Noscomial Infections Research Articles

Musically Modified Substitution-Box for Clinical Signals Ciphering in Wireless Telecare Medical Communicating Systems

Telecare medical communication system (TMCS) is an essential component in today’s fast moving era. Patients are privileged to have wireless online medical facilities from their remote locations. Probability of noscomial infections is absolutely zero in such wireless TMCS. Data Security of heterogeneous patients during the wireless communication is a big challenge. Patients’ data privacy is highly confidential and need enhanced encryption measures. Intruding leads to the medical data adulterations in such telecare systems. This paper proposes a modified Advanced Encryption Standards (AES) based on the biometric generated key. Binary biometric key were generated from the patients’ fingerprints. S-box of AES has been enhanced by the musical involvement of metaheuristic harmony search algorithm. Clinical electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were carried out to enhance the security mechanism of the TMCS. Different tests were carried on the proposed technique, which in turn gets wise bench-mark outcomes. Statistical analyses were conducted to counterfeit the intruding. This proposed technique is suitable for wireless TCMS with higher degree of patients’ privacy.

Perceived barriers, knowledge and reported practices of infection prevention and control among clinical nursing and medical students of a Nigerian University

Infection control is a very important aspect of teaching for clinical students at various stages. This is because it is at this stage that students are able to pick up good hygiene practices for effective prevention of noscomial infections. However, different barriers have been known to hinder the practice of infection control among these students, hence the need to study such barrier with the aim of finding solutions to them.
 A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized for this study. A total of 239 clinical students participated in the study. Simple random sampling technique was used to select eligible participants. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information from the participants.
 The greatest proportions of the respondents, 91.6%, have adequate knowledge about infection control. However, a large proportion of them, 43.4%, have low compliance to infection control measures. More so, respondents identified unavailability of gloves, 88.9%, non-availability of colour codes for waste disposals, 73.2%, lack of time, 75.3%, tasking nature of hand washing, 76.2%, as major barriers to effective infection control practices. 
 Infection control is an integral aspect of practice of any clinical oriented profession. It is therefore imperative that students training to become future health care professionals, be knowledgeable about proper infection control principles, in order to be able to reduce the burden of infectious diseases in Nigeria.
 Key Words: Barriers, infection control, Clinical students, healthcare professionals.

An Insight into Antibiotic Resistance to Bacterial Infection in Chronic Liver Disease

End stage liver disease leads to immune dysfunction which predisposes to infection. There has been a rise in antibiotic resistant infections in these patients. There is scanty data f from India or idea regarding the same. The present study was undertaken to determine the type of infection acquired and the prevalence of antibiotic resistant infections in cirrhotic patients at a tertiary referral center in South India. In this retrospective study, all consecutive cirrhotic patients hospitalized between 2011 and 2013 with a microbiologically-documented infection were enrolled. Details of previous admission and antibiotics if received were noted. In culture positive infections, the source of infection (ascites, skin, respiratory tract: sputum/endotracheal tube aspirate, pleural fluid; urine and blood) and microorganisms isolated and their antibiotic susceptibility was noted. A total of 92 patients had 240 culture positive samples in the study period. Majority were Klebseilla followed by Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in nosocomial and health care associated infections. However, Enteroccocus was followed by E. coli and Klebsiella in community acquired infections. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern was analyzed for the major causative organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterococcus. Most common resistant strains were extended spectrum beta lactamase producing enterobacteriacae (ESBL) followed by carbapenemase producing Klebsiella and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Noscomial infection is the most common type, with Klebsiella and E. coli and there is significant rise in ESBL producing organism.

