Noticeable Movement Research Articles

Organizational Economics in Agricultural Policy Analysis

The ongoing industrialization of US agriculture features striking changes in the organization of markets and firms, including a noticeable movement toward larger firms and greater product differentiation among both farms and processors, as well as shifts away from the use of spot markets to govern transactions between the two, and toward greater reliance on formal contracts and alliances. These organizational shifts raise important issues concerning the proper role of government in industrialized agriculture, especially with regard to the design of policy regarding environmental, food safety, competition, R&D, and farm support issues. Furthermore, they raise important issues for designing research and data programs to support policy analysis. Our paper discusses how organizational shifts affect the demand for contemporary agricultural policy analysis. In response to the industrialization process, public policy analysts have drawn heavily on the theory of organizational economics and recognized the importance of developing rich empirical databases on the wide variety of market transactions and organizational responses in agriculture. In particular, we highlight our primary vehicle for understanding organizational change in agriculture, the annual Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), a comprehensive survey instrument applied to thousands of US farms. The paper describes relevant ARMS-based research and the challenges of updating the survey and our research programs to capture the relevant issues.

Flow Behaviour in a High Speed Centrifugal Impeller Passage under 'Design' and 'Off Design' Operating Conditions.

Complex geometry and very small working space within a modern high speed impeller passage impose severe constraints on any experimental technique to be used for detailed measurement. In this study, using a dual focus laser velocimeter, low energy regions were located in the impeller passage of a small high speed commercial centrifugal compressor passage at three rotational speeds, one close to 100000 rev/min under 'design' and 'off design' operating conditions. It was deduced that impeller rotation and mass flow rate significantly altered the flow pattern. Higher speed and lower mass flow rate enhanced the process of flow separation resulting in noticeable movement of wake regions to different locations within the impeller passage. Interestingly, however, the overall wake behaviour pattern of high speed impeller flow was quite similar to those observed previously in low speed impeller passage. This finding may have positive implications for future design.

A detailed magnetic and mineralogical study of self-reversed dacitic pumices from the 1991 Pinatubo eruption (Philippines)

39 dacitic pumice and lithic samples from the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo were investigated through both magnetic and mineralogical means. As in a previous study, natural remanent magnetization (NRM) is found to be reversed for most of the samples, with respect to the direction of the actual geomagnetic field direction. A few samples, amongst them ancient lithics transported by pyroclastic flows, show scattered NRM directions. From thermal demagnetization of these particular samples it is concluded that their orientation changed after emplacement. The emplacement temperature is estimated to be more than 460 °C from thermal demagnetization of lithic samples. Two magnetic minerals with large grain sizes are observed under the optical microscope: titanomagnetite (TM) and haemo–ilmenite (hem–ilm). Microprobe analyses yield x≈ 0.10 for TM and y≈ 0.52 and y≈ 0.54 for two hem–ilm phases, in agreement with the observed Curie temperatures (∼480 °C for TM and ∼250 °C for hem–ilm). The hem–ilm particles display chemical zonation, which seems to be correlated with a change of the domain structure: typically, a ferrimagnetic (FM) phase with slightly higher titanium content is observed in the central part whilst the crystal margin, which is weakly ferromagnetic (WF, due to spin-canted antiferromagnetism) is slightly poorer in titanium. Two different mechanisms for the origin and formation of the two observed phases are discussed: (1) chemical zonation of hem–ilm crystals due to a change in conditions in the magma chamber shortly before eruption; (2) similar to the microstructures observed from synthetic samples, this zonation in the large natural hem–ilm could be the result of migration of the WF phase towards the grain boundary during residence below the order–disorder transition temperature in the magmatic chamber. The room temperature hysteresis loop, which seems to be dominated by TM, provides multidomain (MD)-like parameters: Jrs/Js = 0.01 and Hcr/Hc = 20. The large coercivity of remanence (15–40 mT), which is attributed to hem–ilm, may be intrinsic or due to interactions between WF and FM phases. The field dependence of the magnitude of the thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) is not linear: it increases first, reaches a maximum (negative) value for an applied field H close to 0.5 mT, then decreases steadily. By extrapolation, it is estimated that the TRM should be zero for a field of about 12 mT and become positive beyond. This total TRM is in fact the sum of several components. AF demagnetization of TRMs acquired in different fields shows the presence of at least three components: a self-reversed (SR) component that contains both hard and moderately hard components and a soft normal component. Independently of the value of H, the median destructive field of the SR component is of the order of 70 mT, which suggests that the FM phase is not entirely locked by exchange interaction with the WF phase and can experience noticeable wall movements. However, some 20 per cent of the SR TRM component remains after AF treatment of 220 mT. Although we believe that exchange interaction plays a key role in the process of SR TRM acquisition, torque curves in the high field of samples both with and without SR TRM do not show clear evidence for unidirectional anisotropy. Similarly, we do not observe any significant shift of major hysteresis loops or non-vanishing hysteresis losses, two characteristics generally considered as indicative of exchange anisotropy and usually observed for synthetic single-domain/pseudo-single-domain (SD/PSD) hem–ilm. Indeed, in addition to the exchange interaction the magnetostatic coupling must play some role here because of the large size of the hem–ilm grains.

