Notable Presence Research Articles

Essential Oils Obtained from Sicilian Citrus reticulata Blanco By-Products: Antibacterial and Allelopathic Activity

Mandarin, one of the winter fruits commonly used in the preparation of foods and juices, is a fruit native to China and Southeast Asia. In this work, essential oils (EOs) obtained from by-products of the Citrus reticulata Blanco flavedo of five cultivars present and cultivated within the Botanical Garden of Palermo were chemically and biologically studied: C. reticulata ‘Avana’ (C1), C. reticulata ‘Tardivo di Ciaculli’ (C2), C. reticulata ‘Bombajensis’ (C3), C. reticulata ‘Aurantifolia’ (C4), and C. reticulata ‘Padre Bernardino’ (C5). The GC and GC-MS analysis performed on all the extracted samples clearly highlighted the notable presence of limonene, a characteristic hydrocarbon monoterpene of EOs of the Citrus genus. C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5 were tested in relation to their possible antibacterial and allelopathic activity, also highlighting the activity of limonene, the main compound. For the antibacterial activity, eight different bacterial strains were used, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative (Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Enterobacter aerogens). For the allelopathic effect, two model systems were chosen: the germination of radish seeds (Raphanus sativus L.) and of spores in the moss Tortula muralis (Hedw.). The EOs from all cultivars showed pronounced antibacterial effects against all strains with an MIC comprised in the range of 16–256 μg/mL. Limonene showed the highest activity with an MIC between 4 and 16. The allelopathic effects showed a decrease in the percentage of seed germination, root, and epicotyl growth on Raphanus and a strong reduction in the germination of Tortula spores with an alteration in the development of the protonema. Limonene showed the same but more intense allelopathic activity.

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Components and Sensory Profiles of Four Basil Varieties Based on HS-SPME and SD Coupled with GC-MS

This study utilized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze the volatile components and sensory profiles of four basil varieties, both in their fresh state and as essential oils (EOs) extracted via steam distillation (SD). By employing headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and SD/GC-MS, a comprehensive comparison was conducted to elucidate the changes in volatile profiles before and after drying and extraction processes. In total, 47 volatile components were identified in fresh basil samples. Methyl chavicol was predominant in Thai basil (66.53%), lemon basil (90.18%), and sweet basil (89.19%), whereas linalool (58.56%) was the major component in purple basil. For EOs, 66 volatile components were detected, with methyl chavicol remaining significant in Thai basil (65.27%) and lemon basil (81.03%), though its proportion decreased in sweet basil (29.34%). Purple basil EOs showed a higher proportion of alcohols (54.54%) and terpenoids (31.31%), with the notable presence of linalool (20.08%) and τ-juniper alcohol (18.18%). Multivariate analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), revealed significant variations in volatile profiles among basil varieties. Sensory evaluation, supported by radar fingerprinting, demonstrated that the drying and extraction processes notably impacted the aroma profiles. Distinctive aroma profiles revealed that Thai basil was noted for its aniseed aroma, lemon basil for its lemon scent, sweet basil for its pungency, and purple basil for its floral notes. These findings highlight the diverse applications of basil varieties and their EOs, providing valuable insights into flavoring, fragrance, and therapeutic products based on their volatile compositions and sensory attributes.

Microplastics in Morocco's most consumed fisheries: Chemical characterization, ecological traits, and implications for human health