Epidemiology of Pathogenic Fungi from Private Hospital of Jabalpur, India

Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, only a few people realize how intimately our lives are related to these fungi. Mycotic diseases of men are an emerging public health problem which receives growing alternate from the health authorities. The inter-human, mananimal and manenvironment relationship constitute the prime factors that explain the presence or absence of the infection. Special human activities and changes in human behavior are responsible for different susceptibilities in individual populations. Noscomial infections are transmitted in hospital through three main environmental routes-air, surface contact and water. This study reports the result of environmental surveillance of fungi in specific areas of Private Hospital of Jabalpur (M.P.). The air samples in the hospital yielded Aspergillus, Alternaria, Candida, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Tricophyton, and Microsporum. The dust samples were positive for Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium. The sample of drinking water of the hospital no fungi was isolated. Key-wordsUbiquitous, Susceptibilities, Nosocomial infection, Surveillance -------------------------------------------------IJLSSR----------------------------------------------INTRODUCTION Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in human or other organism. Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment. Fungal infections of hospital origin are gaining importance in recent years due to their progressive increase into the high rates of mortality and morbility with which they are associated [1-2]. Hospital–acquired infection or nosocomial infections are one of leading cause of death in the world and typically affect patients whose immune systems are compromised. This paper reports the result of environmental surveillance of fungi in specific areas of Private hospital of Jabalpur (M.P.) Air, dust and drinking water samples were collected from hospital. Many of these infections are endogenous in nature, but others can be acquired by exogenous roots, through the hands of healthcare workers,contaminated infusion products and bioAccess this article online Quick Response Code: Website: www.ijlssr.com DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.6.12 materials and abiotic environmental sources [3]. Candida species remain a major cause of nosocomial infection. Candida albicans was the main agent for causing Fungemia and Funguria [4]. [1] Reported that many of fungal infections arise from an endogenous source. Outdoor air markedly influences the prevalence of fungal spore levels in indoor air and thus, is the major source of fungal infections in indoor environments especially in hospitalized individuals [5]. Mycotic diseases of man are an emerging public health problem which receives growing alternation from the health authorities. Aspergillus species are the common cause of hospital acquired fungal infection. Airborne spores probably also infect tissues exposed during surgery. Conidia of Aspergillus may gain entry, susceptible patient by contaminated hospital supplies [6-7]. [8] Isolated Aspergillus fumigates and A. Niger from the soil of various potted indoor plant kept in the room at the patient suffering from Aspergillosis. Aspergillums species were isolated in a multi centre hospital study from water mycoflora from the hospital environment [9]. In the hospital environment, the airborne micro biota is formed mainly by filamentous fungi, especially those belonging to the genera, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Paecilomyces, Scopu Cariopsis [10]. Yeast has been found at the genera Candida, Rhodofforula, Uraptococeus and Trichosporon [11-13]. To identify the Research Article (Open access) Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res., VOL 2, ISSUE 6 http://ijlssr.com Copyright © 2015-2016 International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research Page 730 source of fungal infection the environment of the patient, viz. air, water and dust of the hospitalized room were investigated for the presence of pathogen. The pathogen were isolated in culture and identified on the basis of culture, micro and macro morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling Site: To explain the possible source of infection of deep mycoses, air, dust and water sample were screened from the environment of hospitalized patient were investigated. The air samples were collected from the General ward(G.W.), Private wards(P.W.), Deluxe room, Minor operation theater (MOT), Operation theater (OT), Intensive care unit (ICU). Dust sample were collected from the floor of passage of hospital and water sample was collected from the drinking water source of the hospital. At each location samples were taken at the time periods between 12:00 pm to 1:00pm which are visiting hours of the hospital. All the samples were taken during year 2015.

Comparison of Bulb Syringe, Pressurized Pulsatile, and Hydrosurgery Debridement Methods for Removing Bacteria From Fracture Implants

Surgical-site infection is a common form of noscomial infection that can occur in fractures following internal fixation. Treatment of these infections has traditionally included preserving stable implants via debridement and antibiotic administration while the fracture is healing. Recent evidence indicated that this algorithm results in less-than-optimal rates of fracture union and infection eradication.The premise for this study is that bacterial removal from fracture implants using the Versajet Hydrosurgery System (Smith & Nephew, Memphis, Tennessee) method is better compared with the bulb syringe and pressurized pulsatile lavage methods. Thirty-two stainless steel, 4-hole, nonlocking, 3.5-mm fracture plates were incubated with Staphylococus aureus and divided into 4 groups. Eight plates in each group underwent irrigation with 1 L of saline using a bulb syringe lavage, pressurized pulsatile lavage, or the Versajet Hydrosurgery System method. Eight plates underwent no irrigation method and served as a control group. The residual bacterial loads following irrigation were quantitatively cultured. Each of the experimental groups had significantly reduced levels of bacteria adherent to the plate following irrigation compared with the control group (P=.0002). Furthermore, the Versajet Hydrosurgery System was most the effective at bacterial removal, followed by the pressurized pulsatile and bulb syringe lavage techniques (P=.0002 to P=.0012, respectively).Novel approaches to eradicate bacteria from implants, such as hydrosurgery technology, while maintaining rigid stability of healing fracture, may improve clinical outcomes.

Preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial screening of Sesuvium portulacastrum in the United Arab Emirates

Background:The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum.Materials and Methods:Three extracts of S. portulacastrum obtained by extraction in aqueous, ethanolic and dichloromethane solvents, respectively, were compared for their antimicrobial activity and ethanolic extract further subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to find out the nature of the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activities were assessed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values.Results:Compared to the aqueous and dichloromethane extract, the ethanolic extract showed better antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, indicating its potential application related to noscomial infections. GC-MS results revealed 22, 23-Dihydrostigmasterol, Benzoic acid, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-(Gallic acid), (2R,3R)-(-)-Epicatechin and Capsaicin in the ethanolic extract to be the molecules responsible for the antimicrobial activity of S. portulacastrum.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on analysis of antimicrobial components from S. portulacastrum in United Arab Emirates (UAE), and our results confer the utility of this plant extract in developing a novel broad spectrum antimicrobial agent.

Achieving Excellence in Nursing Management

Achieving Excellence in Nursing Management

Phytochemical analysis of Andrographis paniculata extract and its antimicrobial activity

The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata. For the present investigation, two samples of A. paniculata extracts, obtained by extraction in chloroform and chloroform + HCl, respectively, were compared for their antimicrobial activity and further subjected to GC-MS analysis to find out the nature of the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity. The antibacterial activities were assessed by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones, MIC and MBC values. Compared to the chloroform + HCl extract, the chloroform extract showed better antimicrobial activity against all the nine pathogenic bacterial strains tested. The chloroform extract was observed to be active against the opportunistic and pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, indicating its potential application related to noscomial infections. GC-MS results revealed phenols, aromatic carboxylic acids and esters in the chloroform extract to be the molecules responsible for the antimicrobial activity of A. paniculata. This is the first report on analysis of antimicrobial components from A. paniculata, and our results confer the utility of this plant extract in developing a novel broad spectrum antimicrobial agent.

Comparative Analysis of 75th Percentile Durations for Neurosurgical Procedures in France and in US National Noscomial Infection Surveillance System Data

The duration of surgical procedures and the 75th percentiles of those durations are considered in calculation of the US National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) system risk index score. To compare the durations of neurosurgical procedures in a hospital in western France with the durations in the NNIS data, 6,136 neurosurgical patients were followed up to determine surgical site infection rates. The surgical site infection rate was 1.9%, and the 75th percentile durations were lower than those in the NNIS data. The values from the NNIS data are thus inadequate for this neurosurgical center.

Use of the National Noscomial Infection Surveillance System Risk Index for Prediction of Mortality: Results of a 6-Year Postdischarge Follow-Up Study

A positive linear trend (P<.001) between the National Noscomial Infection Surveillance system (NNIS) risk index and mortality was observed in 2,848 general surgery patients followed up 6 years after discharge. In stratified analyses, the NNIS risk index predicted mortality in patients with chronic disease (P=.007, by test for trend) but not in the remaining patients.

Infecciones posthisterectomía: estudio prospectivo de 3 años en Gran Canaria, España

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of infection following hysterectomy and the frequency of use of antibiotic prophylaxis. MethodsA prospective study from 1 June 1999 until 31 May 2003. Clinical notes were reviewed frequently to determine which patients had developed a nosocomial infection. The incidence of infection in the surgical site were calculated according to the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system. ResultsOf the 998 cases studied, 193 (19.3%) met the criteria for post-operative infection (18.8% abdominal and 20.7% vaginal hysterectomy). Most of these were urinary tract infections. The incidence of surgical site infection was acceptable (5.3%), and National Noscomial Infection Surveillance system showed that patients at moderate risk infection of infection had significantly higher infection rates than low risk patients (p = 0.01). Most patients (84.7%) were given antibiotic prophylaxis, however those women given an inadequate regime of prophylaxis had a relative risk factor 2.7 times greater of acquiring post-operative infection (IC 95%; 1.54 – 4.95; p < 0.001). ConclusionsThe rate of post-operative infections was high. We consider that the most effective strategy to control this kind of infection in these procedures is the frequent communication of our findings to the professionals involved.