Movement of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during the spawning migration in the Tongariro River, New Zealand

The movements of 74 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were monitored every 2–3 days using radio‐telemetry during the spawning migration up the Tongariro River, New Zealand, between June and November 1995. Contrary to the views of anglers, movements of individual fish were highly variable and upstream movement could not be predicted from environmental conditions and fish related variables (length, sex, and reproductive status). There was no significant difference in individual movement between male and female fish. When individual movements were in an upstream direction, maiden trout moved faster, but less often, than fish that had spawned in previous years. The flow in the lower river explained 9% of the variance in individual downstream movements. Net upstream movement occurred throughout most of the study period with above mean activity when the river was in spate, especially early in the migration season when fish responded to flow changes as low as 7%. Above mean upstream daily movement occurred 8 times on rising and 9 times on falling barometric pressure. Large floods caused downstream displacements, but fish tended to move up stream again on the flow recession. The most noticeable downstream movement occurred following the eruption of Mount Ruapehu.

The effect of laryngeal mask airway insertion on the position of the internal jugular vein.

A high-quality ultrasound system (Dyasonics Prisma) was used to study the effect of laryngeal mask airway insertion and cuff inflation on the position and relations of the internal jugular vein in eight healthy young patients undergoing elective surgery. On insertion of the laryngeal mask, with the cuff pre-inflated with 10 ml of air, some minor movement was discernible in the larynx. Neither the larynx nor surrounding structures changed significantly in position. However, on full inflation of the laryngeal mask cuff there was a more noticeable movement of the larynx, which visibly distended in an anterior direction. The mean anterior displacement was 0.8 cm (range 0.6-1.1 cm). There was no significant lateral displacement of the carotid artery or internal jugular vein and there was no significant compression of these structures. We conclude that in the presence of a laryngeal mask airway fixed landmarks such as the sternal notch and angle of the jaw should be used to identify the likely position of the internal jugular vein. Difficulty in cannulation may be experienced if the mobile laryngeal structures are used as landmarks.

Self-reliance Policy in Edible Oil and the Social Profitability of Pakistan's Oilseed Crops

Like many other South Asian countries the advent of the green revolution has led to increased productivity of many cash and food crops in Pakistan and a noticeable movement towards food-sufficiency, especially in case of wheat. One unintended outcome of these achievements has been the neglect of the oilseed and edible oil sector at all levels of research and government. With a widening in the edible oil deficit, Pakistan has become increasingly dependent on imported edible oils. At an annual average growth rate of9.6 percent, Pakistan's edible oil imports have risen from 466.94 million kg. in 1980-81 to 1045.95 million kg. in 1991-92. By contrast the import costs during this period have risen from Rs 2.62 billion to Rs 10.2 billion showing an annual growth rate of nearly 13 percent. This unhappy state of affairs has been the result of not only of the rapidly accelerating pace of edible oil demand but also of deceleration in the growth rate of domestic production [Government of Pakistan (1992)].