The pervasive presence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment is well established, yet many critical questions remain about their distribution and potential impacts on both ecological and human health. To assess the risks that MPs pose, especially through marine ecosystems and human consumption, monitoring their ingestion by fish in natural environments is essential. This study investigated the contamination of 12 fish species, the most commonly consumed in Morocco, collected from the Atlantic Ocean off the Moroccan coast. Analysis of 240 fish (20 individuals per species) revealed that 100 % of the samples contained microplastics. MPs were detected in the gills, gonads, and gastrointestinal tracts of all 12 species. The average abundance of microplastics per fish ranged from 20.6 to 133.2 MPs, with the forms identified as fragments (60 %), fibers (30 %), films (8 %), and pellets and foams (1 %). Additionally, omnivorous and demersal species presented the highest levels of MP contamination. Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis identified seven polymers, with high-density polyethylene (34 %), polyethylene terephthalate (30 %), and polypropylene (17.5 %) being the most prevalent. The microplastics were predominantly dark or light in color, with a notable presence of red and blue particles. Fish ingest various sizes of microplastics, primarily particles smaller than 1 mm. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) revealed that most MPs exhibited visible signs of weathering and contained inorganic components on their surfaces. The potential risk of MPs to fish, as assessed by the polymer hazard index (PHI), was categorized as level V, indicating that MPs may pose significant risks to human health. The highest estimated daily intake (EDI) of microplastics was found in children (1620 MPs/year), whereas the lowest intake was estimated in women (350 MPs/year) and men (337 MPs/year). Given the widespread presence of microplastics in commonly consumed fish species in Morocco, there is an urgent need for regulatory measures to ensure the safety of fisheries, both for domestic consumption and export. Policymakers should consider the development of guidelines for acceptable levels of microplastic contamination in fish to safeguard public health.

Unraveling the Facet-Dependent Surface Chemistry at Molecular Scale: Photoassisted Oxidation of InP Nanocrystals.

The facet-dependent surface chemistry of nanocrystals (NCs) provides fundamental insights into chemical reactivities, which are critical for obtaining precise control over the NC surface. In this study, by obtaining InP NCs with well-defined {111} and {110}/{-1-1-1} facets (tetrahedrons and tetrapods, respectively) capped with chloride-oleylamine ligands, the previously underinvestigated facet-dependent surface chemistry of III-V materials is explored. Solid-state and solution NMR analyses show that InP tetrahedrons, with their smaller surface heterogeneity (single facet composition and lesser edge/vertex contribution) and stronger Lewis acidity, exhibit narrow 31P and 115In resonances as well as deshielded 13C signals of α-carbon adjacent to the NH2 group of oleylamine. As a result, InP tetrahedra exhibit strong ligand binding and a notable presence of less-mobile oleylamine ligands on the surface, leading to the blocking of access to external species. This is also consistent with the minimal blue shift of the first excitonic peak in absorption spectra and the strong resistance to photoassisted surface oxidation of InP tetrahedrons. Our findings, supported by solid-state/solution NMR, FT-IR, and XPS analyses, highlight the significance of facet-dependent reactivities to surface ligands and, thus, atmospheric moieties, enhancing the potential of III-V NCs in various optoelectronic applications.

Nutritional, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Alterations in Children with Chylous Effusion in the Postoperative Period of Cardiac Surgery: A Descriptive Cohort.

The occurrence of chylous effusion in children undergoing cardiac surgery is progressively increasing due to technical advances that have led to a rise in the number of surgeries. In this context, the objective was to describe the clinical profile of a cohort of patients at the time of chylous effusion diagnosis. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted between January 2011 and July 2023, involving 23 patients, aged 0 to 18 years, treated at a quaternary university hospital in southeastern Brazil. Data were obtained from the follow-up records of the Multidisciplinary Nutritional Therapy Team (MNTT) for patients who received nutritional support after developing chylous effusion in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. The younger population predominated (median age of 6 months), with a high prevalence of malnutrition (60.9%). At the time of chylous effusion diagnosis, 83% had lymphopenia, and 74% had hypoalbuminemia. The longer the time elapsed after surgery for the onset of chylous effusion, the lower the HDL cholesterol, the lower the albumin levels, the greater the surgical complexity, the younger the patient, and the lower their weight. Hypocalcemia occurred in nearly half of the sample and hypophosphatemia in 26% of the analyzed cases. There was a notable presence of lymphopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and low HDL cholesterol, as well as a high incidence of mineral imbalances, particularly hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, which, if untreated, may lead to unfavorable outcomes. Therefore, clinical and laboratory monitoring of children in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery is important and can aid in the early diagnosis of chylous effusion and, consequently, in the timely initiation of treatment.

