Northwestern Himalaya Research Articles

Assessment of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of potato using weather models under sub temperate climatic condition of North-Western Himalaya

To optimize irrigation water and enhance yield, appropriate amount of irrigation water and its scheduling according to real time weather data can help in reducing crop water foot prints. The evapotranspiration (ET) based irrigation scheduling using present weather conditions reflecting changed climatic scenarios in the study regions in the past few decades has proved to be sagacious use of water. To study the ET based irrigation scheduling, field experiment conducted with the treatments comprising four ET based weather models irrigation scheduling methods viz. no irrigation or rainfed, Thornthwaite, Hargreaves method, Temperature and modified Penman Monteith under sowing windows of 20th December and 20th January were conducted at research farm, of Department of Agronomy, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh during Rabi season of 2015-16. The estimated crop evapo-transpiration (ETc) with different ET estimation methods under North Western Himalayas showed variation during crop season. The highest estimated ET was observed in December as compared to January sown potato crop with Hargreaves method (376.8 mm) followed by Temperature (354 mm), Thornthwaite (329.5 mm) and the lowest in modified Penman Monteith methods (241.9 mm). The estimated ETc from pan evaporation observed to be the highest to the tune of (382.3 mm) compared to other methods of ETc estimation. The crop coefficients modeled at different pheno-phases were used for estimating water requirement of potato crop. It was found that irrigation scheduling based on modified Penman Monteith of ET estimation saved one irrigation to the tune of 60 mm during crop period without affecting significantly growth, and tuber yield of the potato as compared to other methods, viz., However, the irrigation schedule based on Thornthwaite method has recorded highest total potato tuber yield (171.76 q ha-1) being at par with irrigation schedules worked out from other ET estimation methods. The total water footprints were the lowest in modified Penman Monteith to the tune of 300 liters per kg of potato yield compared to other methods.

Landslide susceptibility evaluation in the Beas River Basin of North-Western Himalaya: A geospatial analysis employing the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method

In the North-Western Himalayas, particularly within the Beas Basin of Himachal Pradesh, landslide incidents are frequent, primarily due to the unique interplay of adverse geological conditions, heavy rainfall, and human factors. These incidents result in substantial loss of life and property each year. To mitigate such issues, systematic landslide research is essential, encompassing aspects like inventory mapping and risk assessment. This study leverages the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for an in-depth Landslide Susceptibility Index (LSI) mapping in the Beas River basin, employing remote sensing data to analyze key factors contributing to the region's instability. The process involved a detailed selection and mapping of landslide conditioning variables, guided by validated landslide inventory data and high-resolution remote sensing images, ensuring an accurate representation of the basin's geographical variations. The creation of the landslide susceptibility map utilized the weighted overlay approach, categorizing the area into five levels of susceptibility: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. This classification incorporated ten critical factors influencing landslide occurrence, including elevation, slope aspect, slope angle, distance from drainage, lithology, distance from lineament, geomorphology, rainfall, and land use/land cover (LULC). The LSI was calculated through the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) technique, leveraging the weights and ratings derived via the AHP method. This analysis revealed that approximately 634.1 square kilometers, or 12.8% of the region, face very high landslide susceptibility, followed by 22.6% at high, 25.8% with moderate, 24.4% at low, and 14.5% at very low susceptibility. The LSI map's accuracy in predicting landslides was affirmed through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Area Under Curve (AUC) evaluations, showcasing an 86.3% precision rate. This classification facilitates focused interventions in high-risk areas, guiding planners in landslide-conscious development and infrastructure planning. It directs engineers toward engineering solutions like slope stabilization and drainage improvements to mitigate landslide effects. Moreover, this approach supports the creation of evacuation and emergency response plans, bolstering community resilience to landslide threats in the river basin.

