Linguistic Notion Research Articles

LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF APHASIA AND ALALIA IN THE WORKS OF V. K. ORFINSKAYA

The aim of the paper is to give a short overview of the main findings related in the studies of V. K. Orfinskaya, Professor of Department of Psychopathology and Logopedics of A. I. Herzen Institute of Leningrad, devoted to alalia and aphasia. V. K. Orfinskaya was the first scholar in the history of aphasiology to undertake a comparative linguistic study of alalia and aphasia using an original method, based on observation of a speech disorder in the process of its overcoming, i.e. in the dynamics of rehabilitative logopedic work. The linguistic classification created a chance to single out speech disorder levels on the basis of the sequence of formation of linguistic systems in their ontogenesis. The first level includes disorders of phonetic differentiations, the second - inadequacy of the phonemic and morphological linguistic systems, between which the morphological one is more highly organized. The third level is expressed by the inefficiency of the significative function of the phonemic and morphological systems and emerges as a result of disruption of interanalyzer connections causing a switch-off of speech analyzers. According to the author, the fourth level includes speech disorders caused by disintegration or underdevelopment of generalizations lying at the basis of linguistic notions emerging as a consequence of immaturity of speech analyzers (apraxico-agnostic forms of aphasia and alalia). The lower the level of disorder, the more severe speech pathology, and the harder it is to overcome it. The process of compensation for each linguistic system goes along stages of its development in the ontogenesis. Rehabilitation work should follow the same route - i.e. first comes training of relatively elementary functions of the system, and then follow the more complicated ones. Thus, V. K. Orfinskaya created a logical conception embracing the mechanisms of various forms of disintegration of speech and pathology of its development, the ways of diagnostics, and the program and techniques of differential rehabilitation activity. Ключевые слова: афазия; алалия; логопедия; нарушения речи; расстройства речи; фонематические системы; экспрессивная речь; персеверация фонем; двигательные анализаторы; лингвистический анализ; научные труды. Keywords: aphasia; alalia; logopedics; speech disorders; speech impairments; phonemic systems; expressive speech; perseverance of phonemes; motor analyzers; linguistic analysis; scientific works. Сведения об авторе: Трауготт Наталия Николаевна (1904-1994), нейрофизиолог, доктор медицинских наук (1964), профессор. С 1956 г. Н. Н. Трауготт возглавляла лабораторию патологии высшей нервной деятельности Института эволюционной физиологии им. И. М. Сеченова. Во время первой публикации работы (1983) была сотрудником государственного научно-исследовательского психоневрологического института им. В. М. Бехтерева. About the author: Traugott Nataliya Nikolaevna (1904-1994), Neurophysiologist, Doctor of Medicine (1964), Professor. Since 1956, N. N. Traugott headed the laboratory of pathology of the higher nervous activity of I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry. At the time of the first publication of the paper (1983), she worked at St. Petersburg Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute.

A LINGUISTIC STUDY OF MANIPULATIVE ADVERTISING STRATEGIES OF THE MOBILE NETWORK OPERATORS IN EGYPT AND THE UNITED STATES. COMPARATIVE APPROACH.

Advertising nowadays penetrates all aspects of our daily life: on TV, the radio, in the newspapers, in the mailboxes, on the side of underground metro, etc. Whether advertising is annoying or amusing, useful or misleading, it is a form of communication whereby advertisers communicate the value of a product or service to customers. However, advertising is far from just being informative in an innocent and straightforward way. Advertising has an agenda. It is a skillfully constructed message, which manipulates the viewers’ culturally created perceptions and aspirations, and which presents the advertised product as a way to satisfy the audience’s desires. This happens by creating a specific image for the advertised stuff and building the viewers’ perception of such ads. Advertising is also about establishing a relationship between the advertiser and the viewer and it is important to look at this relationship as it helps to form the consumers’ behavior towards the advertised product. Academic contributions on the linguistic features of advertising appeared few decades and developed into a rich interdisciplinary field of study. Advertising has attracted consistent and intense attention across academic disciplines including marketing, media studies, psychology, sociology, and linguistics. From a linguistic dimension, advertising research focused heavily on the description of specific textual devices or the relations between text and image, and certain pragmatic features, which view advertising as a special concept of discourse. In this sense some important questions remain unapproached, like, how are the addressees motivated to tackle and process linguistic notions in advertising and what are the strategies to manipulate their mental concepts.