Prevention and Control of Noscomial Infections, 4th Edition

Prevention and Control of Noscomial Infections, 4th Edition

Multiresistant pathogens and noscomial infections in medicine

Multiresistant pathogens and noscomial infections in medicine

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN OF ISOLATES FROM WOUND AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS

Two-hundred and eighty bacterial isolates from wound and soft tissue infections were studied for species identification and antibiotic resistance pattern. Amongst them 122 isolates were from community acquired infection and 158 were from nosocomial infections. The common community acquired pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (67.8%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (10.7%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus (60.1%) and E. Coli (8.9%) were common in nosocomial infection. Only two anaerobes (Cl perfringens) were isolated. Penicillin resistance was found to be 87% and 92% for Staphylococccus aureus in community acquired and noscomial infections respectively. 85% of Proteus isolates were resistant to ampicillin. There was relatively lower level of resistance by all isolates to cefotaxime. Gentamicin showed higher rate of resistance than netilmicin and amikacin. Resistance of E. coli isolates to fluoroquinolones being 79% for norfloxacin, 81% for ciprofloxacin and 60% for ofloxacin. The study showed a higher resistance of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to other antibiotics. Amikacin and ofloxacin were the best recommended drugs for empirical therapy for all organisms, the susceptibility rate being 80.7% and 80.4%.

Noscomial infections in AIDS patients: A one-year survey

Noscomial infections in AIDS patients: A one-year survey

Incidence, neutrophil kinetics, and natural history of neonatal neutropenia associated with maternal hypertension.

Neutropenia occurs often among the newborns of women with hypertension, but its cause, mechanism, and clinical consequences have not been adequately studied. Of 72 infants whose mothers had hypertension during pregnancy, 35 (49 percent) had neutropenia, which persisted from 1 hour to 30 days. The disorder was more prevalent among newborns whose growth had been retarded in utero (P less than 0.01), those who had been delivered prematurely (P less than 0.001), and those whose mothers had had severe hypertension (P less than 0.002) or hypertension and the HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) (P less than 0.01). Kinetic investigations of circulating, marginated, storage, and proliferative neutrophils and their progenitors suggested that the neutropenia was the result of diminished neutrophil production. Noscomial infections occurred during the first 2 1/2 weeks of life in eight (23 percent) of the newborns with neutropenia, but in only one (3 percent) of those without this disorder (P less than 0.01). We conclude that the neonatal neutropenia associated with maternal hypertension is due to transiently reduced neutrophil production and is associated with an increased risk of noscomial infection. Its basic cause remains unknown.

A Clean-air Operating Enclosure

A little over 100 years ago Joseph Lister attempted to control the conditions about the wound during his operations by using a fine spray of dilute carbolic acid. He believed that the spray reduced the incidence of wound infection by killing the “germs” in the air, on the surfaces of the drapes, and on the clothing of the surgeon and his assistants. As aseptic surgical technique was perfected, the emphasis remained on reducing the number of bacteria in the immediate environment by destroying them. It was John Charnley who, cognizant of the importance of airborne infection, conceived the idea of reducing the number of bacteria suspended in the air of the operating room by filtration and dilution. Perhaps he remembered that Colebrook at the Birmingham Accident Center had reduced the incidence of noscomial infection on his burn wards by forced ventilation and air exchange, or was stimulated by the knowledge that dust-free environments were being created for the manufacturing of computers and other delicate bits of intricate machinery, in which a speck of dust could not be tolerated. If dust particles could be removed, why not bacteria? Utilizing this approach, he achieved the success in reducing his infection rate, described in this paper.

Control of the Noscomial Infection due to Viruses

Control of the Noscomial Infection due to Viruses

Adverse effects of nosocomial infection.

The effects of noscomial infection on duration of hospital stay and outcome of hospitalization were measured by matching two control patients to each of 85 patients found to have qctive nosocomial infection during a prevalence survey at Boston City Hospital in 1973. The control patients were selected from all patients discharged from this hospital during the same time period; they were matched by exact primary discharge diagnosis, similar operative procedure, and age. Patients with a single infection remained in hospital on average 13.0 days longer than their matched controls, and those with two such infections stayed on average 35.4 days longer. This effect of extra stay associated with nosocomial infection was consistent when data were stratified by primary discharge diagnosis, hospital service, site of infection, or outcome of hospitalization. The outcome of hospitalization for these infected patients was slightly, but not significantly, worse than for their matched controls.