Soil Quality under Polyhouse and Open Field Conditions as Affected by Continuous Fertilizer and Manure Applications

ABSTRACT Intensive cultivation coupled with scrupulous use of fertilizers could be detrimental to soil health and quality of the produce in the long run. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the predominant protected/polyhouse and open field vegetable production on soil quality. The changes in soil quality in comparison to control (fallow) indicate, whether the management practices being adopted under both the systems are sustainable or not. Thus, a study was conducted to identify the most appropriate soil quality indicators and finally to know about the status of soil quality both under polyhouse and open field system of cultivation in mid hills of North western Himalayas. Principal component analysis (PCA), a data reduction tool was employed to get the minimum data set for the assessment of soil quality. Geo-referenced soil samples were collected from 25 progressive farmers’ cultivating vegetables under polyhouse, as well as open field conditions and analyzed for various physical, chemical and biological indicators of soil quality. The PCA was performed which screened out the three principal components (PCs) with eigen value > 1. Average soil quality index (SQI) for different sites was observed to be on higher under polyhouse conditions (0.815) as compared to open field cultivation for vegetables (0.760) and control (0.703). Where, soil organic carbon contributed maximum to soil quality (75.6%) followed by pH (13.9%), water holding capacity (6.8%) and EC (3.6%). Conclusively, polyhouse cultivation system revealed high category of soil quality. Whereas, open field cultivation system revealed medium category of soil quality.

Phenology and Climate Indices of Maize Hybrids under North Western Himalayan Region of Temperate Kashmir

In the Kharif season of 2021, a field experiment was conducted at the crop research farm of the Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the phenology of maize hybrids in relation to agrometeorological indices. The experimental design included two factors: Factor A, representing different irrigation regimes at various growth stages (I1 to I6), and Factor B, consisting of two maize hybrid varieties (Shalimar Hybrid-2 and Shalimar Hybrid-3). The irrigation treatments ranged from early vegetation stage to rainfed conditions. The experiment followed a split plot design with three replications. Results indicated that the treatment I5 (Irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8) and Shalimar Hybrid-3 exhibited the highest values for key agrometeorological indices, including GDD, HTU, PTU, and HYTU. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing irrigation practices and selecting suitable maize hybrids for enhanced phenological performance.

Population assessment of the Endangered Kashmir Gray Langur (Semnopithecus ajax, Pocock 1928) using the double-observer method.

Primates are among the most threatened taxa globally, therefore, there is a need to estimate and monitor their populations. Kashmir Gray Langur Semnopithecus ajax is an endangered species for which there is no population estimate. We used double-observer method to estimate its population size in the Kashmir region of North-Western Himalaya. We walked 1284 km across 31 survey blocks spanning all three divisions of Kashmir viz., North, Central, and South Kashmir, covering an area of 411 km2. We counted a minimum of 1367 individual langurs from 27 groups. The detection probability for observer 1 (0.719) and observer 2 (0.656) resulted in a population estimate of 1496 (95% confidence interval[CI] 1367-1899) across 30 groups (with a mean group size of 51), giving a density estimate of 3.64 (3.33-4.62) langurs/km². We found double-observer surveys to be suitable for the population estimation of langurs, and we make recommendations on how to effectively conduct primate surveys, especially in mountainous ecosystems. Our records extend the species distribution range beyond stated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Our findings also highlight that the Kashmir Himalaya is a stronghold of the species, where conservation efforts should focus.

Tectonics of the Northwestern, Sikkim and Eastern Himalaya

Tectonics of the Northwestern, Sikkim and Eastern Himalaya

Comparative Analysis of Organic and Conventional Tomato cultivation in North-Western Himalayas

The present study was carried out in Sirmour district of Himachal Pradesh. Primary data have been collected through survey method for the agricultural year 2018-19. Using the purposive sampling technique, the districts and villages were selected based on the highest area under organic farming. By using simple random sampling, a sample of 80 farmers were selected, out of which 40 were organic growers and 40 were conventional growers, who were further categorized as marginal, small and medium farms. The cost incurred was higher for the cultivation of tomato in conventional farming, whereas returns and output-input ratio was higher in organic tomato cultivation. In organic farming system, farmyard manure (44.70 per cent) constituted highest share in Cost A1 followed by plant protection (17.09 per cent), human hired labour (10.37 per cent), seed/plant (6.53 per cent), bio-fertilizers (4.72 per cent), stalking (2.33 per cent) and hired machinery labour (1.53 per cent). In conventional farming, farmyard manure (33.37 per cent) constituted highest share in total variable Cost A1 followed by plant protection (28.92 per cent), human hired labour (8.46 per cent), fertilizers (6.23 per cent) and seed/plant (6.20 per cent), stalking (2.29 per cent) and owned machinery labour (1.34 per cent). It was also found that human labour was more employed in organic farming as compared to conventional farming system. Education of farmers for scientific management of crops and provision of improved tools for efficient use of labour have also been suggested to lower production costs and make the organic vegetable cultivation more beneficial to farmers, particularly to the small and marginal farmers in the state.

