Notebooks Record Research Articles

The Emergence of Marx’s Critique of Modern Agriculture: Ecological Insights from His Excerpt Notebooks

While he was preparing for his critique of political economy, Marx produced an enormous quantity of excerpt notebooks. Sometimes accompanied by his own comments, they largely consist of direct quotes from various books, journals, and newspaper articles that attracted his attention. Although they were neglected among Marxist scholars for quite a long time without publication in any languages, these notebooks, in addition to the manuscripts and letters, constitute an invaluable original source for understanding Marx's thinking process.… Marx's notebooks record his ceaseless efforts to grasp the totality of capitalism, and, since Capital remains unfinished, they provide useful hints for speculating how Marx would have completed his project of critique of political economy.… As an attempt to comprehend the development of Marx's theory through his notebooks, this paper analyzes his excerpts from books by two agricultural chemists, Justus von Liebig and James F.W. Johnston, in order to reveal a significant modification in regard to Marx's attitude towards modern agricultural practice, which led his to study the natural sciences even more intensively in his late years.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

The Culture of the Ancient Epithet: Gerard Manley Hopkins and the Translation of Imagination

A culturally nuanced translation of archaic Greek verbal culture can only be achieved with reference to the original audience. In Bacchylides 17 (‘Theseus’ Dive’), the fifth-century poet's compound epithets operate entirely within an epic-lyric tradition, in contrast to the fourth-century verbal innovation of Timotheus. Poetry in the English language has always followed Timotheus more than Bacchylides, reaching a climax in the theory of ‘inscape’ and expressive epithets of Gerard Manley Hopkins. As a classicist, Hopkins was intimately familiar with Greek poetic diction, and his notebooks record that he interpreted the Iliad's traditional epithets contextually and not merely lexically. Analogically, we may imagine Greek audiences as projecting their own personal contexts and experience into the interpretation of the traditional compound epithets of Bacchylides 17.

A Legal Tourist Visits Eighteenth-Century Britain: Henry Marchant's Observations on British Courts, 1771 to 1772

At the Rhode Island Historical Society there is a copy of an amazing journal, kept by Henry Marchant (1741–1796) during his eleven-month sojourn in England and Scotland as a colonial agent for Rhode Island. He was a practicing lawyer who had the first-hand opportunity to observe law as it operated on both sides of the Atlantic in the eighteenth century. He was not the only lawyer to do so, but his background as a trial lawyer made his perceptions differ substantially from those of the many colonial law students who received their legal educations in England. Dozens of young colonists ventured from home to London for the legal training and social polish twelve terms at the Inns of Court could provide; their legal notebooks record activities at the Westminster courts as students saw them, learning the law one case at a time, before they returned to the colonies and went into practice. A few more experienced lawyers, such as John Adams, likewise had the opportunity to visit Westminster Hall, but they typically went once or twice, and did not return.

연구기록물 중 연구노트의 중요성과 관리 제도화

본 연구는 기록 정보 커뮤니케이션 증거적 기능을 보유한 연구노트의 중요성과 연구기록 물적 성격을 규명하여 연구윤리와 연구문화를 개선시키기 위한 올바른 연구노트 관리 제도화 방향을 알아보기 위해 시작되었다. 이를 위해 문헌분석과 설문분석으로 국내외 연구기관의 연구노트 제도, 서면 연구노트와 기록물관리, 전자 연구노트의 도입과 디지털 기록물로 나누어 국내 연구노트의 현황을 점검하였다. 연구노트가 법적 분쟁에 말려들 가능성, 증거적 요건 구비와 점검자의 서명, 자율적인 연구노트제도 운영의 한계, 30년간 보존의 어려움, 전자 연구노트 도입과 활용도 제고 등에 대해서는 연구노트 제도화를 위해 추가 검토가 필요하다. 연구결과 연구기관의 지식관리와 증거적 가치를 위한 연구노트 제도화, 관리부서의 예산확보는 물론 홍보 및 교육과 함께 공동 협력 대응, 특허나 기술이전과 관련시켜 연구노트에 대한 연구원들의 인식 전환, 지속적인 연구노트 작성 교육을 대학교에서부터 실시, 전자 연구노트를 연구실업무전산화시스템이나 연구과제관리시스템과 연계해 도입해야만 바람직한 연구노트 관리와 제도화가 가능하다. The purpose of this study was to promote the understanding of laboratory notebook's record characteristics through getting a line on the importance of the notebooks which have record, information, communication, and proof functions. To improve the research ethics and cultures, this study was examined and investigated by literature references and survey results. This study analyzed the status of the notebooks in part of laboratory information system of the R&D institutes, paper notebooks for laboratory records management, and the introduction of ELN for digital record. For the notebook's institutionalization, more review is needed to the possibility of involvement in the conflict, evidential requisite and signature by inspector, the limitation of autonomous policy for the notebook's operation, the difficulty of preservation for 30 years, the introduction of ELN and utilization for the notebooks. To improve management and institutionalization for the notebooks, it is needed to the notebook's record for knowledge management and evidential values, support and budget for the notebook's management department, researcher's recognition conversion for the notebooks related to the intellectual property and technology transference, the record method train for the notebooks from the university classes, and the introduction of ELN related to the laboratory information management system or project management system.