ПАРАДИГМА ТИПОЛОГІЧНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК КОРПУСУ ЗА ТИПОМ ТЕКСТОВИХ ДАНИХ

The article attempts to analyze the typological characteristics of text corpora. The author proposes to classify corpora with consideration of different aspects of this modern linguistic notion, namely the nature of the text data included in the corpus, the design and structural features of the corpus, the method of fixing and indexing text data in the corpus, as well as the way of how the corpus can be used. Particular attention in the article is paid to the classification of corpora considering what text data was taken into account while it was compiled, in particular by the degree of text data specialization, its formal nature, and the language parameter. It is revealed that the paradigm of the «degree of specialization of text data» is composed of general and specialized corpora. In its turn, inside the group of specialized corpora, the type of text data that defines the name of the corpus to which they belong and serve as a selection parameter can be determined by genre, stylistic, temporal, anthropocentric, professional, communicative, geographical or social nature of linguistic diversity. Examples of these types of text corpora are also presented. The article presents terminological equivalents of corpus names by the type of text data in Ukrainian and English.

An Embodied Tutoring System for Literal vs. Metaphorical Concepts.

In this paper we combine motion captured data with linguistic notions (preliminary study) in a game-like tutoring system (study 1), in order to help elementary school students to better differentiate literal from metaphorical uses of motion verbs, based on embodied information. In addition to the thematic goal, we intend to improve young students’ attention and spatiotemporal memory, by presenting sensorimotor data experimentally collected from thirty two participants in our motion capturing labs. Furthermore, we examine the accomplishment of tutor’s goals and compare them to curriculum’s approach (study 2). Sixty nine elementary school students were randomly divided in two experimental groups (game-like and traditional) and one control group, which did not undergo an intervention. All groups were tested in pre and post-tests. Even though the diagnostic pretests present a uniform picture, two way analysis of variance suggests that the experimental groups showed progress in post-tests and, more specifically, game-like group showed less wrong answers in the linguistics task and higher learning achievements compared to the other two groups. Furthermore, in the game-like condition the participants needed gradually shorter period of time to identify the avatar’s actions. This finding was considered as a first indication of attentional and spatiotemporal memory’s improvement, while the tutor’s assistance features cultivated students’ metacognitive perception.

FROM TEXT TO POLYCODE TEXT: SEMIOTIC CHANGES IN TEXT PRODUCTION

The article is devoted to the investigation of the linguistic notions of “text” and “polycode text”. The notion of a text has recently undergone a lot of changes in its interpretation. Nowadays, while defining of texts it has been offered to take into account different approaches to their study including not only grammatical, cognitive-semantic, communicative-pragmatic, but also semiotic and semiotic-cultural. The development of IT, the globalization, and changes in the ways of coding of information have increased the role of the semiotic approach in the interpretation of texts. Within the semiotic approach, today’s text is regarded as a set of monocode or polycode communicative resources which correlate with each other, form a complex integrative meaning and are addressed to recipients with a certain pragmatic purpose. It has been proposed to distinguish between monocode and polycode texts and to use the term “polycode” to accentuate the coexistence of two or more codes in one text space. A polycode text is regarded in the article as a coherent unit consisting of several semiotic codes: verbal, non-verbal (photographs, pictures, pictograms, ideograms, smiles, cartoons, tables), paraverbal (color, font, punctuation, layout, diacritical marks). Changes in the encoding of the information in texts and the emergence of new communicative resources have led to the necessity of the reviewing of text’s textuality. Polycoding and multimodality have been regarded in the research as standarts of textuality as well as cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality and intertextuality.