Biocontrol Potential of a Native Trichoderma Collection Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Subtropical Race 4

The Canary Islands lead banana (Musa acuminata) production in the EU. Different fungal pathogens affect this crop in subtropical areas, with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense subtropical race 4 (Foc-STR4) being the most important in the Canary Islands. With the aim of developing environmentally sustainable techniques for disease control, this study presents the results of the evaluation of the antifungal capacity of a native Trichoderma collection (12 species, 109 isolates) obtained from banana soils. The results demonstrate the diversity of biocontrol genes and the in vitro antagonistic potential of different native Trichoderma species/isolates against two Foc-STR4 strains obtained from plants with Panama disease symptoms. Trichoderma virens (TF18), a dominant species in banana soils in the Canary Islands, showed a high capacity to inhibit the growth of Foc-STR4 in different in vitro assays. Trichoderma atrobrunneum (TF01) showed mycoparasitism capacity through the spiral coil around the hyphae of the pathogen. In addition, the genome analysis of T. atrobrunneum (TF03) showed 69 putative biosynthetic gene clusters, with the notable presence of the trichothecene tri5 gene. Finally, our work demonstrates that the soils of the Canary Islands banana crops are a potential source of environmentally adapted biological control agents to control or reduce the incidence of Foc-STR4.

Effect of environmental factors on seed germination and seedling emergence of weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) in China

Abstract Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Auct. ex Backer) is a troublesome annual weed from the Gramineae family and infests rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields globally, with a notable presence in China. However, limited information is available regarding the effects of diverse environmental factors on its germination and emergence. A better understanding of the seed biology and ecology of weedy rice is crucial for developing effective weed management strategies. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature, light, soil burial depth, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop residue amount, salt stress, osmotic stress, and radiant heat on the germination and seedling emergence of weedy rice. Weedy rice exhibited robust germination (>98%) when exposed to varying day/night temperatures (20/15 to 35/30 C) and remained unaffected by light conditions. Seedling emergence was not influenced within the top 5-cm soil layer, where 100% of the seedlings emerged. However, emergence decreased as the soil burial depth increased, eventually resulting in no emergence from a burial depth of 11 cm. The soil burial depth required for 50% of the maximum emergence was 8.3 cm. Seedling emergence ranged from 97% to 100% across different amounts of the wheat straw residue cover (0 to 10,000 kg ha−1). The sodium chloride concentration and osmotic potential required for 50% were 230.8 mM and −0.5 MPa, respectively. No germination was observed when weedy rice seeds were exposed to >110 C pretreatment (radiant heat for 5 min), indicating that residue burning could reduce infestation of weedy rice. The insights gained from this study contribute valuable knowledge to enhance the integrated management of weedy rice in China.

KRAS G12C mutation in NSCLC in a small genetic center: insights into sotorasib therapy response potential

Lung cancer remains a significant health challenge, characterized by aberrant tissue growth within the pulmonary system. Early carcinogenic events often involve genomic instability and the emergence of a mutator phenotype. In this study, we aimed to explore the mutator phenotype in 89 patients diagnosed with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RNA isolation from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples was performed using the Promega ReliaPrep RNA Miniprep System, facilitating gene amplification relevant to cancer through the Archer® FusionPlexComprehensiveThyroid and Lung (CTL) kit. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina NextSeq platform enabled comprehensive analysis of target areas. Utilizing Archer Analysis software, secondary analyses involving data cleansing, alignment, and variant/fusion identification were executed against the human reference genome hg19 (GRCh37). Expression patterns were visualized using HeatMap graphics. Our findings revealed a notable presence of KRAS gene mutations in approximately 20% of NSCLC patients. Among these mutations, the G12C variant was predominant at 50%, followed by G12V and G12D variants at 11.2% each. Notably, patients harboring the G12C variant responded favorably to sotorasib medication. These results underscore the importance of mutational profiling and targeted therapeutic approaches in managing NSCLC, particularly highlighting the promising efficacy of sotorasib in G12C-mutated cases.

