Nose Angles Research Articles

Flow around single and two tandem rectangular cylinders with various single-side fairings

The shape of single-side wind fairing, which is the longitudinal triangular prism that tailors the outer side of a bridge deck, is key to the aerodynamic performances of double streamlined box girders used in long-span bridges. Uniform flow past single and double 4:1 rectangular cylinders with various single-side fairings are investigated using large-eddy simulation at a Reynolds number of 1.1 × 104. Various fairing nose angles and heights are compared. The wind loading and flow characteristics of the cylinders are discussed. The upstream fairing shows a larger reduction of mean drag and fluctuating lift on double cylinders than on a single cylinder. The fairing nose angle has a stronger influence on the wind loading than the nose height. By adding the fairing, sharpening the fairing nose, or lifting the fairing nose, the lateral recirculation zones are shortened while the rear recirculation zone barely changes, leading to different influences on the surface pressure. The upstream fairing is effective in reducing the vertical range and complexity of vortex structures around single and double cylinders.

Influence of nose angle on performance of dense medium cyclones with volute inlet

Dense medium cyclones (DMCs) are widely used in coal mine sorting processes to improve the quality of coal products and reduce pollution. The conventional linear inlet DMCs has the problems of unstable flow field, high turbulence density and low separation efficiency. Based on these concerns, the volute inlet DMCs was proposed, however the nose angle as one of the most critical parameters has not yet been investigated in depth. In this paper, a DMC with volute inlet is investigated, and the effect of nose angle is studied by a computational fluid dynamics model in terms of flow field, particle motion and the forces acting on the particles. The performance of the DMC is evaluated with respect to the inlet nose angle. As the nose angle increases from 0 to 180 deg., the separation efficiency has a tendency to increase and then decrease with the inflection point founding when nose angle is 180 deg. Then the flow field, particle distribution and particle force are analyzed respectively. The results show that the symmetry and stability of the flow field can be significantly improved as nose angle increases from 0 to 180 deg., but they remain almost constant when nose angle is 270°. In addition, a quantification method of the short-circuiting flow is established and it has been found that increasing the nose angle can notably reduce the short-circuiting flow. In terms of particle phase, increasing the nose angle causes heavier particle distribution tends to concentrate. During this period, the variation pattern of forces on particles with different nose angles is also analyzed. The DMC with a nose angle of 180 deg. has a longer acceleration zone at the entrance height and an increased radial force on the particles, which results in better performance. This study provides a theoretical basis and reference for the structure optimization of dense medium cyclones.

Optimizing the simultaneous cutting-edge angles, included angle and nose radius for low cutting force in turning polyamide PA66

Cutting force is a basic machining performance indicator of cost and quality. There is a lack of information about the tool geometry influence on the cutting force in turning polyamide PA66, which is widely used in manufacturing of machine elements that require machining. This study investigates the optimization of various levels of simultaneous cutting-edge angles, included angle and nose radius on the cutting force during turning polyamide PA66 by using uncoated cemented carbide tools with three different tool nose angles. Based on Taguchi's Orthogonal Array (OA) method of Design of Experiments (DoE), nine combinations of the test parameters have been set and evaluated experimentally on a rigid Harrison lathe machine. Test results reveal that the most significant factor influencing the cutting force is the simultaneous edge angle followed by included angle and nose radius. An optimal combination of simultaneous catting edge angles, nose radius and cutting edge were identified by applying the statistical method of Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical analysis presented that the lowest cutting force (Fc) that provides the most acceptable turning performance of polyamide PA66 can be obtained when the included angle of 35° and the simultaneous cutting edge angles of 45° are combined, while the tool nose radius of 0.2 ​mm has a smaller effect on Fc due to its lower significance. Eventually, the predicted statistical result of the optimal combination was evaluated experimentally and showed that the two results almost concur to a large extent.