Syntagmatic Dimension of Ukrainian and English Verbs: the Typology of Exponents of Correlation

The paper focuses on the syntagmatic dimension of the Ukrainian and English verbs. The syntagmatics of the verbs is analysed from the cross-linguistic perspective. The approach to the bilateral contrastive study of the verbs is based on the essential notions of contemporary contrastive linguistics. The key factors determining the combinability of the word are analysed. The work contains a brief overview of the theories that differentiate syntactic, semantic and lexical syntagmatics. The factors proved that syntagmatic relations are of syncretic nature, especially within verbal classes. It is necessary to combine semantic and grammatical aspects of combinability. The work focuses on the concept of valency which is believed to be relevance for cross-linguistic analysis of syntagmatic parameters of the verbal systems. It was found out that the combinability potency of the verb determines the specificity and regularity of the syntagmatic relationships that arise in the process of functioning of the verbal systems of both the Ukrainian and English languages. The authors present typology of the formal exponents of correlation that seems promising for revealing isomorphic and allomorphic characteristics of the contrasted verbs. The exponent of correlation is believed to be an effective tool for building syntagmatic paradigm of the verbs from the contrastive perspective. The typology of the exponent of syntagmatic correlation contains non-verbalized (zero) and verbalized (non-predicative / predicative / semi-predictive, synthetic / analytic, simple / complicated, one-position / multi-positional) units that form the corresponding paradigmatic series in the comparable languages.

THE CONCEPT OF ʻTERM’ AS A LINGUISTIC PROBLEM: APPROACHES TO THE DEFINITION AND HISTORY OF RESEARCH

The article applies to the investigation of the ‘term’ notion in linguistics. On the basis of the carried analysis terminological problems of the modern linguistics has been studied.Term is a word or word combination defining the meaning of a certain area of knowledge or human activity.The main characteristics of a term are: system sign – each term is a part of a certain terminological system having a definite terminological meaning; accuracy – a term gives full and detailed reflection of its sense; the aspiration for unambiguity in the terms of its system; definitional characteristic – a definition describing its meaning accurately.Depending on the level of term meaning, specialization terms are divided into three groups. General scientific terms are used almost in all sectorial terminologies. Inter sectorial terms are found in several close or remote areas. Direct sectorial terms are characterized only by a certain area.Today they distinguish the main tendencies of practical linguistics: lexicographical and terminological activity, as well as organizational and methodological activity, standardization of terms and terminological systems (normalization, terminological editing), the terms translation via scientific and technical specific texts, designing of terminological database.Modern linguistics studies terminological problems of the following orientations: the linguistic description of a term and terminological organization origin; automated methods of terminology analysis; the terminology analysis for a language construction for modern information systems; scientific and technical terminology standardization.Scientific and technical progress implies the appearance of a number of new terms and concepts. A specialist has to be versed in formation regularities, the regularities of operation and development of his language in order to neglect the communicative obstacles where it is demanded.

Fallacy and Argumentation in Oratory Speeches

Nowadays oratory speeches are flooded with fallacious arguments the function of which predetermines the subject matter of this article. In the frame of this paper fallacies are examined through the prism of current multidisciplinary approaches; the concept of fallacy is studied both as a philosophical and as a linguistic notion in the context of argumentation. Secondly, is made an attempt to overall philosophical and linguistic analysis of fallacies in political discourse.This approach aims to focus on the pragmatic effect of implementing stylistic and rhetoric means, on the one hand, and the fallacious arguments, on the other hand, for understanding the persuasive techniques implemented in oratories bringing forth fallacious reasoning.The paper makes evident that the philosophical and linguistic study of fallacies in oratory speeches as errors in reasoning is one of the most vital factors in deploying the resources of inferential reasoning and demonstrating communicative competence.

“LANGUAGE OF WRITING” OR “WRITING AS A LANGUAGE IN A SCRIPT”

