Nose Dimensions Research Articles

Composite Tissue Columella Wedge Excision for Nasal Tip Overprojection.

The overprojected nasal tip is a challenge in facial surgery. Although several techniques are available, none has been proven to be superior. The aim of this study was to introduce a novel approach to overcome nasal tip overprojection and to evaluate its safety and efficacy. All patients with protruding nasal tip who underwent correction by means of a novel columella wedge technique were included in this study. In addition to detailed description of the novel surgical approach, its efficacy was analyzed by comparison of preoperative and postoperative nose dimensions. In addition, patients were examined during follow-up, and complication and revision rates were determined. Forty-two patients were included in this study. Columella wedge technique involved resection of a 2- to 5-mm section of the middle part of the columella. Postoperatively, nose projection and length decreased by 9 and 12 percent, respectively. The relation between projection and length of the nose changed from 0.68 preoperatively to 0.61 postoperatively. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.002). After a mean follow-up of 28 months (range, 6 to 144 months), revision operations were necessary in seven patients (16.7 percent). No instabilities, impairment of breathing, or other complications occurred. The introduced columella wedge technique is efficient and safe for correction of the overprojected nasal tip. Therapeutic, IV.

Influence of skeletal class and facial type on nose dimensions in a Brazilian subpopulation: a CBCT study

Evaluating factors that may influence the nose dimensions and, therefore, contribute to the singularity of a person, is important for obtaining a precise facial reconstruction (FR) in forensic anthropology. Thus, the aim in this study was to evaluate the influence of sex, skeletal class, and facial type on nose dimensions of Brazilian individuals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. CBCT images of 54 males and 67 females were classified according to skeletal class (class I, II, or III) and facial type (brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic). Linear and angular measurements of the nose were performed using the CS 3D Imaging software. The measurements obtained for males and females were compared by one-way ANOVA. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the measurements in the different skeletal classes and facial types. Significance level was set at 5%. All linear measurements were greater in males (p < 0.05); the angular measurements, however, did not differ between sexes (p > 0.05). Linear and angular measurements of class III males were significantly different from the other classes; the same was observed for the angular measurements in females (p < 0.05). Regarding facial types, some linear measurements were significantly greater in dolichocephalics males (p < 0.05). For females, there was no influence of facial type (p > 0.05), except for the nasal convexity angle. Nose dimensions differed in specific points among different skeletal classes and facial types, and there was sexual dimorphism in all linear nose dimensions. This information may be applicable for nose reconstructions, allowing more reliable FR.

The measurement of nose dimensions through the three-dimensional reformation images after nasal bone fracture.

BackgroundAfter closed reduction, patients are sometimes concerned that their external nasal shapes have changed. The aim of this study was to investigate and explain changes in nasal shape after surgery through objective photogrammetric anthropometry measurements taken through three-dimensional (3D) reformed computed tomography (CT) images.MethodsOur study included 100 Korean patients who underwent closed reduction of isolated nasal bone fracture from January 2016 to June 2017. Using the ruler tool in Adobe Photoshop CS3, we measured preoperative and postoperative nasal base heights, long nostril axis lengths, both nasal alar angles, and amount of nasal deviation through the 3D reformation of soft tissue via CT scans. We then compared the dimension of nose.ResultsThe amount of postoperative correction for nasal base height was 1.192 mm. The differences in nostril length between each side were found to be 0.333 mm preoperatively and 0.323 mm postoperatively. The differences in the nasal alar angle between each side was 1.382° preoperatively and 1.043° postoperatively. The amount of nasal deviation was found to be 5.248 mm preoperatively and 1.024 mm in postoperatively.ConclusionAfter the reduction of nasal bone fractures, changes in nasal dimensions were noticeable in terms of nasal deviation but less significant in nasal tips, except for changes in nasal alar angles, which were notable.

Nose asymmetry correlates with external nose volume and area: 3D analysis of nasal dimensions in a young Turkish population

Objectives: The nose is a critical facial feature from the cosmetic and functional point of view. The effect of size and symmetry of the nose on beauty and function is a matter of concern for surgeons. In the present study, we performed 3D analysis of nose dimensions and investigated the correlation among them. Methods: Facial mask of 40 (20 males and 20 females) young Turkish adults aged between19 and 26 years were recorded with a 3D scanner. Nose asymmetry, external nose volume, nose area, anatomical nasal index, nasal protrusion index, body height, body weight and body mass index were measured. The correlations among these measurements were investigated. Results: The external nose surface area was measured as 18.2±2.1 cm2 and external nose volume as 8.1±1.3 cm3. A significant correlation was found between nose asymmetry value and external nose surface area (r=0.33, p=0.03), and also between nose asymmetry value and external nose volume (p=0.34, r=0.03). Conclusion: Our study presents 3D quantitative data regarding nasal dimensions and correlation between the nose size and symmetry.

Primary Repair in Patients With Unilateral Complete Cleft of Lip and Primary Palate: Assessment of Outcomes.

