in part to maximize the sonic similarity of the live performance to its mediatized forms (primarily cast recordings). The second section explores the impact of audio mediation norms on pit musicians and features comments drawn from interviews with a number of Broadway musicians. The use of audio technology in contemporary musical theatre performance, while perhaps making it easier to align mediatized and live performance forms for audience consumption, results in complex notions of quasi-liveness with respect to the live musicians.

Swinging the Score? Swing Phrasing Cannot Be Communicated via Explicit Notation Instructions Alone

Jazz musicians usually learn to play with “swing” phrasing by playing by ear. Classical musicians—who play more from musical scores than by ear—are reported to struggle with producing swing. We explored whether classical musicians play with more swing when performing from more detailed swing notation. Thereby we investigated whether a culturally specific improvisational social procedure can be scripted in detailed music notation for musicians from a different performance background. Twenty classical musicians sight-read jazz tunes from three styles of notation, each with a different level of notational complexity. Experienced jazz listeners evaluated the performances. Results showed that more score-independent classical musicians with strong aural abilities played with equally strong swing regardless of notation; more score-dependent musicians swung most with the medium-complexity classical notation. The data suggest that some higher-level swing features, such as appropriate articulation, event durations, and deviations from a beat sequence can be communicated to a limited extent using written instructions. However, their successful implementation in performance depends on matching instructional complexity to a musician’s skill at decoding and interpreting unfamiliar information. This link between decoding skills and cross-cultural performance makes our findings relevant to ethnological and musicological studies of musical communication processes and perception-action coupling.

Digital transformation: basic approaches to defining the notion

Problem statement. Changes in society in connection with the diversity of the use of information and communication technologies, has led to the active use of the concept of digital transformation. A complex polysemic notion describes a multifactorial phenomenon, which necessitates an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of the concepts content. Methodology. This study used bibliometric analysis of the Russian electronic database with built-in analysis tools. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of open sources on the topic of Digitalization of education were analyzed using closed search systems and machine analysis of large texts, such as Microsoft Academic Graph and Dimensions.ai. Content analysis and thematic monitoring were carried out using the keywords digitalization of education, digital transformation, and digital transformation of higher education. The assessment of the level of interest in this topic was carried out according to the statistics of queries using the wordstat.ru resource. Results. The term digital transformation analyzed in a broad context. Digital transformation is defined using philosophical and cultural approaches. The axiological approach sets a broad framework for discussion and requires additional research. Conclusion. A sample of both Russian and foreign works on the problem of digital transformation was made using various means of statistical analysis. Three approaches to the analysis of digital transformation are considered, definitions are formulated and the need to study the transformation of education using an anthropological approach is substantiated.