Assessment of Variability and Genetic Factors among High Heritable Traits of Juglans regia (Walnut) from North Western Himalayan Regions

Assessment of Variability and Genetic Factors among High Heritable Traits of Juglans regia (Walnut) from North Western Himalayan Regions

Culturable Streptomyces spp. from high-altitude, oligotrophic North Western Himalaya: a comprehensive study on the diversity, bioactivity and insights into the proteome of potential species.

The increasing global concern of antimicrobial resistance and shortage of new antimicrobials necessitates exploring untapped terrestrial environments for new bioactive microbiome diversity. The low-temperature and oligotrophic North Western Himalaya (NWH) region has a vast diversity of Streptomyces with potential antimicrobial properties that remain largely unexplored. This study evaluates the diversity of culturable Streptomyces from high-altitude NWH and their potential as a source of new antimicrobials through genus-specific isolation and identification. The results demonstrate a distinct phylogenetic clustering of Streptomyces from different sampling regions of NWH, site-specific variation in culturable β-diversity and species commonness with varying intersite bioactivity among different sites. Further, the study optimized the media selection for large-scale culture cultivation in antibiotic production processes and demonstrated the antimicrobial efficacy of Streptomyces against a range of pathogens through in vitro bioassays using minimum inhibitory concentration determination and antibiofilm activity. Untargeted label-free proteomic profiling also revealed variable expression of stress-response proteins and antibiotic regulators as a competitive survival strategy for selective antagonistic Streptomyces. The findings highlight the potential of NWH in augmenting antimicrobial discovery and combating antimicrobial resistance through the isolation and study of novel bioactive Streptomyces.

Evaluation of the Effects of Drip Irrigation and Fertigation scheduling on Tomato Yield under Polyhouse

In Northwestern Himalayas, there is scarcity of water owing to rugged terrain which results in lower tomato yield. Therefore to enhance the productivity of tomato, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of drip irrigation and nutrient schedules on soil water dynamics and productivity of tomato under polyhouse. The treatments consisted of three drip irrigation levels viz., I1 (Daily drip irrigation 2.0 litre/m2 once in a day during first two months and 4.0 litre/m2 thereafter), I2 (Daily drip irrigation 1.0 litre/m2 once in a day during first two months and 2.0 litre/m2 thereafter) and I3 (Daily drip irrigation twice a day with 6 hours interval at 1.0 litre/m2) and three nutrient schedules viz., NPK75 (75% of RDF, 25% applied as basal and 75% through fertigation at 15 days interval), NPK100 (100% of RDF, 25% applied as basal and 75% through fertigation at 7 days interval) and NPK150 (150% of RDF, 25% applied as basal and 75% through fertigation twice a week). The results showed that the soil moisture content and soil water stock was higher under I3 and I1 and lower under I2 treatments. The marketable yield (6.31 kg m-2), water use efficiency (WUE) (1.94 g m-2 mm-1) and NPK uptake was significantly higher in I2 than I1 and I3. Among nutrient schedules, marketable yield (6.53 kg m-2), WUE (1.94 g m-2 mm-1) and NPK uptake were significantly higher under NPK150 nutrient schedule than NPK100 and NPK75. The net returns (Rs. 230) and benefit:cost (B:C) (4.62) ratio was highest under I2NPK150 followed by I1NPK150 and lowest under I3NPK75. The study concluded that I2 (Daily drip irrigation 1.0 litre/m2 once in a day during first two months and 2.0 litre/m2 thereafter) and NPK150 (150% of RDF, 25% applied as basal and 75% through fertigation twice a week) was most remunerative combination due to higher marketable yield and water use efficiency under polyhouse.

