Northwest Institute Research Articles

Нормативность старшего возраста: выстраивая систему координат

This thematic issue of the journal resulted from an international conference “Aging in Cross-Cultural Perspective” that took place in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on December 14–15, 2018. Organized by Maija Könönen, Professor at the University of Helsinki, and Julia Zelikova, Associate Professor at the North-West Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, the conference was based on the project “Between the Normal and the Abnormal: Cultural Meanings of Dementia and Old Age in Finland and Russia,” sponsored by the Kone Foundation and carried out in 2017–2019. Conference discussions shed light on the potential of a cross-cultural approach to aging in diverse sociocultural contexts and made normativity the focal point of the issue of aging. Text in English DOI: 10.25285/2078-1938-2020-12-2-5-12

Normativity of Old Age: Developing a Coordinate System

This thematic issue of the journal resulted from an international conference “Aging in Cross-Cultural Perspective” that took place in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on December 14–15, 2018. Organized by Maija Könönen, Professor at the University of Helsinki, and Julia Zelikova, Associate Professor at the North-West Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, the conference was based on the project “Between the Normal and the Abnormal: Cultural Meanings of Dementia and Old Age in Finland and Russia,” sponsored by the Kone Foundation and carried out in 2017–2019. Conference discussions shed light on the potential of a cross-cultural approach to aging in diverse sociocultural contexts and made normativity the focal point of the issue of aging. Text in English DOI: 10.25285/2078-1938-2020-12-2-5-12

Critical Current Under Uniaxial Strain on High-Pressure Heat Treatment Bi-2212 Round Wire

China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor project (CFETR), the next generation of Tokamak, has been incorporated into the important development of nuclear fusion in the future. Compared to the low temperature superconducting materials, Bi-2212 is one of the most promising superconducting materials due to the high irreversible field and outstanding current-carrying capacity. In particular, its critical properties can be improved dramatically by high-pressure heat treatment, which could enlarge its application range. The critical current performance of Bi-2212 round wire (RW) with high-pressure heat treatment under uniaxial strain are studied at 4.2 K in 12 T background field at Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (ASIPP). All samples are provided by Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research (NIN) in China with new techniques. The results showed that samples with 1 bar pressure heat treatment presented a more drastic degradation under compressive and tensile stress than that the samples heat-treated with 30 and 50 bar pressure. In order to study the influence of different thermal contraction coefficient between the substrate and sample, two springs with different materials were used for the experiment. According to the results, it was found that Cu-Be alloy spring is more compatible for Bi-2212 RW than Ti-6Al-4V alloy spring. In this paper, the experiment setup and results are fully presented.

Review of developments on polymers’ breakdown characteristics and mechanisms on a nanosecond time scale

The breakdown of polymer insulators at a nanosecond scale is a serious problem for high-voltage devices and pulsed power systems. This paper reviews recent developments in research on the mechanisms and characteristics of the breakdown of polymers at a nanosecond scale at the Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology. An improved avalanche breakdown model is proposed, and a formula for the strength of the electric breakdown (EBD) is formulated based on it. The formative time lag of the avalanche breakdown model is then developed to verify it. Two research groups were formed to study the characteristics of the breakdown. One focused on the characteristics of single-pulse breakdown, such as the effects of size, polymer type, electrode, pulse width, and pulse polarity on EBD, with the aim of deriving expressions for EBD. The other research group examined cumulative (multi-pulse) characteristics of the breakdown with the aim of deriving a formula for the lifetime of the polymer. A method to design solid insulation structures is finally proposed.

Phase transformation during continuous heating in a β-quenched Ti-5Al-3Mo-3V-2Cr-2Zr-1Nb-1Fe alloy

As a new near β titanium alloy designed by NIN (the Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research), the phase transformations of the β-quenched Ti-5Al-3Mo-3V-2Cr-2Zr-1Nb-1Fe alloy during continuous heating have been investigated by means of in situ dilatometer test coupled with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The β-quenched Ti-5321 alloy with an initial structure consisting of metastable β phase and dense ωath, which was subjected to continuous heating treatment and underwent the following transformations: β + ωath→ β + ωiso→ β + α+ ωiso→ β + α. The ωisophase precipitated at 300 ℃ with a ~3 nm ellipsoidal morphology. When continuously heated to 390 ℃, a coexistence of both ωiso and α phase was observed in the β matrix, the platelet-like α phase closely nucleating at the ω/β interface with ~1 nm in width and ~8 nm in length. The α phase subsequently developed into lamellar structure when heated to higher temperatures, with a width of ~20 nm at 570 ℃ and ~85 nm at 690 ℃ respectively. Meanwhile, these α laths were uniformly distributed and composed of two distinct orientations within the microstructure. Finally, it can be found that the α morphology is directly associated with the formation and decomposition of the metastable ωisophase which may lead to the homogeneous and fine distribution of α precipitates. Based on the study of phase transformations occurring during the continuous heating process presented in this paper, an efficient guidance to engineer the microstructures and mechanical properties of this new near β titanium alloy was offered.