Context-Based Rider Assistant System for Two Wheeled Self-Balancing Vehicles

Personal mobility devises become more and more popular last years. Gyroscooters, two wheeled self-balancing vehicles, wheelchair, bikes, and scooters help people to solve the first and last mile problems in big cities. To help people with navigation and to increase their safety the intelligent rider assistant systems can be utilized that are used the rider personal smartphone to form the context and provide the rider with the recommendations. We understand the context as any information that characterize current situation. So, the context represents the model of current situation. We assume that rider mounts personal smartphone that allows it to track the rider face using the front-facing camera. Modern smartphones allow to track current situation using such sensors as: GPS / GLONASS, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, microphone, and video cameras. The proposed rider assistant system uses these sensors to capture the context information about the rider and the vehicle and generates context-oriented recommendations. The proposed system is aimed at dangerous situation detection for the rider, we are considering two dangerous situations: drowsiness and distraction. Using the computer vision methods, we determine parameters of the rider face (eyes, nose, mouth, head pith and rotation angles) and based on analysis of this parameters detect the dangerous situations. The paper presents a comprehensive related work analysis in the topic of intelligent driver assistant systems and recommendation generation, an approach to dangerous situation detection and recommendation generation is proposed, and evaluation of the distraction dangerous state determination for personal mobility device riders.

Numerical Simulations of Projectile Nose Angle Effect in Ballistic Perforation of Double-Layered Steel Plates

The purpose of this paper is to study the ballistic perforation resistance of double-layered steel plates subjected to impact by conical projectiles with different nose angles. Based on nonlinear finite element theory, different rigid projectiles vertically penetrating into double-layered Weldox 460E steel plates are simulated with LS-DYNA code. The configurations in the penetration process and failure modes of steel plates are given. The results of monolithic and layered targets are studied and compared for projectiles with different nose angles. It is revealed that compared to the monolithic plate, the double layer configuration is able to improve the ballistic limit for the target under impact by blunt-nose projectiles, and for sharp-nose projectiles the double layer configuration obviously weakens the ballistic resistance.

Nose-Angle Bridge Piers as Alternative Countermeasures for Local Scour Reduction

This study investigates the performance nose-angle piers as countermeasures for local scour reduction around piers. Four nose angles were studied, i.e., 90°, 70°, 60° and 45° and tested in a laboratory. The sediment size was fixed at 0.39 mm whereas the flow angle of attack (or skew angle) was varied at four angles, i.e., skew angles, i.e., 0°, 10°, 20° and 30°. Scour reduction was clear when decreasing nose angles and reached maximum when the nose angle is 45°. Increasing the flow velocity and skew angle was subsequently increasing the scour profile, both in vertical and transversal directions. However, the efficiency of nose angle piers was only high at low Froude number less than 0.40 where higher Froude number gives minimal changes in the maximum scour depth reduction. At a higher skew angle, although showed promising maximum scour depth reduction, the increasing pier projected width resulted in the increase of transversal lengths.

A Simple Model Linking Surface Roughness with Friction Coefficient and Manufacturing Cost

A simple theoretical model linking surface micro geometry, friction and manufacturing cost is presented. Combining a basic geometrical relationship of plastic deformation of workpiece surface asperities by a hard tool with an assumption of adhesive friction, the friction coefficient of a soft, rough surface sliding against a hard, smooth tool surface can be calculated, linking surface roughness with friction coefficient. The simple model can also link the cost related to manufacturing with a surface characterized by a given friction coefficient value. Results are presented from tests carried out to verify the simple model. Several test pieces were manufactured by turning, or grooving, an aluminum alloy and brass using different feeds, tool nose radii, and tool nose angles, achieving different surface profiles. The surfaces were characterized using a stylus profilometer and a digital microscope. The static friction coefficient was determined in terms of angle of repose using a rotary table. The experimentally determined values of the friction coefficient were compared with those predicted from feed, tool radius, and asperity angle. The tests have shown a good reproducibility, and a clear determination of the friction coefficient was possible. However, due to the low normal loads involved in this set up, the influence from the surface roughness was not clear. Further investigations are therefore proposed.

