Notch Width Research Articles

Prediction of the discharge coefficient for the rectangular notch with different hydraulic and geometric properties

Abstract This study aims to investigate experimentally the variation of the coefficient of discharge Cd with the rectangular notch hydraulic and geometric parameters such as water head h, notch height p, notch width B, and notch thickness t. The results show that the coefficient of discharge Cd increases with an increase of h and B while it decreases with t. There are no changes in the variation of actual discharge Qact and consequently the discharge coefficient Cd with h for notch height p more than 6 cm. An empirical formula was developed based on the dimensional analysis principle that can be used to predict the coefficient of discharge Cd value for the rectangular notch with known hydraulic and geometric data (h, B, p, and t).

Prediction of strain distribution during the plane strain tensile test based on artificial neural networks

In this study, finite element method was used to study the effects of various notch geometries on the strain field distributions during the plane strain tensile test for cold-rolled steel (DC01). The artificial neural network approach (ANN) and the response surface methodology (RSM) were adopted to develop the mathematical prediction models applied in the optimization procedure. The strain state was expressed by self-defined metrics, namely, the Plane Strain State Index (PSSI) and the Homogeneity Index (HI) were predicted by changing the notch angle (X degree), notch width (d mm), and notch length (c mm). The Quadratic mathematical models obtained by the RSM, and ANN presented the evolution of PSSI, and HI based on (X, d, and c). The results show that the ANN method provides more precise results compared to those of the RSM approach.

Multi-Parameter Adaptive Notch Filter (MPANF) for Enhanced Interference Mitigation

<h3>Abstract</h3> Interference signals degrade global navigation satellite system (GNSS) performance and must be mitigated. Chirp signals can be mitigated with an adaptive notch filter (ANF), but the dynamic behavior limits performance. An ANF determines the instantaneous frequency and removes interference with a notch filter. However, there are several limitations. In this article, we propose a multi-parameter adaptive notch filter (MPANF) approach that significantly enhances conventional ANFs. First, it uses an loop-bandwidth control algorithm (LBCA) to alter the loop bandwidth of an frequency-locked loop (FLL)-based adaptation algorithm to facilitate superior tracking agility-to-precision trade-off. Second, it dynamically adjusts the notch depth to switch on interference mitigation or pass the signal through. Third, it modifies the notch width to accommodate tracking stability and optimize interference signal suppression to GNSS signal removal. The presented MPANF exhibits superior performance against chirp signals, including faster response to jump discontinuities.

Do the Clinical and Radiological Features of Knees with Mucoid Degeneration of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Differ According to Knee Osteoarthritis Status?

The etiology and pathology of mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (MD-ACL) remain poorly understood. MD-ACL may be associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA) or a mechanism other than OA. This study evaluated the radiological differences between knees with MD-ACL and those with a normal ACL and compared the clinical and radiological features of knees with MD-ACL according to the knee OA status. This retrospective study compared the radiological features of the intercondylar notch width index (NWI) and posterior tibial slope (PTS) of 67 MD-ACL patients (MD group) and 67 age-, sex-, and OA grade-matched patients with a normal ACL (control group). During the subgroup analysis, MD-ACL patients were divided into the non-OA subgroup (n = 41) and OA subgroup (n = 26). The pain location and characteristics of the knee, PTS, and NWI were compared between these subgroups. Compared to the control group, the MD group had a lower NWI (0.26 ± 0.03 vs. 0.28 ± 0.01, p < 0.001) and a larger PTS (11.3° ± 3.0° vs. 9.2° ± 2.5°, p < 0.001). During the subgroup analysis, the most common pain locations were the posterior and medial aspects of the knee in the non-OA subgroup (43.9%) and OA subgroup (53.8%), respectively. Pain on terminal flexion was the most common pain characteristic in both subgroups (non-OA subgroup, 73.1%; OA subgroup, 53.8%). The PTS was not different between subgroups (11.7° ± 3.2° in the non-OA subgroup vs. 10.6° ± 2.7° in the OA subgroup; p = 0.159). However, the non-OA subgroup had a lower NWI than the OA subgroup (0.25 ± 0.03 vs. 0.28 ± 0.02, p = 0.001). Patients with MD-ACL had a lower NWI and a larger PTS than patients with a normal ACL. Furthermore, the clinical and radiological features of MD-ACL differed according to the knee OA status. A narrow intercondylar notch may be more closely associated with the development of MD-ACL without OA.