Dunes and Microdunes on Venus: Why Were So Few Found in the Magellan Data?

A search through cycle 1, 2, and 3 Magellan radar data covering 98% of the surface of Venus revealed very few dunes. Only two possible dune fields and several areas that may contain microdunes smaller than the resolution of the images (75 m) were identified. The Aglaonice dune field was identified in the cycle 1 images by the specular returns characteristic of dune faces oriented perpendicular to the radar illumination. Cycle 1 and 2 data of the Fortuna-Meshkenet dune field indicate that there has been no noticeable movement of the dunes over an 8-month period. The dunes, which are oriented both parallel and perpendicular to the radar illumination, appear to be dark features on a brighter substrate. Bright and dark patches that were visible in either cycle 1 or 2 data, but not both, allowed identification of several regions in the southern part of Venus that may contain microdunes. The microdunes are associated with several parabolic crater deposits in the region and are probably similar to those formed in wind tunnel experiments under Venus-like conditions. Bragg scattering and/or subpixel reflections from the near-normal face on asymmetric microdunes may account for these bright and dark patches. Look-angle effects and the lack of sufficient sand-size particles seem to be the most likely reasons so few dunes were identified in Magellan data. Insufficient wind speeds, thinness of sand cover, and difficulty in identifying isolated dunes may also be contributors to the scarcity of dunes.

アメリカ合衆国における都市地理学研究の動向

The article reviews the progress of urban geography in the United States during the 1980s. Since urban geography contains a variety of topics and perspectives, it is difficult to recognize any noticeable movement which stands out in the discipline during the decade. Under this circumstance, the article highlights the importance of historical perspective in urban geography, which has been pointed out in some recent review articles. The importance of historical perspective is justified in that, to understand what is where in the urban context, it is necessary to comprehend the process which has resulted in the present distribution, location, spatial interaction, et cetera. Thus, the historical perspective does not simply imply the study of urban phenomena in the past, but it does emphasize the study of change which took place over time.The importance of historical perspective thus defined is reviewed for two major areas of study in urban geography : the system of cities and the internal structure of cities. The latter category is further divided into subareas of study such as urban morphology and the interpretation of urban landscape. In any areas of urban geography, it is hoped that a study with the historical perspective enriches our understanding of contemporary cities that change quickly.This article also reviews topics and perspectives in urban geography that are popular in the United States but not in Japan. These include ethnicity, gender, poverty, and aging and the aged in urban living. The underlying perspective in these issues is equity, the lack of which Japan is sometimes criticized for. With increasing amount of ideas and people exchanged at the international scale, it is expected that the above issues will be studied more intensively in Japanese urban geography.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Eyelid Springs and Gold Weights

To the Editor. —We read with great interest the letter by Seiff et al1in the March 1991 issue of theArchives. We faced a similar predicament and tested gold weights in addition to lid springs. We want to share two points. See also p 1503. Although stainless steel is generally considered to be nonmagnetic, it can become magnetic when bent or formed, as is done for palpebral springs.2We tested a formed palpebral spring (0.010-in stainless steel wire, Catalog No 200-104, Unitek Corp, Monrovia, Calif) in a high-field-strength 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system (Signa, General Electric, Milwaukee, Wis). It was held in a palm in front of the magnet before it was placed in the bore of the magnet without any noticeable movement or heating. The stainless steel wire of 302 grade was then taped onto the eyelid of a volunteer (K.M.R.), and an MRI was

Early palaeozoic palaeomagnetism in Australia I. Cambrian results from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia II. Late Early Cambrian results from Kangaroo Island, South Australia III. Middle to early-Late Cambrian results from the Amadeus Basin, Northern Territory