Asymmetry of median facial structures is a major concern for patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate, and the principal goal of its treatment is to restore symmetry. Unilateral complete cleft of lip and primary palate (UCCLPP) is an uncommon subgroup and rarely reported. Patients with UCCLPP have protruding and deviating premaxilla, rendering a primary repair difficult. This study evaluated consecutive patients with UCCLPP and presented their treatment outcome. We assessed 36 patients with UCCLPP and collected clinical information. Surgical repair was performed at 3 months of age by using a modified rotation-advancement method and primary nasal reconstruction. A single surgeon performed all surgical procedures. A postoperative nasal stent was used for 6 months. Follow-up standardized photographs were collected. Landmarks were identified, and nose and lip dimensions measured. The ratios of the corresponding parameters (cleft vs noncleft side) were obtained for evaluating nose and lip symmetry. No surgical complication was noted in any patient. The overall lip and nose outcome after the primary repair were adequate, and all ratios were close to 1. The nostril width was slightly wider on the cleft side, but the alar width and height were acceptable. The lip heights were balanced between the 2 sides. Patients who received presurgical nasoalveolar molding did not show more favorable lip and nose dimensions, except for the medial philtral height. Even in the presence of protruding and deviating premaxilla, our patients with UCCLPP obtained adequate lip and nose outcome after undergoing primary lip repair and nasal reconstruction.

A phase IV, single-center, crossover evaluation of the efficacy of an external nasal dilator strip in children with nasal congestion

In the United States and other countries, external nasal dilator strips have been marketed for use by adults and by children ages 5-12 years to improve nasal airflow and provide temporary relief from nasal congestion and stuffiness. The objectives of this exploratory analysis were to assess and correlate objective and subjective measures of efficacy of two nasal strips variants, Kids and adult small/medium (Regular), in children with nasal congestion. The correlation of efficacy for each variant to nose dimensions and age was also explored. In a single-center, crossover study, peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) was measured in 40 children with nasal congestion ages 5-12 years before and after application of the nasal strips. Spearman correlations were calculated between objective and subjective measures of efficacy and between efficacy measures, nose dimensions, and age. In the 40 patients who completed the study, both the Kids and the Regular nasal strips worked well and improved the PNIF by 15% (supine position) to 22% (seated position) over baseline. No statistically significant differences in efficacy were found between the two variants of nasal dilator strips. Use of both the Kids and Regular nasal strips significantly improved the PNIF from baseline in children with nasal congestion, and no new safety signals were observed. There was a slight subjective preference for the Kids nasal strips by the younger children, which indicated that children with smaller noses preferred the Kids nasal strips instead of the larger Regular nasal strips. Clinical trial NCT02113449, www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Do the neoclassical canons still describe the beauty of faces? An anthropometric study on 50 Caucasian models

Objective Since a long time has gone from their definitions, the authors’ aim was to determine whether or not the neoclassical canons are still valid to describe the facial beauty in Italian women. Materials and methods The photographs of 50 italian models selected for an important beauty contest were obtained. All the pictures were taken by a professional photographer with a professional digital reflex camera with a millimeter-graduated scale white background. All the pictures were printed in 1:1 dimensions. Eleven neoclassical canons were measured and the results statistically evaluated. Results The results of the present study showed that the medium face third is reduced when compared to the upper and the lower thirds and that the two upper quarters of the face are decreased if compared to the two lower quarters (p < 0.01). The nose height was smaller than ear height and the nose width smaller than 1/4 of facial width. In 72% of cases the ear axis was steeper than the nose. The intercanthal width in this study resulted smaller than nose width and smaller than eye width (p < 0.05). Mouth width was greater than 150% of nose width. Conclusions It can be concluded that some of the neoclassical canons can be considered still valid, while others seem to be changed over centuries. In particular it seems that relatives reductions in facial medium third, in nose dimensions and in distance between eyes have occurred as well as relative enlargement of eyes and mouth width.

Nasal measurements among major ethnic groups in Nigeria

Background : Parameters in anthropometry, including height, weight, length, thickness and widths of various part of the body vary amongst races and even among ethnic group of the same race. This study of nose dimensions in normal adult Nigerians, was carried out at University College Hospital, Ibadan. Nigeria between January and March 2001. Objective : To provide baseline measurements of nose dimensions and standard nostril type for major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Methods : The subjects were 300 adult Nigerians selected by convenience sampling method, composed of 169 (56.3%) males and 131 (43.7%) females. Two hundred and seventeen (72.3%) were Yorubas, 43 (14.3%) Ibos, 13(4.3%) Hausa/Fulanis and 27(8.9%) were other tribes. Nostril type was assigned according to the inclination of the medial longitudinal axis of the nostril following Topinard system. Other measurement includes length of the nose and 5 soft tissue nose measurements. Results : The mean length of the nose found in the study was 46.6(4.9) mm, mean width 44.4(5.0)mm and the most common nostril type was Nostril type VI(57%) A significant tribe difference in the length of the nose, width of the nose and nasal tip protrusion was observed. Hausa/Fulanis having mean length of nose 49.7(9.0) mm, Yorubas had 46.2(4.9) mm. (P Conclusion : Similar study on Nigerians has not been reported in the literature; therefore, this study provides a baseline value of nose dimension among the major ethnic groups. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol. 4(1) 2006: 70-78

A three-dimensional quantitative analysis of lips in normal young adults.