Assessment of femoral notch morphology in male patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury: an MRI study

Aim: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the femoral notch type, notch width index (NWI), notch angle (NA) and α angle in patients with ACL injury and compare with nonathletic male population, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods: 79 patients with complete ACL tear and 80 patients as control group (aged 19-43 years) who had knee MRI were evaluated. NWI, NA measurements and notch shape were evaluated on axial fat-saturated proton-weighted sequences. Femoral notch shape was classified as A, U and W types.Results: A statistically significant association was found between notch type, NWI, NA and ACL injury (p&amp;lt;0,001). Type A notch in the ACL-injured group (79.75 %) was significantly higher than the control group (24%). NWI was lower in patients with ACL-injured group than in control group (0.249 ± 0.020 vs 0.281 ± 0.022) Notch angle was lower in patients with ACL-injured group than in control group (47.15 º ± 5.63 º vs 50.73 º ± 5.44º). A significant association between stenotic notch type A and NWI (p &amp;lt;0,001). The α angle was lower in patients with ACL-injured group than in control group but it was not statistically different (41.9 º ±2.79 ºvs 42.06 º ±2.53 º; p= 0.978).Conclusion: This study showed that however low NWI, NA values are a risk factor for ACL injury, the strongest predictive factor was stenotic femoral notch type A. α angle had no significant correlation in ACL injury.

Intercondylar notch volume in patients with posterior cruciate ligament tears and tibial avulsion injuries: a study applying computed tomography

BackgroundTwo relatively common forms of injury exist in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) after the onset of trauma: PCL tear and tibial avulsion fracture. The mechanism for the occurrence of these different forms of injury is not known. Herein, we aimed to investigate this mechanism by comparing the intercondylar notch parameters between patients with PCL tears and those with PCL avulsion fractures of the tibial insertion.MethodsFifty-three patients with PCL tears (37 male, 16 female: median age of 37 years: range 18–54 years) and 46 patients with avulsion fractures of tibial insertion (33 male, 13 female: median age of 33 years: range 18–55 years) were included in this study. Three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) was applied to measure the intercondylar notch width index and intercondylar notch volume. The intercondylar notch volume was simulated as the truncated-pyramid shape. Measurements of the top and bottom areas of this model were conducted on the slice containing the most proximal (S1) and most distal (S2) levels of Blumensaat’s line. Femoral condyle height (h) was defined as the vertical distance between two parallel planes, and the volume was calculated as h(S1 + S2 + √(S1S2))/3. The values of S1, S2, h, notch volume, the body mass index (BMI), intercondylar notch width (NW), femoral condylar width (FW) and notch width index (NWI) were compared among the PCL tear and avulsion-fracture groups.ResultsThe results show a significant difference in the S2 and normalized intercondylar notch volumes among patients with PCL tears and tibial avulsion injuries. Patients with PCL tears have smaller S2 and intercondylar notch volumes than those with tibial avulsion. There were no significant differences between the two groups in S1 or the 2D notch measurement parameters, such as the NW, FW and NWI. In addition, logistic regression analysis revealed notch volume and body mass index (BMI) as two significant independent predictors for PCL tears.ConclusionDecreased intercondylar notch volume and increased BMI are associated with an increased incidence of PCL tears. The occurrence of PCL tears and tibial avulsion injuries is influenced by the femoral intercondylar notch volume, and the measurement of the notch volume could be useful for identifying patients at risk for PCL tears.