Analysis and description of some aspects of the content of O.O. Suleimenov’s book “The Code of a Word. Introduction into Universal Etymological Dictionary ‘1001 words’” is carried out in the arcticlereview, which is characterized by innovative approach to the problem of investigation of origin of a word, notion, sign, and pronunciation since the beginning of ancient time. Notion of writing and verbal word with different graphics image and different pronunciation is based on the scientific conception of O.O. Suleimenov, regardless of geographical, national, cultural and language differences. An ancient origin of a word (etymon) is considered as synthesis of four above-listed aspects of origin of a word, which forms common psychological image in human consciousness. The Author of the book defines the following goals: to reveal and describe the world of the code of a word to identify an etymon. Method of double negation (denial of negation) is used in the paper. It furthers departure from well-known linguistic postulates and creating new investigational methods and forming results in new directed conclusion. For instance, a sign is identified as involuntary phenomenon. It is different from Ferdinand de Saussure’s assertion about voluntariness of a sign, which is regarded as normative notion in modern linguistics. We use the method of triple negation (to deny denial of negation) and draw conclusion that sign is both voluntary and involuntary: different nations have different signs of the sun, therefore a sign is voluntary in this sense. But every sign of the sun (in ancient Egyptians, ancient Chinese, ancient Turkic) have origin of a sing (invariant) - circle, semicircle, square i.e. closedness, therefore a sign is involuntary in this sense. O.O. Suleimenov investigates language to reveal etymon deeply and widely than in traditional, philological approaches. It is common of philological, linguistic, historical, philosophic, gnosiological approaches and appropriate scientific generalization using method of denial of negation and five rules, which were developed and introduced by O.O. Suleimenov into the system of scientific research.

ТАРАС ШЕВЧЕНКО В ІМІДЖЕВИХ СТРАТЕГІЯХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНИ: ЛІНГВІСТИЧНА АРГУМЕНТАЦІЯ

The article concentrates on important issues of linguistic imageology – a new direction in the humanities which investigates linguistic peculiarities of image creation. Current research is focused on studying linguistic aspects of image formation in modern mass media which can be done within the framework of an innovative humanitarian discipline – medialinguistic imageology. This newly discovered linguistic branch analyses both linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics of image shaping. Exploring the conceptual apparatus of medialinguistic imageology, the author reveals that a great deal of its notions is of integral nature, i.e. they were borrowed in science from military and political terminology systems. Simultaneously, new concepts in this field are constantly being developed. One of such brand new notions in medialinguistic imageology are concepts “image strategy” and “image strategy of a state”. The author aims to give a comprehensive analysis of these notions in media linguistics. The main objective of the paper is to explore linguistic factors of formation of Ukraine’s national and international image in contemporary mass media. Content analysis of recent publications about Ukraine conducted by the researcher clearly indicates that precedent names of culture play a critical role in the process of creating the image of the state in media. Such prominent figures as Yaroslav the Wise, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Grigory Skovoroda, Taras Shevchenko etc. are regarded as cultural markers of the country. They are perceived by recipients as certain symbols that form the idea of the Ukrainian culture. The data obtained clearly show that precedent proper name Taras Schevchenko is an essential part of Ukraine’s image campaign, within which the author emphasizes a number of image strategies (i.e. the strategy of universal image, target image strategy, “positioning” strategy, “mythologization” strategy, “emotionalization” strategy, “visualization” strategy, “creative explosion” strategy etc.). The results of the author’s research convince that the appeal to Kobzar as Ukraine’s “business card” can be quite effective in the framework of the Ukrainian image campaign. The findings are of direct practical relevance.

Adverb as an obligatory component of the functional-semantic field of temporality

The proposed theoretical study is a complex analysis of specialized concepts, devoted to the problem of qualification of the temporal functional-semantic field, as well as to the determination of specifics of realization of the adverbial part-of-speech component in this language association. The purpose orientation of the author of the work is to carry out a thorough scientifically weighted review of the heterogeneous differential features of such ambiguous linguistic notion as temporality. The more detailed explanation of the compositional and role aspects of figuring is subjected to such universal language institution, as functionally-semantic field of temporality. The particular attention is paid to the deep characterization of the constituent and content amount of the adverbial lexeme group, nominated as an integral figurant of the mentioned field totality. The result of a thorough analysis of the peculiarity of the functioning of the temporal adverb in the structure of the corresponding linguistic integrity is the ascertaining of several determinant facts, united by the outlined problem. In particular, there is postulated the two-component construction of the temporal functionalsemantic association, constituted by semantic fundamental principle with a clearly defined thematic specialization and by the formal means of actualization of the semantic basis. It is found that in the structure of a hierarchically arranged by the principle of nuclear-peripheral transition monocentric temporal field integrity the central structural positions are occupied by a verbal paradigmatic complex which is the medium of the general deictic time significance. In contrast to this cardinal indicator of temporal relations, lexical concretizers are localized in more distant (peripheral) fragments of the outlined linguistic association, but the underestimation of their functional-semantic status seems completely unfair. The role of lexical markers of time is qualified as “informative expansion”, namely: the detalization of the general time plan expressed by the morphological representatives. The adverbial means of indicating the time parameters of action is nominated as a specific by semantical, grammatical and functional features autonomous part-of-speech figurant of the temporal field. It is emphasized that this abstract by temporal content nuance heterogeneous wordy group is vested with the potency for clarification and tendentious modification of the natural significance of the verb form within a concrete temporal microfield. The realized work has allowed the author to demonstrate the peculiarity of conceptually diverse authors’ interpretive mechanisms focused on the analysis of the adverbial lexeme category in the functional plane of its figuring, as well as to determine the undoubted perspective of the study of adverbial issues.

