Not-in-my-backyard Syndrome Research Articles

Detecting the city-scale spatial pattern of the urban informal sector by using the street view images: A street vendor massive investigation case

Automatically obtaining information on informal practitioners, especially their spatial distribution, has proven challenging when using traditional methods. This study addresses this issue by presenting a street view deep learning method, called the Street Informal Practitioners Spatial Investigation (SIPSI) methodology. This paper's application of this technology focuses on the study case of the street vendor, which is one of the most visible occupations in the informal economy. There were 3907 street vendors that were detected using this method; as well, the kernel density estimation indicated that they agglomerated in a multi-core cluster pattern in the city. Further analysis of the factors that influence agglomeration shows that the street vendors prefer premises that are near the lower level of the road and the higher density population sites, whereas the NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) syndrome keeps these vendors away from the central City Business Districts and high-rent regions. The presented methodology and the study results contribute to high-efficiency investigations of informal economy employment, and it further assists in advising for the spatial governance policies improvement and implementation in any cities whose street view images are abundant and open-access.

Dwelling on a Wasteland: Externality, Environmental Injustice, and Materiality in Chen Qiufan’s Waste Tide

Contemporary Chinese science fiction writer Chen Qiufan begins his debut novel Waste Tide (Huangchao 荒潮, 2013; English translation, 2019) with an entry on the Basel Convention. Adopted in 1989 by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries, the Basel Convention aimed to respond to the public outcry following the discovery—in the 1970s and 1980s, in Africa, Eastern Europe, and other parts of the developing world—of deposits of toxic wastes imported from the industrialized world. In the spirit of what became known as the NIMBY (Not in My Back Yard) syndrome, developed countries have been exporting toxic wastes to the rest of the world where regulatory mechanisms are either much less restrictive or entirely lacking. With the accelerating manufacture and consumption of digital technology all over the globe, electronic waste has become the fastest-growing trash stream, the worldwide accumulation of which has more than doubled over the past decade, with the annual total predicted to exceed 57 million tons in 2021 (Larmer). Prior to its waste import ban implemented in 2018, China had imported about 70 percent of the world’s e-waste (Larmer; Watson). It has been reported that China’s trash import ban has shifted part of the unfolding waste crisis to Southeast Asia (Parker; Hook and Reed).

Issues and facts on nuclear disaster

Concerns and fears about nuclear, both those originating from public and government perceptions, are examined in this paper. The NPP (NPP or PLTN) is a new energy in Indonesia; therefore, rejection is bound to happen. An overview of the work of NPP and the development of the latest fourth-generation nuclear reactor technology shows high security and safety features. A balanced and scientific study is carried out on issues that arise from the general public’s perception of NPPs, related to accident issues, radiation issues, waste issues, and social issues. Social issues related to nuclear issues are sunset technology and the NIMBY (not in my backyard) syndrome. There is no reason for people to be afraid of nuclear. The measurement of public acceptance is carried out by analyzing data from various countries, supported by the results of a questionnaire in Indonesia, showing that there is always resistance to NPPs Indonesian are ready to accept NPPs because more than 60% agree with NPPs.

Does the “NIMBY syndrome” undermine public support for nuclear power in Japan?

A key obstacle to nuclear energy as a decarbonization policy is the public perception of risks of radiation leaks from reactors. In particular, the “not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY)" syndrome suggests that individuals oppose nuclear reactors in their neighborhoods because they overestimate their risks. Arguably, such perceptions would be acute for those who have lived in the vicinity of a nuclear accident. We conducted a surveyembedded experiment in Japan (N = 2574) to assess how the NIMBY syndrome influences public support for restarting nuclear reactors when health, economic, and climate change benefits of nuclear energy are highlighted. We focus on Japan because the risks of nuclear energy became salient after the 2011 Fukushima accident. We test for two types of NIMBY effect, (1) respondents' proximity to any nuclear power plant and (2) respondents' place of residence in 2011 and its proximity to Fukushima. We do not find support for either the NIMBY syndrome or the Fukushima effect. On the contrary, we find support for a “reverse-NIMBY” among low-income residents, when they are treated with information on nuclear energy's low local air pollution (health). Our findings suggest that support for nuclear energy varies across population groups and depends on how its local benefits and costs are framed.

Why CBA and NIMBY Syndrome Are Important Challenges to China’s BRI?