Cultural and Behavioral Insights into European Social Media Users: Platform Preferences and Personality Types

The study examines European social media personalities based on age, gender, platform preference, and country of origin. The research sample, which consists of respondents from 19 European countries (Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Italy, North Macedonia, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and the UK) reflects the general population ratio and predominantly includes middle-aged individuals ensuring representative findings. Almost two-thirds of respondents engage with social media daily, highlighting its pervasive role in European life. Analysis of platform preferences reveals that Facebook and Instagram are the most popular, while TikTok and Snapchat are less favored, particularly among older demographics. The study shows that gender differences are significant, with females favoring Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat, while males prefer LinkedIn and Twitter. This delineation underscores the varying social media consumption habits between genders. The study identifies three primary social media personalities: Lurkers, who passively consume content; Ultras, who exhibit obsessive usage; and Deniers, who balance regular use without dependency. Additional personalities include Ranters, Informers, and Peacocks, each representing unique motivations and engagement styles. This diversity in user behaviors highlights the multifaceted nature of social media engagement in Europe. A country-specific analysis reveals cultural and regional differences in social media use, with distinct preferences and behaviors emerging across Europe. For instance, Germans exhibit unique tendencies with a notable presence among Approval Seekers, Changelings, and Ghosts. Such variations underscore the importance of considering cultural contexts in social media strategies. The findings offer valuable insights for stakeholders, including marketers, policymakers, and platform developers. By understanding these diverse usage patterns, more effective campaigns can be designed, privacy and digital literacy issues can be addressed, and user experiences can be enhanced. This study underscores the integral role of social media in European life and provides a foundation for future research and strategy development.

Experimental study and analysis of the static and dynamic mechanical properties of graphene oxide cement soil under composite salinity erosion

In coastal and saline-alkali regions, cement soil materials face significant challenges from salt erosion and both dynamic and static loads, threatening their structural stability. To enhance the mechanical properties of cement soil, this study explores the incorporation of graphene oxide (GO). We subjected GO cement soil specimens to various concentrations of a composite salt solution (with a NaCl to Na2SO4 mass ratio of 1:1) in erosion experiments lasting 7 and 30 days. The specimens were analyzed through unconfined compressive strength tests, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine changes in stress-strain curves, peak stress, and energy dissipation. The results indicate that the dynamic and static peak stresses, energy absorption, and energy absorption efficiency of the GO cement soil specimens are inversely related to the concentration of the mixed salt solution. Notably, in a 4.5 g/L erosion environment after 7 days, an increasing trend was observed in static peak stress, energy absorption, and energy absorption efficiency. Additionally, when the salt concentration was fixed, these properties showed a positive correlation with impact gas pressure. SEM analysis revealed that the nucleation effect of GO and its strong bonding with the cement matrix significantly improved the microstructure of the specimens by reducing pores and defects, thus enhancing density and overall performance. Furthermore, in an 18 g/L erosion environment, a notable presence of ettringite (AFt) was identified in the GO cement soil specimens.

Exploring the Preferences and Satisfaction Levels of Millennials and iGen Towards FinTech Services in Banking

This study examines the adoption of FinTech services offered by the banking sector among Millennials and Generation Z (iGen) in Chennai, focusing on their awareness, preferences, and satisfaction levels. Data were collected from 262 respondents through a structured questionnaire, and the research employed descriptive and analytical methods using SPSS. Key findings reveal significant demographic influences on FinTech adoption. Most respondents were aged 35-45 (42.3%), with a notable presence of those aged 18-24 (33.5%). Male respondents (66.1%) outnumbered females (33.9%), and private sector employees formed the majority (52.9%), followed by students (33.5%). Educational qualifications significantly influenced adoption, with 46.3% of respondents holding a master’s degree. Income disparities were evident, as 27.3% earned less than ₹25,000 monthly. ANOVA results indicated strong relationships between age, income, and factors influencing FinTech usage, including convenience, security, innovation, and customer support. The study underscores the need for financial institutions to tailor FinTech services to meet diverse demographic and economic needs. Enhancing awareness through educational initiatives, particularly for lower-income and less-educated groups, is essential. These findings provide actionable insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers to promote an inclusive and innovative FinTech ecosystem that caters to the evolving needs of Millennials and iGen.