How Linguistic Notions Formed the Concession During the Grammaticalization Process? A Contrastive Study of the Mandarin Concessive Connector 即使jíshǐ and Its Equivalents in French

How Linguistic Notions Formed the Concession During the Grammaticalization Process? A Contrastive Study of the Mandarin Concessive Connector 即使jíshǐ and Its Equivalents in French

SPECIFICS OF THE INTEGRATION TACTICS REALIZATION IN THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE UK PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES

This article concentrates on the peculiarities of the irony tactics realization in the UK parliamentary debates. Political discourse of the parliamentary debates is a communicative situation that involves interaction between the participants of the political communication. It is characterized by the constant interchange of information massages to discredit opponents in the debated. The paper defines such linguistic phenomena as irony and its specific type, as well as communicative strategy and tactics stipulating its realization as well as the correlation between these linguistic notions. The paper analyses specific language means such as intensifying evaluative, expressive and emotive language units expressing negative attitude towards the opponents in the political communication, idioms etc. Here the stylistic means used by the debates’ participants to discredit opponents during the meetings of the UK House of Commons in the post-Thatcher period are also represented. These stylistic means include antithesis, aposiopesis and parallelism that help to give additional positive connotation to the communicants’ interactions. It also specifies the speech acts and communicative moves involved in expressing critical opinions between the opponents of the political communication aimed at ruining their image in the eyes of the potential electorate.

SFL Genre-Based Writing Instruction: Expository Essay in EFL

The development of writing ability in EFL tertiary level college students depends on multicomponent elements. The body of genre research can shed light on the development of L2 writing in both an ESL and EFL context because teaching genre knowledge can also provide L2 writers with some sense of what they write, to whom they write, and for what purpose. As a result, genre-based writing instructions can benefit L2 student writers, especially in an EFL context, and help to build sufficient genre knowledge so they can then apply it to their own written contexts. The current study draws upon the notion of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), which views language as a meaning making potential within a specific cultural context rather than a set of fixed rules or structures, and investigates how the genre-based approach framed by SFL can increase the expository writing skill of EFL students. This study was conducted in a Korean university with 80 second -year college students Data collection relies on written text data of the students. A paired-samples-t-test and mixed ANOVA were computed in SPSS for findings of the current study, revealing that SFL genre based writing instruction was more effective than a conventional bottom-up writing method in terms of improving expository writing quality of the EFL tertiary level college students. (Mokwon University)

Is variety as neutral as it seems?

AbstractThis article discusses the conceptual difficulties that are involved in the understanding of several basic linguistic notions: namelylanguage,dialect,sociolect,register,style,genre, and in particular,variety. Using the definitions provided in various sources, particularly introductory textbooks and dictionaries of linguistics, I examine the ways in which these terms are explained, and discuss how there is actually no consensus on how they are understood and conceptualised. This is particularly true for the termvariety, which is regarded by many linguists as a neutral and ideology-free unit for research. In this article, I show that whether a set of linguistic features is regarded as a variety depends on three main factors; there is no absolute – and thus, ideologically neutral – way that linguists can refer to this concept when considering what is or is not a linguistic variety.