Hugh Trevor-Roper, Europe's physician: the various life of Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2006, pp. xii, 438, illus., £25.00, US$35.00 (hardback 0-300-11263-7).

Hugh Trevor-Roper, Europe's physician: the various life of Sir Theodore Turquet de Mayerne, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 2006, pp. xii, 438, illus., £25.00, US$35.00 (hardback 0-300-11263-7). - Volume 52 Issue 3

A Tolstoyan Reading of David Copperfield

CCI F YOU SIFT the world's prose literature, Tolstoj once remarked, will remain; sift Dickens and David Copperfield will remain (Tatyana Tolstoy 168). Over a period of more than fifty years his diaries and notebooks record similar praise of the novel, as does What is Art?, which uses David Copperfield as an example of universal art.' Along with the Sermon on the Mount and the writings of Gogol' and Rousseau, Tolstoj placed David Copperfield among the small number of works that had enormous influence on him (Gusev 1: 162). How was this influence expressed? Before one can consider the kinds of influence David Copperfield exerted on Tolstoj, we must ask: how did Tolstoj interpret David Copperfield, or, in other words, which David Copperfield did he read? The study of Dickens that Tolstoj had hoped to write was never begun, and we can only guess what further, analytical siftings Tolstoj performed on his favorite novel.2 Beyond his numerous notes and remarks bestowing generous praise, there are no specific comments revealing the nature of his appreciation of David Copperfield, much less his understanding or interpretation of it. We must read backward to Dickens from Tolstoj's works, studying in them his responses to David Copperfield.3 While the influence of David Copperfield, as Q.D. Leavis and Tom Cain have shown, can be detected in War and Peace (for Leavis notoriously -a reason to take David Copperfield seriously), its most striking use by Tolstoj is in his earliest work, the trilogy Childhood, Adolescence and Youth (Detstvo, Otrocestvo, Junost'), the most important single connection between him and Dickens.

Thomas Jefferson's Early Notebooks

JEFFERSON is an old, old subject, Merrill Peterson wrote in i960, the quest for the historical Jefferson, under the formal discipline of scholarly inquiry, is young.' Despite all that has been learned about Thomas Jefferson in the intervening years, important questions about the man and his work remain unresolved, particularly regarding his early life, for which the massive documentary record of the later years is lacking. most revealing documents that survive from his first thirty years are his early notebooks, which, along with his architectural drawings and a handful of letters, are virtually all that has come down to us in his own hand. These notebooks record a variety of information about his law practice, his accounts and daily expenditures, and his gardening ventures, but the most valuable key to the developing mind of the youngJefferson is the commonplace books in which he copied and occasionally commented on extracts from his reading. This article attempts to view these notebooks as a group of related documents and to focus on a problem that has important implications for what they tell us about Jefferson, namely, the dating of the manuscripts. Where the date is not given or clearly evident, as with the three commonplace books, most students of Jefferson have been cautious in making inferences from the material in the notebooks, and none has approached the problem more judiciously than Dumas Malone: The dates of the various entries in Uefferson's] notebooks cannot be determined with entire confidence; and, even if they could be, the works that he cited cannot be assumed to have been the source of his ideas.... It is a more important fact that he read widely and stored his mind with riches than that he abstracted particular writings. More important still was the spirit of fearless inquiry in which he pursued knowledge.2 Granting this, it is still virtually impossible to get away from the question of dating, as