Morphometric Analytical Study of External Nose Angulations Using Photographic Technique to Derive Reference Values for Sex and Ethnic Group Differentiation in Forensic Identification

Background: Shape of the nose is unique with regard to ethnicity, race, and sex. Therefore, determining external nose angles provides norms for ethnic and racial differences. Prime objective of the present study was to describe the external nose angulations of Medical students of Tamil Nadu origin (representing South Indian population).Methods: The present cross-sectional study was done on 118 Medical students from Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai. Consenting students of Tamil Nadu origin were included. Individuals, other than Tamil Nadu origin, or with noticeable facial disfigurement, or with history of previous facial surgery were excluded. Sample size was calculated using Sample Size Calculator presented as a public service of Creative Research Systems: Survey software, ‘The Survey System’. Results: It was found that the angles were more obtuse in females compared to male counterparts, except for nasofacial and nasomental angles. Based on linear regression graph plotting, low positive correlation was seen to exist between nasal tip and nasolabial angles. However, low negative correlation was found between nasofacial and nasal tip angles. Also, the results were significant with nasofrontal, nasal tip, and nasolabial angles in differentiating gender, i.e., significant difference exists between male and female participants in relation to these angles.Conclusion: Nasofrontal, nasal tip, and nasolabial angles are useful parameters in differentiating individuals based on gender and ethnicity. These angles differed significantly amongst the gender groups in the present study.

Morphometric Analytical Study of External Nose Angulations Using Photographic Technique to Derive Reference Values for Sex and Ethnic Group Differentiation in Forensic Identification

Background: Shape of the nose is unique with regard to ethnicity, race, and sex. Therefore, determining external nose angles provides norms for ethnic and racial differences. Prime objective of the present study was to describe the external nose angulations of Medical students of Tamil Nadu origin (representing South Indian population). Methods: The present cross-sectional study was done on 118 Medical students from Velammal Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai. Consenting students of Tamil Nadu origin were included. Individuals, other than Tamil Nadu origin, or with noticeable facial disfigurement, or with history of previous facial surgery were excluded. Sample size was calculated using Sample Size Calculator presented as a public service of Creative Research Systems: Survey software, ‘The Survey System’. Results: It was found that the angles were more obtuse in females compared to male counterparts, except for nasofacial and nasomental angles. Based on linear regression graph plotting, low positive correlation was seen to exist between nasal tip and nasolabial angles. However, low negative correlation was found between nasofacial and nasal tip angles. Also, the results were significant with nasofrontal, nasal tip, and nasolabial angles in differentiating gender, i.e., significant difference exists between male and female participants in relation to these angles. Conclusion: Nasofrontal, nasal tip, and nasolabial angles are useful parameters in differentiating individuals based on gender and ethnicity. These angles differed significantly amongst the gender groups in the present study.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Animal Drawn Garlic Digger

An animal drawn garlic digger, especially for small and marginal farms, was developed. Six types of digger blades with varied width and nose angles were evaluated for digging of garlic plants. The digger was operated at 16 % (d.b.) soil moisture content and cone index of 1350 kpa within soil profile 0-150 mm. The draft requirement of 650 mm wide blades was 30% higher than the pulling capacity of selected pair of bullocks. Blades of 550 mm of radius of curvature and 700 mm wide curved type with radius of curvature 700 mm had 86% efficiency, and required less draft with bullock fatigue score of 12. The fatigue score of blade of same width with 170° and 150° nose angle were 18 and 16, respectively. Field capacity of the digger was found to be 0.12 ha.h-1, and almost 25 times higher than that of manual digging. The average garlic damage was in the range of 3.62–5.40% for selected blades. The animal drawn garlic digger saved 75% cost and 44.8% energy as compared to the traditional method of manual digging.