L2 irregular verb morphology: Exploring behavioral data from intermediate English learners of German as a foreign language using generalized mixed effects models

This paper examines possible psycholinguistic mechanisms governing stem vowel changes of irregular verbs in intermediate English learners of German as a foreign language (GFL). In Experiment 1, nonce-infinitives embedded in an authentic fictional text had to be inflected for German preterite, thus testing possible analogy driven pattern associations. Experiment 2 explored the psycholinguistic reality of the so-called apophonic path by prompting two inflections for one given nonce-word. Data were analyzed using generalized mixed effects models accounting for within-subject as well as within-item variance. The results of Experiment 1 and 2 support the notion of a pattern associator and yield only scarce evidence for the psycholinguistic reality of a universal apophonic path. Therefore, the organization of irregular verb morphology in the mental lexicon of intermediate GFL learners might best be captured by the linguistic notion of structured lexical entries as well as the psycholinguistic mechanism of an analogy-based pattern associator.

An intelligent fuzzy control system with adapted interval for improving the supervisory performance in automation

Monitoring responsibilities include checking the automated operating system to make judgments and provide solutions. A loss of vigilance will lead to accidents if care is not taken. Therefore, emergency situations need to be quickly detected. The purpose of this study was to develop an intelligent fuzzy control system by using fuzzy sets to evaluate and improve the performance of supervisors. There are two input variables: fuzzy set $$\tilde{S}$$ , which represents the linguistic notion “hit” when supervisor action is needed, and the fuzzy set N, which represents the linguistic notion “false alarm” when no action is needed. The evaluation was extended from a two-value logic to a multi-value logic by using membership functions. The experimental results show that the fuzzy control used to evaluate the domain of decision response, i.e., the differences among a Type I error (miss), a Type II error (false alarm) and an appropriate reaction, was effective. Therefore, the traditional two-values logic was expanded to the multiple-values performance evaluation to clearly describe the difference in the judgment needed when monitoring “also this also other” work. In addition an alarm signal was produced by the fuzzy system for reminding participant’s attention. According to the results, the alarm was adapted to call the operator’s attention when a situation needed action to improve the supervisory performance. The results show that the effect of the fuzzy control alarm system for improving supervisory performance is significant. Additionally, the wide interval defined in fuzzy set would be more efficient to call participant’s attention and improve performance significantly than narrow.

Análise das propostas de leitura e produção de textos de um livro de ensino médio e a relação com as proposições dos PCNs

This article presents a study realized in a didactic book of Portuguese language with the objective to verify how it happens the relation between activities about reading and composition with some orientations of the National Curriculum Parameters – PCNs. The analysis tried to identify if this didactic material is according to the suggestions presented in the document, observing if this didactic book practices the linguistic variation and notion of speech genre. The PCNs suggest a work with the genre in order to form critical citizens. The theoretical base was the notion of genre in Bakhtin, such as the orientations of the PCNs for the Portuguese language teaching.

Semiotic-conceptual analysis: a proposal

This paper provides the basic definitions of Semiotic-conceptual analysis (SCA), which is a mathematical modelling of signs as elements of a triadic relation. FCA concept lattices are constructed for each of the three sign components. It is demonstrated how core linguistic and semiotic notions (such as synonymy and icon) can be represented with SCA. While the usefulness of SCA has already been demonstrated in a number of applications and several propositions are proven in this paper, there are still many open questions as to what to do next with SCA. Therefore, this paper is meant as a proposal and encouragement for further development.

MODUS, MODALITY AND TYPOLOGY OF MARVELLED (ODYVNENI) ARTISTIC TEXTS

The introduction contains the review of the aspects of correlation of the general linguistic notions of modus and modality as textual categories. The author shares the views of a number of researchers, according to which textual moduses and modalities play an important role in the formation of text types. The purpose of the article is dual: on the one hand, it is an attempt to prove the thesis that the categories of modus and modality may in a number of cases serve the criteria of differentiating types and subtypes of artistic texts, «usual» and marvelled, in particular; on the other, within the bounds of the latter may differentiate subtypes of the expression of marvelling the text content, a so called «text history». It has been proved that modus and modality form the basis of differentiating ontological, perceptive, behavioural, mental, language and communicative types of marvelling texts and their extracts.