To supply information about (1) sex-related dimensions (linear distances and ratios, vermilion area, volume) of normal adult lips, (2) presence of sexual dimorphism, and (3) correlations between anthropometric characteristics of the lip and nose. The three-dimensional coordinates of soft tissue landmarks on the lips and nose were obtained using an optoelectronic instrument in 90 healthy young adult women and 90 healthy young adult men. From the landmarks, several linear distances (mouth width, total vermilion height, nose height, anatomic nose width, total lip height, upper lip height), the ratio of vermilion height to mouth width, and some areas (vermilion of the upper lip, vermilion of the lower lip, total vermilion) and volumes (upper lip volume, lower lip volume, total lip volume) were calculated. Linear correlation analyses between pairs of variables were also conducted within each sex. All lip dimensions (distances, areas, and volumes) were significantly larger in men than in women (p<.005), but no sex differences were found in the vermilion height to mouth width ratio. Overall, mouth and nose dimensions were not significantly correlated, with the exceptions of the upper and lower lip volumes in both sexes and of the mouth and nose widths in the female sample, in which a modest part of the variance in one measurement could be explained by the other. The dimensions of the mouth and the nose did not seem to be strictly related. Data collected in the present investigation could represent a database for the quantitative description of human lip morphology in adult subjects.

Influence of lateral osteotomies in the dimensions of the nasal cavity

To elucidate the importance of placement of lateral osteotomy in rhinoplasty at a level above or below the insertion of the inferior turbinate at the pyriform aperture. Controlled lateral osteotomies were performed in 16 cadaver noses. Eight of the lateral ostetomies were placed below (low) and eight were placed above (high) the insertion of the inferior turbinate. In all 16 noses medial osteotomies were performed. Dimensions of the nasal cavity were measured by acoustic rhinometry before and after the osteotomies. The total minimum cross-sectional area (TMCA) and the cross-sectional area at the pyriform aperture (TCA-3.3) were calculated and the preoperative and postoperative values were analyzed statistically. There was no significant difference in the reduction of cross-sectional area in the group that underwent high lateral osteotomy compared with the group the underwent low lateral osteotomy. In both groups the TMCA was reduced, with 12% of the value (P = .001) before osteotomy, and the TCA-3.3 was reduced, with 15% of the value before osteotomy (P = .000). After lateral and medial ostetomies a significant decrease in the anterior dimensions of the nose is observed. The decrease following osteotomy does not seem to be due to the placement of the lateral osteotomy at the pyriform aperture but rather to the detachment of the bony vault from the surrounding structures.

Longitudinal changes in the adult facial profile

Longitudinal growth changes in the adult craniofacial complex were studied for 24 white male and 23 white female subjects between the ages of 18 and 42 years who had Class I or end-to-end molar relationships and no excessive protrusions or retrusions. The male profile straightened with age, and both lips became more retrusive. The males increased in all nose dimensions and in soft tissue thickness at pogonion, but decreased in upper lip thickness at labrale superius with a slight decrease in lower lip thickness at labrale inferius. The female profile did not become straighter with age, and the lips did not become more retrusive as with males. The females also increased in nose dimensions but decreased in soft tissue thickness at pogonion, decreased in upper lip thickness at labrale superius, and slightly increased in lower lip thickness at labrale inferius. For males most changes in hard tissue measurements had been accomplished by age 25 years, whereas soft tissue changes in the nose, lips, and chin occurred as much after age 25 years as from age 18 to 25 years. For females, both hard and soft tissue measurements had more changes after age 25 years than before. Those males who had high relative sagittal mandibular growth also experienced larger sagittal maxillary growth, and those who showed greater skeletal growth also had more soft tissue growth at the nose. The females also had good correlation between sagittal growth in the mandible and the maxilla. Later maturing males had greater adult craniofacial skeletal growth in several dimensions. (A M J O RTHOD D ENTOFAC O RTHOP 1994;105:464-76.)

Path analysis of family resemblance for cranio-facial traits in Andhra Pradesh nuclear families and twins.

Path analysis of 12 cranio-facial measurements from a sample of nuclear families and twins from Andhra Pradesh, India is used to test hypotheses about the familial transmission of these traits. For bigonial breadth and ear dimensions, the transmission from parent to child is consistent with simple autosomal polygenic inheritance, but length, breadth and circumference of the head, facial breadth and nose dimensions show evidence of transmission in excess of polygenic expectations. Additional non-transmissible resemblance of sibling pairs is not significant for any of the variables, but twin pairs do exhibit significant additional resemblance for head circumference, head length, minimum frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth and ear dimensions. The effect of interobserver measurement differences can be detected for head breadth, minimum frontal breadth, bigonial breadth, total facial height and nose dimensions.