I. Cambrian results from the Flinders Ranges, South Australia A total of 460 samples from six sequences spanning the Cambrian succession of the Flinders Ranges (Adelaide “Geosyncline”, South Australia) has been analyzed through thermal demagnetization studies. All samples showed a recent field component, generally constituting more than 50% of the initial intensity, which in most cases was removed by 200–400°C. Two characteristic magnetic components have been identified: 1. (A) A secondary magnetic component of Cambro-Ordovician age (S-pole at 75.3°E 26.0°N, α 95 = 7.4°, N = 5 localities) interpreted as having been induced by thermochemical activity during a period of enhanced heat flux prior to the Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician diastrophistic phases of the Delamarian Orogeny. 2. (B) A primary magnetic component, which indicates rapid polar motion during the Early Cambrian and a much reduced polar motion during the Middle Cambrian. Representative palaeomagnetic pole positions for the primary component are: 1. (1) Basal Hawker Group (earliest Cambrian): S-pole at 2.3°E 26.7°S, d p = 8.1°, d m = 14.3°, N = 10 (sites). 2. (2) Billy Creek Formation— Wirrealpa Limestone— Aroona Creek Limestone (late Early Cambrian to early Middle Cambrian): S-pole at 20.1°E 37.4°S, d p = 7.2°, dm = 14.4°, N = 11(sites). 3. (3) Basal Lake Frame Group (Middle Cambrian): S-pole at 26.1°E 29.3°S, d p = 6.6°, d m = 13.1°, N =10 (sites). 4. (4) Pantapinna Formation (late Middle Cambrian?): S-pole at 29.2°E 36.4°S, d p = 8.4°, dm = 16.7°, N = 4 (sites). Available data suggest that deposition of the Lake Frome Group beds probably did not continue into the Late Cambrian. II. Late Early Cambrian results from Kangaroo Island, South Australia A total of 108 block samples from a late Early Cambrian red-bed sequence on Kangaroo Island (Adelaide “Geosyncline”, South Australia) has been analysed through thermal demagnetization studies. All samples contained a recent field component of considerable intensity. Two characteristic magnetic components have been identified: 1. (A) A secondary magnetic component of Late Cambrian—Early Ordovician age (S-pole at: 75.8°E 17.4°N, d p = 4.2°, d m = 1.9°, N = 54 specimens), attributed to thermochemical activity predating the main folding phases of the Delamarian Orogeny. 2. (B) A primary magnetic component corresponding to a S-pole position at 15.1°E 33.8°S (d p = 6.2°, d m = 12.3°, N = 16 sites). Both the primary and the secondary magnetic component are in very good directional agreement with the magnetization pattern from the correlated Billy Creek Formation of the Flinders Ranges (I). Consequently, noticeable rotational movement since late-Early Cambrian times between Kangaroo Island and the northwestern part of the Adelaide “Geosyncline” can be ruled out. III. Middle to early-Late Cambrian results from the Amadeus Basin (Northern Territory) A total of 328 samples from a Middle Cambrian red-bed succession and a Middle to early-Late Cambrian carbonate succession in the Amadeus Basin (Central Australia) have been analyzed through thermal demagnetization studies. All samples contained a recent field component of considerable intensity which became broken down, respectively below 200°C in the carbonate samples and between 300°C and 500°C in the red-bed samples. Another recent field component, broken down between 600°C and 675°C, was noted in some of the red-bed samples. Three characteristic magnetic components have been identified: 1. (A) A secondary magnetic component of Late Devonian—Early Carboniferous age (S-pole at 110.5°E 46.9°S, N = 2 localities) which predates the main folding phase of the Early Carboniferous Alice Springs Orogeny. 2. (B) Another secondary magnetic component (S-pole at 60.8°E 33.8°N, N = 2 localities) which is very similar to a thermo-chemically induced Cambro-Ordovician magnetic component, noted in rocks from the Adelaide “Geosyncline”. 3. (C) A primary magnetic component which suggests reduced polar motion during the Middle Cambrian (S-pole at 16.6°E 35.0°S, α 95 = 7.4°, N = 5 sites) and rapid polar motion during the early-Late Cambrian (S-pole at 34.9°E 14.9°N, d p = 6.3°, d m = 11.6°, N = 9 specimens).