Xanthium strumarium L., an invasive species in the subtropics: prediction of potential distribution areas and climate adaptability in Pakistan

Invasive species such as Xanthium strumarium L., can disrupt ecosystems, reduce crop yields, and degrade pastures, leading to economic losses and jeopardizing food security and biodiversity. To address the challenges posed by invasive species such as X. strumarium, this study uses species distribution modeling (SDM) to map its potential distribution in Pakistan and assess how it might respond to climate change. This addresses the urgent need for proactive conservation and management strategies amidst escalating ecological threats. SDM forecasts a species’ potential dispersion across various geographies in both space and time by correlating known species occurrences to environmental variables. SDMs have the potential to help address the challenges posed by invasive species by predicting the future habitat suitability of species distributions and identifying the environmental factors influencing these distributions. Our study shows that seasonal temperature dependence, mean temperature of wettest quarter and total nitrogen content of soil are important climatic factors influencing habitat suitability of X. strumarium. The potential habitat of this invasive species is likely to expand beyond the areas it currently colonizes, with a notable presence in the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions. These areas are particularly vulnerable due to threats to agriculture and biodiversity. Under current conditions, an estimated 21% of Pakistan’s land area is infested by X. strumarium, mainly in upper Punjab, central Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The range is expected to expand in most regions except Sindh. The central and northeastern parts of the country are proving to be particularly suitable habitats for X. strumarium. Effective strategies are crucial to contain the spread of X. strumarium. The MaxEnt modeling approach generates invasion risk maps by identifying potential risk zones based on a species’ climate adaptability. These maps can aid in early detection, allowing authorities to prioritize surveillance and management strategies for controlling the spread of invasive species in suitable habitats. However, further research is recommended to understand the adaptability of species to unexplored environments.

Leveraging a geographic information system (GIS) to identify lung cancer care disparities and opportunities in rural Appalachia.

78 Background: The Rural Appalachian Lung Cancer Screening Initiative is led by the Association of Cancer Care Centers (ACCC) and patient advocacy partners. Recognized by the White House Cancer Moonshot, this initiative seeks to improve lung cancer screening rates by partnering with health systems in rural Appalachia to develop and implement interventions. An 11-county region bordering West Virginia, Virginia, and Kentucky has significantly higher mortality and lung cancer incidence rates than the national rates of 35.0 and 54.0 per 100,000 people, respectively (Table 1). This region was identified as the focus area for the initiative with participation from health systems in Pike County, KY, and Buchanan County, VA. Methods: To understand availability of local resources, ACCC developed an interactive GIS tool that identifies screening and referral locations as well as essential services in the region. Lung cancer screening sites, oncology services, mammography locations, critical access hospitals, NCI-designated cancer centers, federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) and look-alikes, rural health clinics, and primary care/general health services were identified from publicly available data and data requested from state departments of health. Facilities were contacted to verify services when unclear. STATA 18 was used to combine and clean data for upload to Google MyMaps, creating an interactive map. Results: Of the 11 counties, all contain at least 1 FQHC or primary care site. However, 5 of the counties do not have lung cancer screening sites and 7 of the counties do not have oncology service sites (Table). The closest NCI-designated cancer centers to the participating sites are over 140 miles away. Conclusions: While there is a notable presence of primary care, access to lung cancer screening and oncology care is limited. Sites can utilize this map to inform development of interventions by considering potential geographical challenges, identifying referral sites, outreach opportunities, and partners to facilitate lung cancer screening and education. Further, these methods are replicable, and can be used to inform current access to care and improve equitable delivery of lung cancer screening in regions across the U.S. Distribution of lung cancer mortality, incidence, and infrastructure within initiative focus region. Region Mortality*(per 100,000) Incidence*(per 100,000) # Lung Cancer Screening Sites # Oncology Services Sites KY (1 county) 70 109.3 2 2 VA (6 counties) 45.0 – 61.4 42.9 – 68.6 4 3 WV (4 counties) 57.6 – 74.8 100.4 – 111.5 1 0 *Lung & Bronchus, 2016-2020 age-adjusted death rates (KY, VA, WV) and incidence rates (KY, WV). Lung & Bronchus, 2015-2019 age-adjusted incidence rate (VA). Source: statecancerprofiles.cancer.gov.