Dolke, pokaler og magiske søer i Nuristan

Dolke, pokaler og magiske søer i Nuristan

Science in the ceramic industry

It is almost 180 years since Josiah Wedgwood reported to the Royal Society some of the first results of systematic research into ceramics ever to be conducted. The art of ceramics has been described (Bradstreet 1958) as a system in which ‘minerals of inconstant composition and doubtful purity were exposed to immeasurable heat long enough to carry unknown reactions partly to completion, forming the hetero­geneous non-stoichiometric materials known as ceramics’ and it has also been suggested that this situation has been little changed by a more formal scientific approach. It is certain that Wedgwood conducted his remarkable systematic series of experiments in this context—his notebooks record nearly 7000 trials—and, as J. W. Mellor (1915) has pointed out, ‘it is difficult to realize the state of chemistry at the time of Josiah Wedgwood. There was no Dalton’s Atomic Theory. . . and chemistry was autocratically dominated by old King Phlogiston’. Nevertheless, Wedgwood’s work is one of the great foundation stones of the English ceramic industry, and within a hundred years the basic formulae for most indi­genous whiteware bodies were established. The introduction of the white burning Devonshire clays, and calcined flint (cryptocrystalline quartz) is generally at­tributed to Thomas Astbury, who is also credited with some more sophisticated experiments on the use of lead ores in glazes. The age-old technique of ‘potting’ or shaping the plastic clay was supplemented about 1730 by the introduction of slip casting, in which a ‘slip’ or aqueous suspension of clay and minerals is cast into a porous mould, now plaster of paris but originally prefired porous ware. These processes of potting and slip-casting remain a challenge to the applied physicist even today. Another remarkable development of this period was the production of a body containing calcined animal bone—the forerunner of the quite characteristic English bone china, which is one of the strongest of all traditional ceramic materials. English earthenware now consists of china clay, ball clay, silica (calcined flint) and Cornish stone, the last being a felspathic mineral (generally containing some fluorspar) which serves as a flux. The starting materials may include 50 to 60% of clay, 30 to 35% flint, the remainder being Cornish stone. When fired, it is a microporous material, consisting of crystalline phases bonded by a complex glassy phase: the pore and grain size may be of the order of 0·1 μ or less. Bone china contains about 50% of animal bone, 25 to 30% clay and the remainder Cornish stone. Porcelain in the Continental tradition, in which potash felspar is used as a flux, is not a major feature of the English domestic ware industry, but electrical porcelain, as used in the power distribution industry, and some chemical ware, are essentially based on clay, quartz and felspar. Bone china and most porcelains are fully vitrified and effectively non-porous. The production of ware in all these media constitutes the largest branch, in the economic sense, of the ceramic indus­try of this country, and the articles produced are strikingly characteristic and in some ways unique.

John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Journals of John Muir.

John Muir, America s pioneer conservationist and father of the national park system, was a man of considerable literary talent. As he explored the wilderness of the western part of the United States for decades, he carried notebooks with him, narrating his wanderings, describing what he saw, and recording his scientific researches. This reprint of his journals, edited by Linnie Marsh Wolfe in 1938 and long out of print, offers an intimate picture of Muir and his activities during a long and productive period of his life. sixty extant journals and numerous notes in this volume were written from 1867 to 1911. They start seven years after the time covered in The Story of My Boyhood and Youth, Muir s uncompleted autobiography. earlier journals capture the essence of the Sierra Nevada and Alaska landscapes. changing appearance of the Sierras from Sequoia north and beyond the Yosemites enthralled Muir, and the first four years of the journals reveal his dominating concern with glacial action. later notebooks reflect his changes over the years, showing a mellowing of spirit and a deep concern for human rights. Like all his writings, the journals concentrate on his observations in the wilderness. His devotion to his family, his many warm friendships, and his many-sided public life are hardly mentioned. Very little is said about the quarter-century battle for national parks and forest reserves. notebooks record, in language fuller and freer than his more formal writings, the depth of his love and transcendental feeling for the wilderness. rich heritage of his native Scotland and the unconscious music of the poetry of Burns, Milton, and the King James Bible permeate the language of his poetic fancy. In his later life, Muir attempted to sort out these journals and, at the request of friends, published a few extracts. A year after his death in 1914, his literary executor and biographer, William Frederick Bade, also published episodes from the journals. Linnie Marsh Wolfe set out to salvage the best of his writings still left unpublished in 1938 and has thus added to our understanding of the life and thought of a complex and fascinating American figure.

A Notebook Record of Emerson's “ Behavior.”

A Notebook Record of Emerson's “ Behavior.”