Litho- and biostratigraphy and hydrocarbon source-rock potential of the Jurassic–Paleogene strata in the Kala Chitta Range, northwestern Himalayas, Pakistan

In this study Jurassic–Paleogene strata were investigated to understand the litho- and biostratigraphic framework and hydrocarbon source-rock potential of various stratal packages. Biostratigraphic controls were used to establish the chronostratigraphic framework of Jurassic–Paleogene strata in the area. The Lower Jurassic (Hettangian) clastics saw an unconformity during the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian, while the Lower Jurassic (Toarcian)–Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) clastic–carbonate mixed strata is also separated by a Bathonian unconformity from the Middle Jurassic (Callovian) to the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) carbonate sequence. The Upper Jurassic Oxfordian strata are missing, while the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)–Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian) glauconitic sandstone and clays are the conformable sequences. The Lower Cretaceous (Hauterivian)–Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) clastics is a conformable sequence that is separated by a Coniacian–Santonian unconformity from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) pelagic carbonates. The Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary is marked by laterites, while the Paleocene (Thanetian) sequence is represented by a shale- and sandstone-dominated sequence. The Paleocene (Thanetian)–Early Eocene (Ilerdian) siliciclastic–carbonate mixed sequence marks the last episode of Tethyan sedimentation. Total organic content (TOC), organic petrography and Rock-Eval pyrolysis (REP) techniques were used to evaluate the hydrocarbon source-rock potential, kerogen type and level of maturity of the hydrocarbons. The majority of studied samples show the occurrence of type IV kerogen. However, the Middle Jurassic (Callovian)–Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) carbonate sequence of the Samana Suk Formation, the Kimmeridgian–Valanginian Chichali Formation, the Paleocene (Thanetian) sequence of the Hangu Formation and the Paleocene (Thanetian)–Early Eocene (Ilerdian) Patala Formation confirms the Type III kerogen, poor–fair source-rock quality, immature–mature, gas- and oil-prone indigenous hydrocarbon occurrence in the region.

Adaptation of oat genotypes in organic and conventionally managed fields in the northwestern Himalayas

AbstractDeveloping stable and high‐yielding crop varieties is crucial for sustainable agriculture. The present study investigated genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) in 96 oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes across five environments (year–production system combinations) using an alpha lattice design. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed significant genotype, environment, and GEI effects on the studied traits. The oat genotypes were grouped into four distinct clusters and even genotypes from the same source were grouped into different clusters, indicating a wide range of diversity. Stability indices have highlighted genotypes coded as G33, G4, and G5 as the most stable across environments. Specifically, concerning seed yield, the AMMI analysis identified G33, G4, G5, and G82 as highly stable genotypes. Moreover, the study observed specific adaptations, such as G29 in E1 (conventional system 2019–2020), G76 in E3 (conventional system 2020–2021), and G54 and G77 in E4 (organic system 2020–2021). The genotype and genotype × environment (GGE) biplot analysis unveiled that environment E3 (conventional system 2020–2021) emerged as the ideal environment, demonstrating the highest level of representativeness and discrimination. By utilizing the polygon view of the GGE biplot, the presence of two distinct mega‐environments (MEs; ME1 and ME2) was revealed in relation to seed yield. Within these MEs, genotypes coded as G2 and G38 in ME1 and G20, G72, G85, and G89 in ME2 exhibited specific adaptations. Furthermore, genotypes coded as G89, G95, and G82 exhibited both stability and high mean seed yield. By combining stability indices, AMMI, and GGE biplots, widely adapted genotypes have the potential to promote sustainable agricultural practices.