The purpose of this article is to make a preliminary assessment of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the context of environmental impacts and arising not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) opposition in host countries. We discuss the use of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in developing countries (most members of BRI) and application of the available conflict-resolution mechanisms to deal with siting issues. We review these instruments and suggest a way forward for BRI NIMBY projects.JEL Codes: O53, R58

An Optimisation Model to Consider the NIMBY Syndrome within the Landfill Siting Problem

This paper proposes a discrete optimisation model and a heuristic algorithm to solve the landfill siting problem over large areas. Besides waste transport costs and plant construction and maintenance costs, usually considered in such problems, the objective function includes economic compensation for residents in the areas affected by the landfill, to combat the NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) syndrome or, at least, reduce its adverse effects. The proposed methodology is applied to a real-scale case study, the region of Campania, Italy, where waste management is a thorny problem. Numerical results show that the proposed algorithm may be used to obtain a solution to the problem, albeit sub-optimal, with acceptable computing times, and the proposed model tends to locate landfills in sparsely populated sites.

Study of Comprehensive Evaluation Method on NIMBY Syndrome Based on Improved Radar Chart for Power Grid Project

In order to slow down the serious NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) syndrome on power grid project, maintain stable development of power grid and social harmony, this paper establishes a reasonable and scientific NIMBY risk comprehensive evaluation system of power grid project. Comprehensive NIMBY factors that affect power grid project is proposed. Making quantitative analysis to NIMBY syndrome on the basis of improved radar chart and improved AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process). The improved radar chart supplies the gap that traditional radar chart evaluation result is not unique, the improved AHP does not need consistency check and it can reduce calculation amount apparently and simplicity. Finally, example analysis of different substations verifies the rationality and feasibility of the proposed evaluation system, it shows that this system can provide scientific basis for the facility siting and governance of risk in power grid project.

Measuring the indirect costs associated with the establishment of a wind farm: An application of the contingent valuation method

Although a green energy source, the location of electrical generating wind turbines may cause a disamenity effect (negative externality). The establishment of a wind farm is known as a locally undesirable land use (LULU) and leads to the not in my backyard syndrome (NIMBY). In an application of the contingent valuation method (a survey technique which elicits individuals’ preferences and measures these preferences in monetary terms) a willingness to accept a framework was used to estimate the aggregate annual compensation required to allow the construction of a wind farm near Jeffrey’s Bay, South Africa. This compensation amounted to R490 695. A binary choice Logit analysis found that retirement status, concern about climate change, concern about view shed impacts and the offer amount are important predictors of voting for or against the project.

Public attitudes toward the construction of new power plants in South Korea

South Korea is facing difficulties securing sufficient generating capacity to meet its rapidly growing electricity demand because of public opposition to new power plants. Therefore, considering public attitudes toward energy supply facilities is crucial to implement a national energy plan. In this study, we empirically analyze South Korean attitudes, perceptions, and ideology factors related to building new fossil fuel, nuclear, and renewable energy power plants. We find that fossil fuel and nuclear power generation could incur additional social costs owing to the strength of public opposition and NIMBY (not in my backyard) syndrome despite their cheaper generation cost than renewables. Further, while the public generally agrees to expand renewable energy nationally, it could oppose such proposals locally. Finally, an increase in the public’s knowledge about renewables and nuclear fuel could help improve attitudes toward these energy sources, whereas an increase in environmentalism may improve attitudes toward renewables only.

Analysis of prejudices and attitudes of students in the department of physical therapy against people with disabilities.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to examine prejudices and attitudes of students in the department of physical therapy, in order to suggest basic data for constructing an effective program to develop a positive attitude toward people with disabilities and lower social distance from them. [Subjects and Methods] For this study, students in the department of physical therapy participate in the survey examining prejudices and attitude towards people with disabilities. [Results] First, there were statistically significant differences in the prejudice against people with disabilities among student groups divided by whether they had contact on a frequent basis currently with those who have disabilities. Second, there were statistically significant differences in the prejudice against people with disabilities among student groups divided by whether they had an experience of being harmed by people with disabilities. Third, there was a correlation among prejudices against people with disabilities with each other that is articulated in the eighth domain. Finally, as a result of regression analysis, the students’ attitudes towards people with disabilities were explained appropriately by the prejudices about performance of daily tasks and NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) syndrome. [Conclusion] It is crucial to create an environment where University students in the department of physical therapy can have positive interactions with people with disabilities, to reduce the overall prejudices, and specifically, the prejudices about performance of daily tasks and about NIMBY syndrome.