Application of Gan Embroidery (Yuzhang Embroidery) in Neo-Chinese-style Woolen Clothing with the Inheritance of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Abstract This paper investigates the emergence of Neo-Chinese-style clothing and the integration of Gan Embroidery techniques in the design of Neo-Chinese-style woolen clothing in the context of intangible cultural heritage. Neo-Chinese-style clothing represents a contemporary evolution of traditional Chinese attire, amalgamating elements of Chinese traditional dress culture and making a notable presence in the modern fashion industry. This study initiates by presenting the current status of Neo-Chinese-style clothing, encompassing its styles, patterns, techniques, and its influence on the international fashion stage. Subsequently, this research places a significant emphasis on the embroidery craftsmanship within the design of Neo-Chinese-style woolen clothing, emphasizing the importance of embroidery in conferring distinctive three-dimensionality and cultural aesthetics to the clothing. Through the synthesis and analysis of design cases from both domestic and international brands, this study illustrates the application of Gan Embroidery in Neo-Chinese-style clothing design. Finally, this research summarizes the primary contributions of the study, including an enhanced comprehension of the development of Neo-Chinese-style clothing and the burgeoning role of embroidery craftsmanship in the international fashion industry. Additionally, this research explores potential future research directions to deepen our understanding of Neo-Chinese-style clothing and traditional craftsmanship.

Seed morphometrics unravels the evolutionary history of grapevine in France.

The cultivation of grapevines has spanned millennia, leading to thousands of varieties through exchanges, mutations, and crosses between genotypes, as well probably as gene flow from wild populations. These varieties are typically categorized by regional origin and primary use, either for wine production or fruit consumption. France, within the Western European group, hosts many of the world's renowned wine grape varieties. However, the historical development of cultivated grapevines in France and in the world remains poorly understood. This study applies morphometry on 19,377 charred and waterlogged archaeological grape pips to investigate the evolutionary history of grapevine in France over the last 10,000 years. The study compares seed outlines and lengths, corrected for taphonomic distortions, with a reference collection of 80 wild and 466 modern domestic grapevine accessions. Findings reveal a shift from wild grapevine exploitation to the expansion of domestic varieties around 600-500 BCE, coinciding with Mediterranean cultural influences and the introduction of eastern grape types. The identification of the East-Table group, a group of varieties of eastern origin for fruit consumption, indicates that grapes were also grown for food, especially in Mediterranean regions and near urban areas, alongside wine production. Early French viticulture featured a notable presence of Western European wine-type grapevines. The abundance of pips with wild-like morphology suggests early cultivation involved plants at an initial domestication stage and gene flow between introduced and wild grapevines. As viticulture spread northward, wild and Eastern morphotypes declined, leading to the dominance of Western European wine types in inner France during the Middle Ages.

Morphology and elemental composition of individual solid dust particles: From different sources to the atmosphere

This study investigates the morphology and elemental composition of individual solid dust particles from various sources (e.g., thermal power plant, domestic coal combustion, building construction dust, wind-blown dust, Asian dust storm, and road related dust) to the atmosphere under high and low relative humidity (RH) conditions in a coastal city of north China by using high-resolution electron microscopes. The results showed that distinct variations between dust particles from thermal power plant and domestic coal combustion, despite both using coal as fuel. Specifically, 88.6% (by number) of thermal power plant particles were spherical, whereas only 2 out of 347 particles from domestic coal combustion exhibited a spherical shape. Furthermore, domestic coal combustion particles showed a higher proportion of Ca-rich particles compared to those from thermal power plant. The wind-blown dust and Asian dust storm particles were mainly “Si + Al” subtype (52.0% v.s. 75.3%) and Si-dominant subtype (16.4% v.s. 11.7%) particles, which were mainly from crustal sources. However, wind-blown dust contained a higher fraction of Ca-rich (11.6%) and Fe-rich (5.3%) particles than Asian dust. The building construction dust particles primarily consisted of irregular Ca-dominant (39.4%) and “Ca + Si” subtype (29.8%) particles. Road related dust were also mainly Si-rich particles (52.9%), likely from re-suspended soil, along with a notable presence of spherical (8.0%) and Fe-rich particles (19.3%), possibly linked to vehicle emissions and brake wear. Additionally, relative number percentage of Na-rich particles and the average weigh ratios of Na in the atmospheric particles were higher than those from all above-mentioned source samples, suggesting that sea-salt related particles might be an important source of the atmospheric dust at the coastal city. The results indicated that Ca-rich particles were significantly modified by S and NaCl particles might lose Cl through heterogeneous reactions under higher RH.