Coding and quantification of a facial expression for pain in lambs

Facial expressions are routinely used to assess pain in humans, particularly those who are non-verbal. Recently, there has been an interest in developing coding systems for facial grimacing in non-human animals, such as rodents, rabbits, horses and sheep. The aims of this preliminary study were to: 1. Qualitatively identify facial feature changes in lambs experiencing pain as a result of tail-docking and compile these changes to create a Lamb Grimace Scale (LGS); 2. Determine whether human observers can use the LGS to differentiate tail-docked lambs from control lambs and differentiate lambs before and after docking; 3. Determine whether changes in facial action units of the LGS can be objectively quantified in lambs before and after docking; 4. Evaluate effects of restraint of lambs on observers’ perceptions of pain using the LGS and on quantitative measures of facial action units. By comparing images of lambs before (no pain) and after (pain) tail-docking, the LGS was devised in consultation with scientists experienced in assessing facial expression in other species. The LGS consists of five facial action units: Orbital Tightening, Mouth Features, Nose Features, Cheek Flattening and Ear Posture. The aims of the study were addressed in two experiments. In Experiment I, still images of the faces of restrained lambs were taken from video footage before and after tail-docking (n=4) or sham tail-docking (n=3). These images were scored by a group of five naïve human observers using the LGS. Because lambs were restrained for the duration of the experiment, Ear Posture was not scored. The scores for the images were averaged to provide one value per feature per period and then scores for the four LGS action units were averaged to give one LGS score per lamb per period. In Experiment II, still images of the faces nine lambs were taken before and after tail-docking. Stills were taken when lambs were restrained and unrestrained in each period. A different group of five human observers scored the images from Experiment II. Changes in facial action units were also quantified objectively by a researcher using image measurement software. In both experiments LGS scores were analyzed using a linear MIXED model to evaluate the effects of tail docking on observers’ perception of facial expression changes. Kendall’s Index of Concordance was used to measure reliability among observers. In Experiment I, human observers were able to use the LGS to differentiate docked lambs from control lambs. LGS scores significantly increased from before to after treatment in docked lambs but not control lambs. In Experiment II there was a significant increase in LGS scores after docking. This was coupled with changes in other validated indicators of pain after docking in the form of pain-related behaviour. Only two components, Mouth Features and Orbital Tightening, showed significant quantitative changes after docking. The direction of these changes agree with the description of these facial action units in the LGS. Restraint affected people’s perceptions of pain as well as quantitative measures of LGS components. Freely moving lambs were scored lower using the LGS over both periods and had a significantly smaller eye aperture and smaller nose and ear angles than when they were held. Agreement among observers for LGS scores were fair overall (Experiment I: W=0.60; Experiment II: W=0.66). This preliminary study demonstrates changes in lamb facial expression associated with pain. The results of these experiments should be interpreted with caution due to low lamb numbers.

ОЦІНКА ЯКОСТІ РАДІОЛОКАЦІЙНОГО РОЗПІЗНАВАННЯ ПОВІТРЯНИХ ЦІЛЕЙ В УМОВАХ ВПЛИВУ ДЕСТАБІЛІЗУЮЧИХ ФАКТОРІВ

The quality of air target type recognition by their radar profiles under the influence of destabilizing factors (noise jamming, harmonic distortion of phase modulation of broadband probing signal, not taking into account bandwidth of antenna array) by simulation modeling is estimated. The simulation results for target surveillance on nose and side angles are obtained. Quality of recognition of air targets on side angles much worse and using method of inverse aperture synthesis to produce two-dimensional and three-dimensional radar images is appropriate.

Estimating facial angles using Radon transform

Analysis of human facial images has become increasingly important due to its numerous applications. In this regard, extracting facial parameters is vital and various studies have been done in this field. Using these methods, different facial parameters such as the location of eyebrows, eye length, and nose angles are extracted. In this article, a robust and automatic method is introduced for determining facial angles from profile view images using the Radon transform. The Radon transform is a type of linear integration along a specific direction and angles play an important role in its performance. The proposed algorithm not only has good precision, but also efficient performance. The precision of this method in angle measurements is 98.51% compared with manual measurement. Compared to various other angle estimation algorithms, the proposed method has higher efficiency.