Geostatistical modeling approach for studying total soil nitrogen and phosphorus under various land uses of North-Western Himalayas

The distribution of total soil nitrogen (TSN) and total soil phosphorus (TSP) plays a pivotal role in shaping soil quality, fertility, agricultural practices, and environmental balance, especially in ecologically sensitive regions like the North-Western Himalayas (NWH). The primary objectives of this study were to contribute to clarify the impact and the rationale of various land uses on the spatial variation of TSN and TSP in the corresponding soils. This study aimed to explore the relation of TSN and TSP distribution in NWH soils with various factors like landscape physiography and soil physical and chemical properties using random sampling and geostatistical analyses. Employing random sampling, 300 soil surface samples (at a depth of 0–20 cm) were collected across various 500 m × 500 m grids from agriculture, horticulture, forest and fallow lands in the NWH region. The spatial land heterogeneity of TSN and TSP were systematically analyzed using standard statistical and geostatistical approaches (Gaussian, spherical, exponential, and linear). Results revealed a decreasing order of TSN and TSP levels i.e., horticulture (0.410 and 0.723 mg/kg) > agriculture (0.314 and 0.597 mg/kg) > forest (0.236 and 0.572 mg/kg) > fallow (0.275 and 0.342 mg/kg). Stepwise multiple regression results demonstrated a correlation between TSN and soil organic carbon (SOC), while TSP was correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC) and fine-grained soil particles. Nugget % values indicated the following spatial variability for TSN: agricultural (1.4) > horticultural (3.2) > forest (3.9) > fallow land (4.8) > mixed land (5.8), whereas the spatial variability of TSP showed a similar trend for all land uses. The optimized conceptual framework and isotropy models varied for TSN and TSP on dependence on land use type. The results of this study revealed the spatial patterns and land use-related variations and improved the prediction of nutrient distribution, so contributing an optimized conceptual framework for future studies. Finally, this study provided crucial insights to enhance soil quality, fertility, agricultural sustainability, and environmental equilibrium in the ecologically fragile NWH region, contributing to solve a significant research gap in the global understanding of soil dynamics.

Correction: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum race spectrum and resistant sources against most prevalent races in the North-western Himalayas: a three decade meta-analysis

Correction: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum race spectrum and resistant sources against most prevalent races in the North-western Himalayas: a three decade meta-analysis

Assessment and modelling of hydro-sedimentological flows of the eastern river Dhauliganga, north-western Himalaya, India

Assessment and modelling of hydro-sedimentological flows of the eastern river Dhauliganga, north-western Himalaya, India

Growth, development and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by varying growing environments in north Western Himalayas

Growth, development and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by varying growing environments in north Western Himalayas

Phenology and impact of abiotic factors with a temporal lag on the abundance of common crab spider, Xysticus cristatus (Clerck, 1757) (Araneae: Thomisidae) in the agroecosystems of Kashmir

ABSTRACT Xysticus cristatus is a Palearctic species, very abundant in the north-western Himalayas having a temperate climate. It is one of the predominant species in the agroecosystems of Kashmir. For a period of two years, we conducted a study on the population of Xysticus cristatus inhabiting the agroecosystems of Kashmir. A phenological study was conducted under field and laboratory conditions and temperature, rainfall, and humidity were monitored as indicators of population size. The spiders appear to have an annual reproductive cycle and a spring–summer stenochronous phenological pattern. Adult spiders emerge in spring, recruitment of spiders occurs in summer, they undergo overwintering in the immature stage and all stages of development show sequential phenological maxima. Under laboratory conditions, almost all spiders took VII instars to develop, and considerable variations were observed among all the instars. The abundance of Xysticus cristatus did not show any correlation with climatic variables at time 0, although there was a correlation with temporal lag. The best-adjusted correlation was found with a 3 month time lag, indicating that species require time to respond to changes in the environment.