A radiomorphometric evaluation of age-related changes in mandibular morphology

AIMS: The main aim of this study was to determine, compare and differentiate the morphologically related changes of the mandible in dentate males and females among different age groups on digital panoramic images and to assess their authenticity in age estimations to provide evidence in forensics.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digital panoramic images were made of 620 subjects, belonging to into four groups of ages ranging between 1218 years, 1940 years, 4160 years, and older than 60 years. Measurements such as gonial angle, condylar length, ramus length, cortical bone thickness, and ramal notch width were measured and evaluated. The data obtained was then subjected to descriptive statistical analysis followed by a Paired t-test and a Two-way ANOVA test to arrive at the results.&#x0D; RESULTS: On measuring an angular and four linear measurements a statistically significant differences were found among all the age groups with p 0.05 and also increased on aging except for the gonial angle. Among all the parameters, the gonial angle, ramus length, and ramal notch width depicted a statistically significant difference between the right and left sides and with p 0.05.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Age estimation with linear and angular measurements of the mandible was possible among the study population. It is found that all parameters except gonial angle are reliable for age determination. It was found that as age increased, the mean value of all the parameters increased and showed a significant difference between all age groups except the gonial angle. Hence, this study positively recommends the use of all parameters except gonial angle for the purpose of age estimation in the field of forensics.

Age and Bone Bruise Patterns Predict Tear Location in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

To assess the influence of demographic risk factors, anatomic risk factors, and injury mechanisms on anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear patterns. All patients undergoing knee magnetic resonance imaging at our institution for acute ACL tears (within 1 month of injury) in 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with partial ACL tears and full-thickness posterior cruciate ligament injuries were excluded. On sagittal magnetic resonance images, the proximal and distal remnant lengths were measured, and the tear location was calculated as the distal remnant length divided by the total remnant length. Previously reported demographic and anatomic risk factors associated with ACL injury were then reviewed, including the notch width index, notch angle, intercondylar notch stenosis, alpha angle, posterior tibial slope, meniscal slope, and lateral femoral condyle index. In addition, the presence and severity of bone bruises were recorded. Finally, risk factors associated with ACL tear location were further analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. A total of 254 patients (44% male patients; mean age, 34 years; age range, 9-74 years) were included, of whom 60 (24%) had a proximal ACL tear (tear at the proximal quarter). Multivariate enter logistic regression analysis showed that older age (P= .008) was predictive of a more proximal tear location whereas open physes (P= .025), bone bruises in both compartments (P= .005), and posterolateral corner injury (P= .017) decreased the likelihood of a proximal tear (R 2= 0.121, P < .001). No anatomic risk factors were identified to play a role in tear location. Although most patients have midsubstance tears, proximal ACL tears were more commonly found in older patients. Bone contusions involving the medial compartment are associated with midsubstance tears; these findings may indicate that different injury mechanisms play a role in the location at which the ACL tears. Level III, prognostic, retrospective cohort study.

Morphological Risk Factors for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Tibial Avulsion Injuries of the Tibial Plateau and Femoral Condyle

Background: Identification of morphological risk factors associated with the knee that threaten ligaments is important for understanding injury mechanisms and prevention. However, the morphological risk factors for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) lesions are not clearly understood. Purpose: To investigate whether the medial tibial depth (MTD), medial and lateral posterior tibial slope, asymmetry of the medial and lateral slopes, radius of the sagittal plane medial femoral condyle, coronal tibial slope, and notch width index (NWI) were risk factors for PCL intrasubstance tearing (PCLIT) and tibial avulsion fractures (PCLAF). Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Between January 2015 and March 2022, 82 patients with isolated PCLIT, 68 patients with isolated PCLAF, and 82 controls without any ligamentous or meniscal pathologic findings as determined via physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging were included. Values were compared among the 3 groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to confirm the risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic curves were defined for the morphological indicators and combination of risk factors. Results: Logistic regression analysis revealed (1) MTD, lateral minus medial posterior tibial slope, radius of the posterior circle of the medial femoral condyle, and NWI as significant independent predictors for PCLIT and (2) MTD and NWI for PCLAF. The areas under the curve combining the 4 indicators for PCLIT and noncontact PCLIT were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72-0.86) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.96), respectively. The area under the curve for the combination of MTD and NWI for PCLAF was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.70-0.86). Conclusion: Decreased MTD and NWI were associated with an increased incidence of PCLIT and PCLAF. Increased asymmetry of the medial and lateral slopes and the radius of the posterior circle of the medial femoral condyle were associated with the presence of PCLIT. In addition, the model of a combination of risk factors showed good predictive ability for noncontact PCLIT. These findings may aid clinicians in identifying patients at risk for PCL lesions. Further studies are warranted for identifying the effect of these factors on biomechanical mechanisms.