Use of e-resources by unmotivated students: a success story from a library in Russia

Purpose This paper aims to examine how new educational approaches to the presentation of electronic information resources can influence interest in their use among first-year undergraduates. Despite the variety of technological facilities available in universities, the learning process sometimes fails to keep pace with their advantages. Universities are investing in high-technology classrooms and an extensive multidisciplinary subscription to e-resources in the belief that students will make use of these opportunities. However, students often ignore the availability of relevant and verified content and prefer to retrieve information from Google’s search results. The absence of students’ initial motivation to work with a complex product is perhaps the greatest challenge faced by the teacher-librarian. Limited time available for training (a lecture and a seminar) and lack of preparedness among information specialists aggravates the situation. Design/methodology/approach The efficacy of new educational approaches to the presentation of e-resources was examined in a pilot study involving 940 first-year undergraduates at the North-West Institute of Management of the Presidential Academy (RANEPA). The authors replaced academic lectures with flexible and interesting techniques based on student’s interests, used attention triggers for each e-resource in lecture materials and focused the seminar on multiple specific searches to attract and keep students engaged. New educational approaches were implemented in four-hour sessions for first-year students in all disciplines. Findings The results suggest that the new educational approaches and teaching techniques can raise the level of students’ involvement and interest in the use of subscribed e-resources. To assess the developed approach, the authors analyzed the dynamics of the students’ visits to subscribed resources and observed a significant increase in the number of visits. The authors found such a trend for all the types of requests and resources. Overall, the number of visits and full-text requests increased from 88 to 284 per cent for the 2017-2018 academic year compared to the 2016-2017 one. Practical implications The findings of the study demonstrate the necessity of applying new educational approaches to teaching students who lack the motivation to use high-quality electronic resources. The teacher-librarian can be an important link between scientific information and consumers. The newly developed techniques have great potential for a wide range of educational applications including the development of teaching materials and training programs. Social implications The approach combines teaching methodology with rich informational environment, enhancing students’ motivation to information literacy through mastering their digital skills. Students’ interest in subscribed resources initiates their professional work with scientific information. Students need to constantly use subscribed resources. Otherwise, the skills of using information e-resources will disappear and motivation for their use will decrease. The development of techniques that can help to maintain students’ interest in information e-resources is continuing, and new findings will be presented in future papers. Originality/value In the scientific literature, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no information is available on the use of similar techniques at Russian universities. It is hoped that developed techniques helps students with low digital literacy from other universities or colleges overcome their bias against high technology.

Практический опыт управления распределенной системой электронного обучения «SPIDER» при подготовке студентов факультета экономики и финансов Северо-Западного института управления РАНХиГС

We consider examines the place and role of E-learning in the Internet economy, the nature and features of the distributed system of E-learning, the practical experience of the managing of distributed E-learning system on the example of DELS “SPIDER”. This system is used in the preparation of students of the faculty of Economics and Finance at the North-West Institute of Management, branch of RANEPA. In the article the analysis of the impact of the Internet on learning, history of development of E-learning, the most important elements of the conceptual apparatus of E-learning, the essence of distributed E-learning system “SPIDER”. We identify a number of constraining factors for its implementation in the educational process. We identify a number of constraining factors for implementation in the educational process The method of teaching students with the use of modern Internet technologies based on DELS “SPIDER” :The authors formulated four principles of E-Learning: personal approach, calm study temp, favorable psychological climate, modern material and technical base in the institute and relax room for the teachers.