An improved landfill site screening procedure under NIMBY syndrome constraints

Finding a suitable solid waste disposal site is becoming a challenging task in many developing countries, where technical factors alone are not sufficient to site a landfill. The main objective of this study is to develop a GIS-based quantitative technique that incorporates factors responsible for creating the Not-In-My-Backyard (NIMBY) syndrome, in addition to all other technical criteria. The proposed technique is composed of two main stages: the first stage is a screening step, where basic constraints are implemented to find technically suitable areas. These areas are then further processed in the second stage, where a NUISANCE score is ultimately computed for each suitable site by considering visibility, odor and distance as NIMBY factors. Easily obtainable datasets such as digital elevation model, average wind speed and direction are used in the procedure. NUISANCE scores of all suitable sites are then evaluated and ranked to point out the site with least possible negative opposition. This approach is demonstrated to find the best suitable landfill site for the city of Izmir, Turkey. The results revealed that only five sites out of the technically suitable 20 candidate sites are less sensitive to NIMBY factors. The remaining 15 sites are likely to create strong public opposition and thus should not be considered by the decision maker as a landfill location. The results of this analysis will direct the analyst to a site that is least likely to receive public opposition and assist the decision maker in the site selection process.

Aurum: a case study in the politics of NIMBY

The literature on the phenomenon of community resistance to local siting of undesirable facilities, the so-called ;not in my backyard' syndrome (NIMBY), emphasizes community civic characteristics and motivation. We describe a case study in which prior political history played an important but not obvious role. The Aurum project was a proposed landfill for the city of Edmonton, Alberta (Canada) proposed in 1989 and 1990 for an isolated and mostly vacant site within city limits but across a river from the developed area. The siting was bitterly but successfully opposed by the government and residents of the adjacent area. Investigation determined residual, unspoken resentment among county residents against an attempt by the city to annex it decades before. It was concluded that in this instance, and probably many others, the political history of the community plays a major role in conditioning their response to ;locally undesirable land use' (LULUs) and the NIMBY phenomenon.

A GIS-based system for allocating municipal solid waste incinerator compensatory fund

To ease the NIMBY (not in my back yard) syndrome of constructing municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators in Taiwan, compensatory funding is widely allocated to the impacted communities to gain the acceptance and support of residents living the impacted areas. This paper presents a spatial methodology for distributing a compensatory fund more logically based on the environmental impact on each neighborhood in Taipei City. This method integrates ten impact factors, which have been proposed by a local committee, to evaluate all neighborhoods using mathematical models combined with spatial analyses in an analytic hierarchy process. The compensatory fund is distributed according to the resulting final scores. A GIS (geographic information systems)-based system has been developed to assist in assigning the final scores to the neighborhoods impacted. Results on impact factors and fund distributions are combined; they are included in an information system and displayed in spatial scales. For Taipei City, the impact of air quality during the incinerator operating period is the item of greatest concern to the surrounding residents and thus, it receives a relatively higher weight of 0.2894. As a result, high impact scores were assigned to not only those neighborhoods hosting the incinerators, but also the neighborhoods where the maximum particulate air pollutants occurred. This approach could be applicable to other MSW incinerators with similar environmental impact problems and interest in compensation schemes.

A system dynamics approach for hospital waste management

Healthcare services provided by hospitals may generate some infectious wastes. Although a large percentage of hospital waste is classified as general waste, which has similar nature as that of municipal solid waste and, therefore, could be disposed in municipal landfills, a small portion of infectious waste has to be managed in the proper manner in order to minimize risk to public health. Many factors involved in the hospital waste management system often link to one another, which require a comprehensive analysis to determine the role of each factor in the system. In this paper, we present a hospital waste management model based on system dynamics to determine the interaction among factors in the system using a software package, Stella. A case study of the City of Jakarta, Indonesia is selected. The hospital waste generation is affected by various factors including the number of beds in the hospitals and the NIMBY (not in my back yard) syndrome. To minimize the risk to public health, we found that waste segregation, as well as infectious waste treatment prior to disposal, has to be conducted properly by the hospital management, especially when scavenging takes place in landfill sites in developing countries.

Community Member Reactions to Prison Siting: Perceptions of Prison Impact on Economic Factors

Recent increases in prison populations and growth in prison construction have brought issues related to prison siting to the forefront. Although the NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) syndrome is often discussed in literature pertaining to prisons and community development, relatively little empirical research has been devoted to this topic. Based on a survey of residents of a county in which construction of a new prison was just beginning, this article focuses on the perceived impact of the new prison on future property values, the economy, and the cost of living. Consistent with the literature, proximity to the prison and several demographic variables were found to be significant predictors of perceptions of prison impact. However, concerns about prison visitors coming into the community and expectations about future crime and safety had the strongest impact on these perceptions.

NIMBY syndrome and public consultation policy: the implications of a discourse analysis of local responses to the establishment of a community mental health facility.

