Abstract
Evaluating factors that may influence the nose dimensions and, therefore, contribute to the singularity of a person, is important for obtaining a precise facial reconstruction (FR) in forensic anthropology. Thus, the aim in this study was to evaluate the influence of sex, skeletal class, and facial type on nose dimensions of Brazilian individuals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. CBCT images of 54 males and 67 females were classified according to skeletal class (class I, II, or III) and facial type (brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic). Linear and angular measurements of the nose were performed using the CS 3D Imaging software. The measurements obtained for males and females were compared by one-way ANOVA. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare the measurements in the different skeletal classes and facial types. Significance level was set at 5%. All linear measurements were greater in males (p < 0.05); the angular measurements, however, did not differ between sexes (p > 0.05). Linear and angular measurements of class III males were significantly different from the other classes; the same was observed for the angular measurements in females (p < 0.05). Regarding facial types, some linear measurements were significantly greater in dolichocephalics males (p < 0.05). For females, there was no influence of facial type (p > 0.05), except for the nasal convexity angle. Nose dimensions differed in specific points among different skeletal classes and facial types, and there was sexual dimorphism in all linear nose dimensions. This information may be applicable for nose reconstructions, allowing more reliable FR.
Highlights
The sample distribution according to skeletal class and facial type is shown in Table 3, in which similar distribution among the studied factors was observed
All linear measurements were greater in males (p < 0.05); the angular measurements, did not differ between sexes (p > 0.05). (Table 4)
81.09 (±7.48) A 81.58 (±9.36) A 81.90 (±5.94) A 0.939 82.93 (±5.64) A 79.19 (±7.08) A 81.41 (±5.63) A 0.112 some researchers suggested that the facial form and dimensions are not exclusively defined by the underlying skeletal tissues, the relationship between skeletal and soft tissue parameters could provide valuable information about the strength of correlation and accuracy of the prediction process.[9]. Bearing this in mind and because recent studies have reported a relationship between facial skeletal pattern and soft tissue thickness,[5,14,28] we considered that it would be of interest to test if skeletal class and facial type have an influence on nose dimensions
Summary
Previous studies have suggested that nose morphology is strongly related to age and sex in several populations.[18,19,20] some have demonstrated the existence of a relationship between the thickness of the craniofacial soft tissues and different skeletal classes and/or facial profiles.[5,14,21,22] according to the consulted literature, there is a lack of information about the relationship between these factors and nasal dimensions in the Brazilian population.[13] the aim in this study was to evaluate the influence of sex, skeletal class (class I, II and III), and facial type (brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolichocephalic) on the nasal dimensions of Brazilian individuals, using CBCT images. Only the NCA dimension differed among the facial types, with brachycephalics presenting greater values than dolichocephalics (p = 0.038) (Table 6).
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