Diversity and Taxonomic Classification of Epiphytes in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Epiphytes exist in the Federal Capital Territory communities but there is little or no information on their diversity and taxonomy. However, Federal Capital Territory is a treasure house of ethnic communities and some valuable plant species. One major gap across the Federal Capital Territory, is lack of formal record on the diversity and taxonomic classification of the epiphytes. The objective of this study is to collect and identify epiphytes present in the Federal capital Territory, determine species composition and abundance, and further identify the various plants used as hosts by the epiphytes. The greatness of epiphytes has enabled them to exploit a wide range of habitats including tropical and temperate woodlands, plantations and mangroves. In tropical canopies, epiphytes are remarkably diverse and show asynchronous phonological patterns at the community level. A reconnaissance survey of the study on diversity and taxonomic classification of epiphytes was carried out from November to December, 2021 in Abaji, Abuja Municipal, Bwari, Gwagwalada, Kuje and Kwali area councils of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria. Eighteen study points were randomly selected from the administrative town and two settlements from each of the area council. The study sites were selected considering the dry riparian nature of the region, altitudinal ranges, notable presence of epiphytes diversity and recommendation from respondents. Data was collected by administering semi-structured questionnaires to 90 respondents for a single face-face interview. Epiphytic plants collected from the field were identified. Those that could not be identified were taken to the Biological Sciences Department, University of Abuja, for identification and documentation. The epiphytes were classified into eight (8) taxonomic groups namely; Polypodiophyta, Tracheophyta, Basidiomycota, Magnoliophyta, Ascomycota, Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta and Anthophyta while four (4) evolutionary taxonomic groups were identified. Based on their mode of life, some epiphytes were classified as Typical Epiphytes while others were Semi Epiphytes and Occasional Epiphytes. The study shows that different epiphytic plants occur in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Nigeria, and they belong to various taxonomic groups. Epiphytes in the Federal Capital Territory, and their Taxonomic Groups, indicated that Nephrolepis bisserata (Sw.) Schott, Platycerium stemaria (P.Beauv.) Desv., Ficus benghalensis L., Ficus vogelii Miq., Elaeis guinensis Jacq., Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L., Ficus leprieurii (Miquel), Ficus lutea Vahl, Ficus thonningi Blume, Ficus exasperate Vahl., Ficus platyphylla Delile, Polyhandra longiflora L., Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler, Lycoperdon spadiceus Pers., Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc., Viburnum tinus L., Plagiothecium undulatum (Hedw. Schimp., Frullania dilatata (L.) Dumort., and Ficus aurea Nutt. occured in all the area councils of the FCT while Fomitopsis sp P.Karst., Entodon sp MÜll. Hal. and Funaria sp Hedw. were seen in Abaji, Bwari, Gwagwalada, Kuje and Kwali area councils. Nephrolepis undulata (Afzel. Ex Sw.) J.Sm. occurred in Bwari, Kuje and Municipal area councils. Coprinus lagopus P.Karst., Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Cesati and de Notaris, Entodontopsis nitens (Mitt.) W.R.Buck and Ireland, Syntrichia laevipila (Brid.) K.F.Schultz. occurred in Bwari, Gwagwalada, Kuje, and Municipal area councils. Having studied the diversity and classification of epiphytes of the Federal Capital Territory, it is recommended that further research analysis be carried on the phytochemical constituents of some of these epiphytes to determine their major classes of compounds.