The relocation of mental health services from an institutional to community base in different parts of the UK has witnessed incidents of public opposition in relation to the establishment of community mental health projects. It has been argued that this not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) syndrome is partly a result of the attitudes held by the public towards people with mental health problems. The present paper reports some findings from a study of community attitudes towards individuals with mental health problems in a Scottish community, and discusses their implications for the development of public consultation guidelines with respect to the establishment of community mental health facilities. Discourse analysis was used to explore people's views about individuals with mental health problems. The study examined the ways in which their views were expressed in letters to the local press, and in subsequent discussions and interviews, when arguing for or against a supported accommodation project in their neighbourhood. Participants formulated their arguments around a number of issues which they claimed were of public concern. One of these related to the way in which the project was set up. In particular, participants argued that it had been established without any prior consultation with local people and in circumstances of secrecy. The findings demonstrate that, while consultation is relatively unproblematically defined in terms of its function, the specific nature of consultation is more problematic. The implications of these findings for mental health policy and practice are considered in the light of current official guidelines on public consultation relating to the establishment of community mental health facilities. It is argued that existing guidelines fail to take account of the concerns of local people, and therefore, that any intervention based on such guidelines is likely to be ineffective. It is suggested that the findings of this study will be of interest to policy makers and practitioners seeking to devise future public consultation strategies.

Risk Management and Risk Communication in Planning of Waste PCBs Destruction

In Japan, waste PCB, which is one of persistent organic pollutants, is planned to be destroyed by regional facilities developed by Japan Environment Corporation. However, there is concern about NIMBY (Not in My Back Yard) syndrome led by residents living in the vicinity of where the facility will be constructed. To explore strategy to weaken the feeling of NIMBY, this research discussed the characteristics of risk communication and risk management in the planning stage of waste PCBs destruction project in Kitakyushu area, in comparison with the case of PCB incineration in Takasago city. As a result, it was found out that Kitakyushu case promoted the risk communication more effectively in the point that they use chemical decomposition system, in which dioxin is not discharged and monitoring method is established, Also, the disclosure of information and communication through web has contributed to the effectiveness. Furthermore, some content pages were described on the risk-based communication platform which supports clients to understand the structure of risk for decision making.

Totemization of Wildlife and NIMBY Among U.S. College Students

This study empirically examined the theories of totemization: those who totemize wildlife (i.e., who not only oppose killing of wildlife, but also become antipathetic toward those who support the killing) and NIMBY (notin-my-backyard syndrome)--those who are negatively affected by wildlife would support killing of and oppose protection of the wildlife--as probable explanations for controversies over killing (e.g., culling, hunting, harvesting) of wildlife. As a case study to examine the validity of the theories, a survey was conducted among U.S. college students in 14 institutions on their attitudes about whaling and whales. Consistent with the theories, the participants who totemized whales not only disapproved of whaling, but also were antipathetic toward whaling and whalers. Further, those who had more acquaintances in fisheries (and thus were more likely to be negatively affected by the protection of whales) disapproved of protection of whales rather than of fisheries. These findings confirm the validity of the theories of totemization and NIMBY.

Resistance to a Residential AIDS Home

Objective. This study is designed to evaluate the NIMBY (not-in-my-back-yard) syndrome regarding a proposed residential home for HIV-positive individuals. Hypotheses attempted to explain support of the home and fear of loss in real estate values. These variables were analyzed in terms of value of homes, distance to site, fear of AIDS and homophobia. Method. A survey of New Hope, Pennsylvania employed a 10% probability cluster sample. This resulted in 106 responses and a response rate of 70.7%. Correlational and multiple regression analyses were used to test hypotheses. Findings. Support of the home and fear of loss in real estate values were not found to be related to distance from one's home to the site or to value of one's home. Bath were related to fear of AIDS and homophobia. Conclusions. NIMBY opposition in the case of an AIDS residence was found to be primarily related to fear of AIDS and homophobia. This situation, an AIDS residence, appears to be different from other instances of NIMBY.

99/01248 Wisconsin Electric's coal combustion products utilization program : Ramme, B. W. and Kohl, T. A. Proc. Am. Power Conf., 1998, 60, (2), 887–894

In 1980, utilization of Wisconsin Electric coal combustion products stood at 5%. Since that time, disposal costs have escalated significantly. This increase was largely attributable to significant changes in landfill design regulations. New landfills have also become increasingly difficult to site as a result of increased environmental awareness and the NIMBY (not in my backyard) syndrome. Therefore, it became clear that a major effort was required to reduce the need for new landfills. Since 1980, a significant amount of research was conducted to identify and evaluate uses for fly ash and bottom ash. These efforts focused, for the most part, on the use of fly ash and bottom ash as construction materials.