Determination and influential factors of fracture toughness in unidirectional laminated bamboo-composite using double cantilever beams and single-edge notched bend tests

This paper studied two testing methods for determining the matrix-dominate fracture toughness in the unidirectional bamboo laminate panels, using double cantilever beam tests and single-edge notched bend tests. For single-edge notched bend tests, an isotropic solution was proposed to calculate the fracture toughness in which only the load-CMOD curve is required. In this isotropic solution, when calculating the energy release rate G Ic by G Ic = (K Ic ) 2 /E, the modulus of elasticity E can be directly obtained from the experimental load-CMOD curves, the pre-determination of Young’s modulus E x , E y , shear modulus G xy and Poisson’s ratio υ xy , υ xy is unnecessary for orthotropic materials. The results of modulus of elasticity E, the stress intensity factor K Ic , and energy release rate G Ic using the isotropic solution were compared to those using an orthotropic solution; it revealed that the isotropic solution could be well applied to unidirectional bamboo laminate panels with errors under 2.7%. The isotropic solution for single-edge notched bend tests was also verified by comparing the results to those obtained from double cantilever beam tests; it turned out that the energy release rate values determined by the two testing methods agreed well with each other. Moreover, the influence of initial notch width, initial notch to depth, and specimen depth on the fracture toughness was investigated to put forward a practical testing method to obtain the size-independent fracture toughness of unidirectional bamboo laminate panels by single-edge notched bend specimens.

Magnetic resonance based morphometric analysis of the tentorial notch.

The study of the tentorial notch can improve the understanding of brain injury mechanisms. Tentorial morphology has been analysed primarily in cadaveric studies. However, the postmortem effect can cause variability in the measurements. The objective was to evaluate the morphometry of the tentorial notch and the third cranial nerve on living subjects using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. Using consecutive cases, 60 MRI scans were analysed for tentorial notch morphology. Maximum notch width (MNW), notch length (NL), interpedunculoclival (IC) distance, apicotectal (AT) distance, third cranial nerve (CN-III) distance, and inter- CN-III angle, were obtained. For the classification of the tentorial notch quartile distribution technique for MNW, NL, AT distance, and IC distance were used. According to the quartile of the MNW, patients were stratified into narrow, midrange, and wide groups. Using the NL quartile groups, they were also classified as short, midrange, and long. With these, the tentorial notch could be classified into eight types. Statistical differences between genders in the MNW and inter-CN-III angle were found, as well as a strong positive correlation between NL and AT distance, and between right and left CN-III distances. There were differences between the cadaveric samples and living subjects in the CN-III distances. This difference could be explained by the dehydration of brain volume in the postmortem process which may cause nerve elongation. Morphometry of the tentorial notch and its neurovascular relations allows a better understanding of the mechanisms of brain herniation.

EVALUATION OF THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RELATED DISTAL FEMUR AND PROXIMAL TIBIA ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES ON DRY ADULT BONES

Objectives: This study aims to determine the differences between the genders by measuring the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) related bony structures on femur and tibia which are belongs to same individuals. To best our knowledge, the bony structures related with the ACL of the femur and tibia have never been investigated combined on dry bones in the literature. Materials and Methods: The study included 219 bones [108 femurs (74 male/34 female) / 111 tibias (72 male/39 female)]. Femur bicondylar width (BCW), intercondylar notch width (NW), tibial width (TW), tibial eminence width (EW) measured with a manual caliper. Intercondylar notch width index (NWI), and tibial eminence width index (EWI) also calculated. Results: In this study, the BCW, NW, NWI parameters were determined to be 65.90±3.23, 20.91±2.39, 0.31±0.03 in females, and 75.08±3.96, 23.45±2.80, 0.30±0.03 mm in males, respectively. The TW, EW, EWI parameters were determined to be 66.05±5.83, 8.89±1.48, 0.13±0.02 in females and 75.74±4.29, 11.02±1.96, 0.14±0.02 mm in males, respectively. Conclusions: In studying the structures associated with the ACL, it was found that there are morphological differences between the genders, which is an anatomically unavoidable situation. Also, the femur and tibia structures are statistically significantly correlated, we believe it would be more accurate to look for answers to ACL injuries by studying the two bones together.