Development of chemically produced hydrogen energy-based impact bonding process for dissimilar metals

There has been a growing demand in the fabrication of dissimilar metal parts for application in the automotive, aerospace, defense, chemical and nuclear industries. Welding of dissimilar materials can be accomplished via impact welding, which can minimize the formation of a continuous inter-metallic phase, while chemically bonding dissimilar metals. This paper discusses an innovative technique for bonding dissimilar metals by chemically produced hydrogen energy by reacting aluminum powder and water. Experiments were carried out to study impact bond characteristics using copper and stainless steel cylindrical billets. The influence of nosed flyer billet angle and billet mass on bonding characteristics were studied. The test results have demonstrated that the nosed flyer billet angle has significant influence on wavy bond patterns at the interface. Among the three flyer billet nose angles of 9°, 12° and 15°, the billets with a flyer angle of 15° resulted in a complete wave morphological pattern along the whole sample cross-section. This study shows the potential of developing a cost effective system/machinery where discrete metal parts can be bonded at near net shape.

Protecting bridge piers with loose rock riprap

An expression for sizing loose rock riprap placed around bridge piers is derived based on an evaluation of moments that resist and promote overturning of a single rock particle, on an elementary potential flow theory which provides models of velocities around piers of various cross-sectional shapes, and on widely accepted empirical relations and coefficients used to calculate shear stresses acting on rock riprap and the critical values of shear stress at which rock is moved. Minimum diameters of stable rock riprap given by the analytical relation for circular columns compare favorably with measured values collected in three experimental studies carried out by others. Theoretical shape factors, which are multiplied times the stable rock size needed for a circular column of the same width, were found for piers having square ends and for piers having sharp ends with interior nose angles of 60°, 90°, and 120°. A safety factor that provides a suitable margin of error needed for design is found by comparing cal...

Influence of projectile shape on dynamic behavior of steel sheet subjected to impact and perforation

The paper describes a work focused on the process of perforation of steel sheet. Experimental, analytical and numerical investigations have been carried out to analyze in details the perforation process. Based on these approaches, the ballistic properties of the material and the failure modes depending on the projectile nose shape (conical, blunt or hemispherical) have been studied. Different failure modes have been observed, including petaling, plug ejection and circumference necking. The special study about the number of petals has been done for different nose angles using conical shape projectiles. The complete energy balance is also reported and the absorbed energy by the steel sheet has been obtained by measuring initial and residual projectile velocities. A wide range of impact velocities from 35 to 180m/s has been covered during the tests. All the projectiles are 13mm in diameter and the plates are 1mm thick. Moreover, the mass ratio (projectile mass/steel sheet mass) and the ratio between the span of the steel sheet and the diameter of the projectile are constant, equal to 0.38 and 3.85, respectively.

Effect of tapered angle of a conical nose indenter on the energy absorbing variation of a copper pipe subjected to axial crushing

In the present research work, a 100 mm long copper pipe segment with a 1 mm wall thickness is subjected to a drop weight impact by a conical shaped steel indenter with varying nose angles but constant mass. The impact velocity of the indenter was kept constant so that the kinetic energy available at impact was same for all cases. The effect of indenter nose angle from 10° to 85° was investigated with absorbed energy rising with the increasing nose angle. The problem was modelled in explicit finite element code LS Dyna. The variations in pipe folding with increasing nose angle were observed. Moreover, it was found that at a particular indenter nose angle the pipe was folded onto itself which may be a helpful hint in manufacturing of straight double wall pipes.

Numerical Simulation of Air Flow Properties around High Speed Train in Very Long Tunnel

Numerical simulation of air flow disturbed around a train body with different angle of train nose and different velocity of high speed train in a very long tunnel have been made. Three-dimensional flow theory is capable of modeling the effects of interest in the tunnel environment. The scale of train is 2500mm×320mm×427mm length×width×heigh, and the scale of tunnel is 150m×10.4m×8.2m length×width×heigh. Train speed is 432km/h, 500km/h and 600km/h respectively. The distributions of pressure, velocities streamline and second flow around high speed train in a very long tunnel space can be obtained by simulating. Results show that the train nose angles and train speed affects the air flow around the train strongly. The pressure drag increases with rising of the nose angles and train speed, and it reaches to the highest value of 23073 Pa when the angle is 60 0 and 32466Pa as the velocity is 600km/h. The air velocity in the annular space is quite enormous and the maximize value is 178m/s with train nose 60 0 and 247m/s with train speed 600km/h. The simulation results can be taken to help us for study the high-speed train energy-consuming, maximum velocity, safety and stabilization when it running in a very long tunnel.