Mapping of adult plant recessive resistance to anthracnose in Indian common bean landrace Baspa/KRC 8.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has become the food of choice owing to its wealthy nutritional profile, leading to a considerable increase in its cultivation worldwide. However, anthracnose has been a major impediment to production and productivity, as elite bean cultivars are vulnerable to this disease. To overcome barriers in crop production, scientists worldwide are working towards enhancing the genetic diversity of crops. One way to achieve this is by introducing novel genes from related crops, including landraces like KRC 8. This particular landrace, found in the North Western Himalayan region, has shown adult plant resistance against anthracnose and also possesses a recessive resistance gene. In this study, a population of 179 F2:9 RIL individuals (Jawala ×KRC 8) was evaluated at both phenotypic and genotypic levels using over 830 diverse molecular markers to map the resistance gene present in KRC 8. We have successfully mapped a resistance gene to chromosome Pv01 using four SSR markers, namely IAC 238, IAC 235, IAC 259, and BM 146. The marker IAC 238 is closely linked to the gene with a distance of 0.29cM, while the other markers flank the recessive resistance gene at 10.87cM (IAC 259), 17.80cM (BM 146), and 25.22cM (IAC 235). Previously, a single recessive anthracnose resistance gene (co-8) has been reported in the common bean accession AB 136. However, when we performed PCR amplification with our tightly linked marker IAC 238, we got different amplicons in AB 136 and KRC 8. Interestingly, the susceptible cultivar Jawala produced the same amplicon as AB 136. This observation indicated that the recessive gene present in KRC 8 is different from co-8. As the gene is located far away from the Co-1 locus, we suggest naming the recessive gene co-Indb/co-19. Fine mapping of co-Indb in KRC 8 may provide new insights into the cloning and characterization of this recessive gene so that it can be incorporated into future bean improvement programs. Further, the tightly linked marker IAC 238 can be utilized in marker assisted introgression in future bean breeding programs. The novel co-Indb gene present in Himalayan landrace KRC 8, showing adult plant resistance against common bean anthracnose, is independent from all the resistance genes previously located on chromosome Pv01.

Development of Inherent Vulnerability Index within Jammu Municipal Limits, India

Evaluating inherent vulnerability, an intrinsic characteristic becomes imperative for the formulation of adaptation strategies, particularly in highly complex and vulnerable regions of Himalayas. Jammu City, situated in the north-western Himalayas within a transitional zone between the Himalayan range and the plains, is not only susceptible to intense seismic activities but also faces multiple hazards, including floods, earthquakes, avalanches, and landslides. In recent years, the region has experienced growth in population with rapid progress in infrastructure development, encompassing the construction of highways, dams, and tunnels as integral components of urban development initiatives. Therefore, this study has been conducted to assess the inherent vulnerability index (VI) in Jammu City at ward level as a function of sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and exposure, using ecological and social indicators in GIS environment. The primary objective was to identify the most vulnerable area and ascertain the corresponding municipal ward, aiming to formulate a comprehensive ranking. The 22 indicators analysed were from four major components, namely social, infrastructure, technological, and ecological. The ecological indicators like Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land use/Land cover were derived from Landsat 8 OLI satellite data. The results show that the majority of the area of the city falls into the moderate (20%), high (25.49%), and very high (25.17%) vulnerability categories, respectively, clustered in north-western and south-western transects with densely populated residential areas. The results can assist policymakers in identification of components of inherent vulnerability for focused resource management and formulating adaptation strategies to address the current stressors in the region.

Identification of novel inhibitor phytoconstituents for Influenza A H3N2: an in silico approach.

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 is a highly infectious respiratory virus that is responsible for global seasonal flu epidemics. The current study was designed to investigate the antiviral activity of 150 phytocompounds of North Western Himalayas medicinal plants by molecular docking. Two target proteins of hemagglutinin of influenza virus A (PDB ID 4WE8) and Influenza virus H3N2 nucleoprotein - R416A mutant (PDB ID 7NT8) are selected for this study. Molecular docking was done by AutoDock vina tool, toxicity and drug-likeness prediction was done by protox II and Moleinspiration. MD simulation of best protein-ligand complexes was done by using Gromacs, version 2021.5. Molecular docking and toxicity data revealed that clicoemodin and rumexocide showed the best binding with both target proteins 4WEB & 7NT8. Clicoemodin showed the -7.5 KJ/mol binding energy with 4WE8 and 7NT8. Similarly, rumexoside showed the -7.6 KJ/mol binding energy with 4WE8 and -7.6 KJ/mol with 7NT8. Furthermore, Molecular dynamic simulation and MMPBSA binding free energy validated the stability of protein-ligand complexes. The current study suggested that clicoemodin and rumexocide are the promising inhibitors of H3N2 proteins hemagglutinin of influenza virus A and Influenza virus H3N2 nucleoprotein - R416A mutant, though there is further invitro and invivo validation is required.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.