Radiologic findings associated with mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament.

Mucoid degeneration (MD) of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a well-recognized pathology characterized by the degradation of collagen fibers and infiltration of a mucoid-like substance. This study is to determine the anatomical associated factors for MD-ACL using radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This was a retrospective study on patients who had undergone knee arthroscopy between 2011 and 2020. The patients with MD-ACL were defined and enrolled by the MRI and arthroscopy. Eventually, 52 patients in the MD-ACL group (group 1) and 52 patients in the control group (group 2) were enrolled, following sex and age matching. Radiologic evaluation included the assessment of Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade, mechanical hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, posterior tibial slope (PTS) angle, and Insall-Salvati ratio. The notch width index and transverse notch angle were measured on MRI, and the grade of trochlear dysplasia was defined. Logistic regression analysis, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and area under curve (AUC) were performed. The ROM was significantly decreased in group 1, whereas the PTS angle was significantly larger in group 1. Combined ganglion cysts of ACL were found in 42/52 patients (80.7%) in group 1. The risk of MD-ACL was associated with a steeper PTS angle, increased Insall-Salvati ratio, male sex, higher K-L grade, and decreased transverse notch angle and notch width index. The cutoff values in ROC analysis were found to be ≤ 28.27% for the notch width index (AUC, 0.849; p < 0.001), > 12.2° for the PTS angle (AUC, 0.765; p < 0.001), and ≤ 47.4° for the transverse notch angle (AUC, 0.711; p < 0.001), but not significant for Insall-salvati ratio. A steeper PTS angle, decreased notch width index, and transverse notch angle are significantly associated with the presence of MD-ACL. These factors should be considered during diagnosis or when determining the treatment strategy for symptomatic MD-ACL patients. Level IIIb.

A Novel Echo Separation Scheme for Space-Time Waveform-Encoding SAR Based on the Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP) Beamformer

Space-time waveform-encoding (STWE)-synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an effective way to accomplish high-resolution and wide-swath (HRWS) imaging. By designing the specific signal transmit mode, the echoes from several subswaths are received within a single receiving window and overlap each other in STWE-SAR. In order to separate the overlapped echoes, the linear-constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformer, a single-null beamformer, is typically used. However, the LCMV beamformer has a very narrow and unstable notch depth, which is not sufficient to accurately separate the overlapped echoes with large signal energy differences between subswaths. The issue of signal energy differences in STWE-SAR is first raised in this paper. Moreover, a novel echo separation scheme based on a second-order cone programming (SOCP) beamformer is proposed. The beam pattern generated by the SOCP beamformer allows flexible adjustment of the notch width and depth, which effectively improves the quality of separation results compared to the LCMV beamformer. The simulation results illustrate that the scheme can greatly enhance the performance of echo separation. Furthermore, the experimental results based on the X-band STWE-SAR airborne system not only demonstrate the scheme’s effectiveness but also indicate that it holds great promise for future STWE-SAR missions.

Morphometric characteristics of the knee are associated with the injury of the meniscus

BackgroundTo assess the geometrical risk factors for meniscal injuries. We hypothesized that the narrowness of the intercondylar notch and the smaller tibial spine could increase the risk of meniscal injuries.MethodsWe retrospectively studied two hundred and seven patients examined for knee magnetic resonance images. Two experienced orthopedists evaluated the severity of meniscal injuries. The notch width, bicondylar notch width, notch width index, condyle width of the femur, tibial spine height, and intercondylar angle were measured in magnetic resonance image slides by two blinded orthopedists.ResultsA total of 112 patients with a meniscus injury and 95 patients were as healthy control in all two hundred and seven patients. The NWI (P = 0.027) in patients with meniscus injuries was significantly different from the control group. A 1 SD (0.04 mm) increase in NWI was associated with a 0.4-fold increase in the risk of meniscal injury. A 1 SD (0.04 mm) increase in NWI was associated with a 0.64-fold increase in the risk of grade 3 meniscal injury. Furthermore, NWI and medial spine height are decreased significantly in grade 2 (P < 0.05) meniscal injury than in other grades. The medial spine height was significantly decreased in the meniscal injury group (P = 0.025), and the decrease in medial spine height would increase the risk of meniscal injury (OR = 0.77) and grade 3 meniscal injury (OR = 0.8).ConclusionsThe stenosis of the femoral intercondylar notch and small medial tibial spine is risk factors of meniscal injury. The decreased NWI and the medial tibial spine height were also associated with the severity of the meniscal injury.