Age- and sex-related changes in the normal human external nose

The objective of this study was to measure: (1) normal sex-related dimensions of external nose (linear distances, ratios, angles, volume and surface area); and (2) growth changes between childhood and old age. The three-dimensional coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the external nose were obtained by a non-invasive, computerized digitizer in 519 male and 340 female healthy subjects aged 4–73 years. The subjects were divided into 11 non-overlapping age groups: for children and preadolescent subjects, 2-year spans were used, while larger intervals were used for adolescent and adult subjects. From the landmarks, nasal volume and external surface area; nasal and alar base widths, nasal height, nasal bridge length, philtrum length, nasal tip protrusion, right and left nostril lengths, superior and inferior nostril widths; nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height, and nasal width-to-nasal height ratios; nasal convexity, alar slope, and nasal tip angles were calculated, and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. On average, men had larger nasal external volume and area, linear distances and nasal width-to-height ratio than women ( p < 0.01); no sex differences were found for the angles and the nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height ratio. Age significantly influenced all analyzed measurements ( p < 0.001): nasal volume, area, linear distances increased from childhood to old age, while the nasal tip angle decreased as a function of age. No consistent age related patterns were found for the ratios and the nasal convexity and alar slope angles. Men and women had different age related patterns, with significant sex by age interactions ( p < 0.001). Overall, in most occasions male increments in nasal dimensions were larger than female ones. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a database for the quantitative description of human nasal morphology during normal growth, development and aging. Forensic applications (evaluations of traumas, craniofacial alterations, teratogenic-induced conditions, facial reconstruction, aging of living and dead persons, personal identification) may also benefit from age and sex based data banks.

A 3D soft-tissue study of the human external nose region from childhood to old age

The external nose is one of the body structures that continue to modify and enlarge throughout life, well beyond the attainment of skeletal maturity. The objective of the current study was to measure: 1. normal sex-related dimensions of external nose (linear distances, ratios, angles, volume and surface area); and 2. growth changes between childhood and old age. The 3D coordinates of several soft-tissue landmarks on the external nose were obtained by a non-invasive, computerized digitizer in 519 male and 340 female healthy subjects aged 4-73 years. The subjects were divided into 11 non overlapping age groups. From the landmarks, nasal volume and external surface area; nasal and alar base widths, nasal height, nasal bridge length, philtrum length, nasal tip protrusion, right and left nostril lengths, superior and inferior nostril widths; nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height, and nasal width-to-nasal height ratios; nasal convexity, alar slope, and nasal tip angles were calculated, and averaged for age and sex. Comparisons were performed by factorial analysis of variance. On average, men had larger nasal external volume and area, linear distances and nasal width-to-height ratio than women (p < 0.01); no sex differences were found for the angles and the nasal tip protrusion-to-nasal height ratio. Age significantly influenced all analyzed measurements (p < 0.001): nasal volume, area, linear distances increased from childhood to old age, while the nasal tip angle decreased as a function of age. No consistent age-related patterns were found for the ratios and the nasal convexity and alar slope angles. Men and women had different age-related patterns, with significant sex by age interactions (p < 0.001). Overall, in most occasions male increments in nasal dimensions were larger than female ones. Data collected in the present investigation could serve as a data base for the quantitative description of human nasal morphology during normal growth, development and aging. Forensic applications (evaluations of traumas, craniofacial alterations, teratogenic-induced conditions, facial reconstruction, aging of living and dead persons, personal identification) may also benefit from ageand sexbased data banks.