Earthquake Stability of Slopes of Cohesionless Soils

Evaluation of the effects of ground accelerations on the stability of slopes of cohesionless materials involves the determination of the yield acceleration, i. e., the acceleration at which slippage will begin to occur and the magnitude of the deformations developed. For accelerations of short duration it is shown that there is a marked difference between the yield acceleration and the acceleration inducing noticeable movement. Experimental evidence is presented to show that for dense cohesionless soils there is a small shear strength developed at zero confining pressure, termed the shear strength intercept, which can have a profound effect on the yield accelerations of small embankments. It is pointed out that the uniformity of surface conditions of a slope is also extremely important in determining the yield acceleration for any given case. Analyses for determining the yield acceleration and the position of the sliding surface are presented and the results are shown in graphical form. The computed values are shown to be in good agreement with experimental data. The effects of acceleration direction and the initial factor of safety of the slope on the yield acceleration are also examined.

Transport and tourist policy

Historically developments in transport have been the key factor in the development of travel and tourism. Modern tourism is an “invention” of the railways, and the period of 1840–1860, when travel within national frontiers and across national frontiers became a noticeable movement, is to some extent paralleled in the present era of rapid development in new forms of transport. Travel by road — private car and motor coach — and travel by air are changing the habits of millions of people, particularly on the American continent and in Europe. These technical developments, coupled with increasing leisure time and a continuing trend towards higher standards of living, is affecting the whole future of tourism.

Effect of Rate of Loading on the Strength of Clays and Shales at Constant Water Content

Synopsis Investigations performed at Harvard University during the past three years show that some types of brittle undisturbed clays and clay shales creep under a sustained load, and that they ultimately fail under a sustained load appreciably less than the strength indicated by a normal laboratory compression test. The shear strengths of six such soils were found to be reduced to 40–80 per cent. of their normal values in thirty days. This may explain some slides which have developed on slopes that stood for many years without noticeable movement. In contrast, it was found that two laboratory compacted soils, and one undisturbed soil which was not fully saturated, tended to become stronger and stiffer under sustained loads, even though water content was kept constant. These results may prove of value in connexion with the design of embankments. Des recherches effectuées à 1'Université de Harvard, au cours de ces trois dernières années, montrent que quelques types d'argiles et de schistes argileux friables non remués cheminent sous une charge sontenue et qu'ils finissent par s'effondrer sous une charge soutenue bien inférieure à la résistance indiquée par un essai normal de compression en laboratoire. On a trouvé pour six de ces sols que leur résistance au cisaillement se trouvait réduite de 40 à 80 pour cent de sa valeur normale en 30 jours. Ceci peut expliquer quelques glissements qui se sont produits sur des pentes qui étaient demeurées pendant de nombreuses années sans mouvement appréciab1e. Par contre, il a été trouvé que deux sols compressés en laboratoire, et un sol non remué quin'était pas complètement satré, avaient tendance à devenir plus résistants et plus fermes sous des chargas soutenues, quoique la teneur en eau ait été maintenue constante. Ces résultats peuvent avoir une certaine valeur pour l'étude des remblais.

Airplane Dusting for the Control of Vegetable Pests on the Mexican West Coast1

Airplane Dusting for the Control of Vegetable Pests on the Mexican West Coast1

CITY CHILDREN DURING THE SUMMER.

The problem of what to do with city children during the summer has been much discussed and much good has resulted therefrom. When we remember how high the mortality among young children in large cities rises during the hot months, we can appreciate how important it is to do as much as possible to reduce it. Children whose parents are able to take them into the country, to the seashore or to the mountains during the summer are most fortunate. The great majority of city children, however, must stay at home all summer, and among the poor the mortality from summer diseases becomes very great. The efforts which are being made to provide better conditions for such children who live in crowded quarters are most commendable and deserve hearty support. A recent writer has said that the most noticeable movement in educational lines of recent years has been the rapid