Progressive failure analysis of U-notched thin composite plates repaired with a double-sided composite patch

In this study, carbon fiber-reinforced U-notched composite plates were repaired with composite patches made of the same material using adhesive bonding and their mechanical performance was investigated experimentally and numerically. Repairs were made by applying a double-sided composite patch to the notched thin composite plates. The repaired composite plates were tested under tensile load. The effect of the variation in notch width and depth on the repaired plate failure load and type was investigated. At the end of the experiments, load–displacement graphs of each specimen were obtained. The effect of variation in notch depth and width in the repaired specimens was not as dominant as in the non-repaired specimens. While the variation in notch dimensions changed the failure load between 34% and 37% in the non-repaired specimens, this rate was between 18% and 21% in the repaired specimens. In the numerical analysis, progressive failure analysis was performed using the Hashin Failure Criteria. Subroutine codes were written in the program Ansys, which uses the finite element method for numerical analysis. In the results, numerical and experimental load–displacement graphs and failure types of the specimens are presented comparatively. The convergence rate of the experimental and numerical data was between 92% and 99.8%.

A study of morphological changes in the mandible associated with sexual dimorphism: a digital panoramic study

BACKGROUND: In forensic anthropology, osteological remains are widely used to assess various characteristics of a person, which helps in establishing the identity of the deceased or serves as additional evidence in controversial cases.&#x0D; AIMS: The study aimed to measure, compare and distinguish the gender-related changes in the mandible among dentate of different age groups on digital panoramic radiographic images and to evaluate their reliability in sex determination that might serve as evidence in forensics.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: Digital panoramic images were obtained for 420 patients, which included 210 males and 210 females. Various parameters such as gonial angle, condylar length, ramus length, cortical bone thickness and ramal notch width were measured and evaluated. The data obtained was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and two-way ANOVA test.&#x0D; RESULTS: Comparison between gender groups showed statistically significant differences in all parameters with p 0.05 except the ramal notch width. The mean value of all parameters, was found to be comparatively higher in males. Among the groups, gonial angle and ramus length were found to be higher on right side, but in ramal notch width it was higher on left. The condylar length among males showed greater value on right side, and females showed greater value on left side. The cortical bone thickness among males depicted greater value on left side, and females depicted greater value on right side. Thus, all parameters except the ramal notch width were found to be reliable in sex determination.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: It was found that males had greater value when compared to females. Hence, this study recommends the use of these parameters for the purpose of sex determination.

Bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft and female sex are associated with the presence of cyclops lesions and syndrome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Associated risk factors for the development of cyclops lesions have been little. Investigated, because most previous studies have limited their research to cases with symptomatic cyclops lesions (cyclops syndrome). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of cyclops lesions using magnetic resonance image (MRI) at 6 and 12months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R), and to investigate the associated risk factors of cyclops lesions and syndrome. A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent ACL-R using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTPB) or hamstring tendon autograft from 2008 to 2017 was conducted. Predictor variables (age, sex, body mass index [BMI], time from injury to ACL-R, preinjury Tegner activity score, graft, meniscal and cartilage injury, and notch width index on MRI for the presence of cyclops lesions and syndrome were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression. Four hundred and fifty-five patients (225 males and 230 females) were enrolled. One hundred and four patients (22.9%) had cyclops lesions, and all cyclops lesions were detected on MRI at 6months post-operatively. In addition, 20 patients (4.4%) had cyclops syndrome which means that these were symptomatic cases. The risk factors for presence of cyclops lesions were BPTB autograft (OR = 2.85; 95% CI 1.75-4.63; P < 0.001) and female sex (OR = 2.03; 95% CI 1.27-3.25; P = 0.003). The presence of cyclops syndrome increased with graft (BPTB) (OR = 18.0; 95% CI 3.67-88.3; Powered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation P < 0.001), female sex (OR = 3.27; 95% CI 1.07-10.0; P = 0.038), and increased BMI (OR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.05-1.39; P = 0.008). All cyclops lesions were detected 6months after ACL-R, and the majority of them were asymptomatic. BPTB autograft and female sex were the significant risk factors for the presence of cyclops lesions and syndrome. In addition, increased BMI was associated with a higher risk of developing cyclops syndrome. When BPTB autograft is used for a female patient, full active knee extension should be encouraged in the early period after ACL-R to prevent cyclops lesion formation. Level IV, retrospective case series.

Changes in the Cross-Sectional Profile of Treated Anterior Cruciate Ligament Within 2 Years After Surgery.

Background:The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and reconstructed graft has direct implications on its strength and knee function. Little is known regarding how the CSA changes along the ligament length and how those changes vary between treated and native ligaments over time.Hypothesis:It was hypothesized that (1) the CSA of reconstructed ACLs and restored ACLs via bridge-enhanced ACL restoration (BEAR) is heterogeneous along the length. (2) Differences in CSA between treated and native ACLs decrease over time. (3) CSA of the surgically treated ACLs is correlated significantly with body size (ie, height, weight, body mass index) and knee size (ie, bicondylar and notch width).Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods:Magnetic resonance imaging scans of treated and contralateral knees of 98 patients (n = 33 ACL reconstruction, 65 BEAR) at 6, 12, and 24 months post-operation were used to measure the ligament CSA at 1% increments along the ACL length (tibial insertion, 0%; femoral insertion, 100%). Statistical parametric mapping was used to evaluate the differences in CSA between 6 and 24 months. Correlations between body and knee size and treated ligament CSA along its length were also assessed.Results:Hamstring autografts had larger CSAs than native ACLs at all time points (P < .001), with region of difference decreasing from proximal 95% of length (6 months) to proximal 77% of length (24 months). Restored ACLs had larger CSAs than native ACLs at 6 and 12 months, with larger than native CSA only along a small midsubstance region at 24 months (P < .001). Graft CSA was correlated significantly with weight (6 and 12 months), bicondylar width (all time points), and notch width (24 months). Restored ACL CSA was significantly correlated with bicondylar width (6 months) and notch width (6 and 12 months).Conclusion:Surgically treated ACLs remodel continuously within the first 2 years after surgery, leading to ligaments/grafts with heterogeneous CSAs along the length, similar to the native ACL. While reconstructed ACLs remained significantly larger, the restored ACL had a CSA profile comparable with that of the contralateral native ACL. In addition to size and morphology differences, there were fundamental differences in factors contributing to CSA profile between the ACL reconstruction and BEAR procedures.Registration:NCT 02664545 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of relationship of intercondylar notch width and alpha angle in anterior cruciate ligament injury

Aims and Objectives: To determine the relationship between alpha angle and intercondylar notch width measurements and ACL tears.Materials and Methods: A total of 100 subjects were included in this study. Patient’s with ACL injury were grouped as cases (torn group) and those without ligament injury were grouped as controls (intact group).Controls age and sex were matched with that of the cases.Type of study: Prospective StudyPlace of study: Department of radiodiagnosis, Kamineni institute of medical sciences, NarketpallySample size: 100Duration of study: 1ST October 2021-30 September 2022(12 Months)Results: A total of 100 subjects were included in present study. Mean age of the study subject’s was 34 years. Mean alph angle among intact ACL group was 44° and mean alpha angle among torn ACL group was 51°. Mean intercondylar notch distance among intact ACL group was 22 mm and mean intercondylar notch distance among torn ACL group was 15 mm.Conclusions: Higher alpha angle and narrow intercondylar notch width patients are more prone to ACL tears.