Effect of zinc oxide-eugenol endodontic paste on planktonic aggregates and biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis - An atomic force microscopy evaluation

ObjectiveThis work aimed to evaluate the in vitro effect of zinc oxide-eugenol paste (ZOE) on planktonic aggregates (EfPA) and biofilm (EfBio) of Enterococcus faecalis, focusing on their morphological aspects observed and analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). DesignThe eugenol and paste were characterized by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The effect of ZOE on EfPA and EfBio was evaluated by a direct-contact test through colony counting and crystal violet staining protocol. AFM images of untreated and treated EfPA and EfBio growth on bovine dentin were obtained to analyze the morphological damage caused by the treatments. ResultsThe characterization showed high purity in the eugenol composition and chemical interaction between the components of the paste. A bactericidal effect on aggregates was observed after 6 h of exposure, and on biofilm after 24 h of treatment (p < 0.001). A disruptive effect on the biofilm was also evident. AFM images revealed the formation of EfPA, with a notable presence of an exopolysaccharide matrix. After 6 h of ZOE treatment, there was a significant increase in the size and surface roughness profile of treated cells (p < 0.05). Loss of typical cell morphology was observed after 24 h. The effect on the biofilm showed a tendency towards a less condensed biofilm pattern in the treated group, with no differences in surface roughness. ConclusionZOE presents bactericidal action on EfPA and EfBio, promoting significant morphological changes after treatment, especially in the aggregates.

Mortality and Associated Risk Factors in Patients With Candida auris: Insights From a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bahrain.

Introduction Candida auris poses a significant healthcare challenge due to its high mortality rates, difficulties in identification, and resistance to antifungal treatment. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with 30-day mortality in patients with either invasive Candida auris infection or colonization. Methods We conducted a prospective study at Salmaniya Medical Complex, a tertiary care hospital in Bahrain, from September 2023 to February 2024. The study included 59 patients infected or colonized by Candida auris. Data were systematically collected from patient records, including demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes. Risk factors for 30-day mortality were analyzed using both univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Results Among the 59 patients studied, the mean age was 63.9 years, and the cohort was predominantly male (74.6%). Key findings include a high prevalence of multiple indwelling catheters (44.2%) and recent intubation (42.4%). Candida auris was most frequently isolated from the groin (33.9%) and urine (25.4%), with a notable presence in the axillary regions (23.7%). The mortality rate was 44.1%. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that age (≥65 years), multiple indwelling catheters, ICU admission for over 24 hours, and recent intubation were significant risk factors for mortality while chronic kidney disease did not retain its significance in the multivariate model. Conclusion The study underscores the critical need for focused infection control and strong antimicrobial stewardship to address the high mortality associated with Candida auris infections. Emphasizing the importance of early detection and a multidisciplinary approach, these strategies are essential for managing and mitigating the impact of Candida auris in healthcare settings.

Multiple Myeloma Risk and Outcomes Are Associated with Pathogenic Germline Variants in DNA Repair Genes.

First-degree relatives of patients with multiple myeloma are at increased risk for the disease, but the contribution of pathogenic germline variants (PGV) in hereditary cancer genes to multiple myeloma risk and outcomes is not well characterized. To address this, we analyzed germline exomes in two independent cohorts of 895 and 786 patients with multiple myeloma. PGVs were identified in 8.6% of the Discovery cohort and 11.5% of the Replication cohort, with a notable presence of high- or moderate-penetrance PGVs (associated with autosomal dominant cancer predisposition) in DNA repair genes (3.6% and 4.1%, respectively). PGVs in BRCA1 (OR = 3.9, FDR < 0.01) and BRCA2 (OR = 7.0, FDR < 0.001) were significantly enriched in patients with multiple myeloma when compared with 134,187 healthy controls. Five of the eight BRCA2 PGV carriers exhibited tumor-specific copy number loss in BRCA2, suggesting somatic loss of heterozygosity. PGVs associated with autosomal dominant cancer predisposition were associated with younger age at diagnosis, personal or familial cancer history, and longer progression-free survival after upfront high-dose melphalan and autologous stem-cell transplantation (P < 0.01). Significance: Our findings suggest up to 10% of patients with multiple myeloma may have an unsuspected cancer predisposition syndrome. Given familial implications and favorable outcomes with high-dose melphalan and autologous stem-cell transplantation in high-penetrance PGV carriers, genetic testing should be considered for young or newly diagnosed patients with a personal or family cancer history. See related commentary by Walker, p. 375.