NEW APPROACHES TO TEACHING FOREIGN INFORMATION RESOURCES AT THE UNIVERSITY

Purpose. The present work investigates the impact of the pedagogy approaches in the teaching e-resource of low-motivated students.Materials and Methods. The pilot study involves about 1000 first-year undergraduates of the North-West Institute of Management of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (NWIM RANEPA). Introductory part of the lecture is traditional. “Motivational” part varies depending on e-resource and includes a demonstration of all possible advantages for target audience — uniqueness, quality, advantages over open resources. In addition, the material is organized so as to provide multiple entries into the interface.Results. We studied statistics of visits to e-resources for 2 calendar years (before the introduction of new methods in 2016 and after — in 2017), and conducted surveys of students at the end of training. We got the apparent increase of visits when the pedagogical approach and the methods of training are changed.Discussion and conclusions. Research findings have illustrated the importance of support to the low-motivated students in their educational process by new approaches to the training. The librarian-teacher in this role is the link between the e-resource and the consumer, and their role is important for achieving the best results for both the organization and students. The authors are conscious that the interest in subscription resources would probably decline in the future. The keeping this interest is beyond the scope of this study. The data obtained and the conclusions made can be useful at all stages of the students’ training at any year of study.

A Study on the Assessment of Multi-Source Satellite Soil Moisture Products and Reanalysis Data for the Tibetan Plateau

Soil moisture is a key variable in the process of land–atmosphere energy and water exchange. Currently, there are a large number of operational satellite-derived soil moisture products and reanalysis soil moisture products available. However, due to the lack of in situ soil moisture measurements over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), their accuracy and applicability are unclear. Based on the in situ measurements of the soil moisture observing networks established at Maqu, Naqu, Ali, and Shiquanhe (Sq) by the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environmental Resources, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Twente over the TP, the accuracy and reliability of the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative Soil Moisture version 4.4 (ESA CCI SM v4.4) soil moisture products and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 (ERA5) soil moisture product were evaluated. The spatiotemporal distributions and interannual variations of the soil moisture were analyzed. Further, the climatological soil moisture changing trends across the TP were explored. The results show that with regard to the whole plateau, the combined product performs the best (unbiased root-mean-square error (ubRMSE) = 0.043 m3/m3, R = 0.66), followed by the active product (ubRMSE = 0.048 m3/m3, R = 0.62), the passive product (ubRMSE = 0.06 m3/m3, R = 0.61), and the ERA5 soil moisture product (ubRMSE = 0.067 m3/m3, R = 0.52). Considering the good spatiotemporal data continuity of the ERA5 soil moisture product, the ERA5 soil moisture data from 1979 to 2018 were used to analyze the climatological soil moisture changing trend for the entire TP surface. It was found that there was an increasing trend of soil moisture across the TP, which was consistent with the overall trends of increasing precipitation and decreasing evaporation. Moreover, the shrinkage of the cryosphere in conjunction with the background TP warming presumably contribute to soil moisture change.

Крупный бизнес в путинской России: старые и новые источники влияния на власть

Илья Александрович Матвеев – кандидат политических наук, доцент, факультет сравнительных политических исследований, Северо-Западный институт управления РАНХиГС. Адрес: 199178, Санкт-Петербург, Средний пр. В.О., д. 57/43. E-mail: matveev.ilya@yahoo.com
 Цитирование: Матвеев И.А. (2019) Крупный бизнес в путинской России: старые и новые источники влияния на власть // Мир России. Т. 28. № 1. С. 54–74. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2019-28-1-54-74
 В научной литературе преобладает точка зрения, согласно которой российский крупный бизнес в путинский период оказался полностью подчинен власти, что выражается, в частности, в полном запрете на поддержку оппозиции и принудительном финансировании важных для государства проектов. Однако стремительный рост числа российских миллиардеров и их совокупного состояния в 2000–2010-е годы указывает на формирование в России политической и институциональной среды, благоприятной для крупного бизнеса. В настоящей статье утверждается, что картина политического влияния крупных собственников остается неполной без учета таких факторов, как структурная власть бизнеса (зависимость государства от экономических решений, принимаемых крупными компаниями), информационная асимметрия между государством и капиталом (преимущество крупных компаний в области информации и экспертизы), а также инструментальная власть бизнеса (формальные и неформальные каналы влияния). Если в 1990-е годы российский крупный бизнес обладал крайне высокой инструментальной, но низкой структурной властью, то в 2000-е и 2010-е годы на первый план выходит именно структурная зависимость государства от капитала: руководство страны проводит политику, выгодную крупным собственникам, с целью поддержать уровень инвестиций и экономического роста. В то же время у крупного бизнеса появляются новые каналы неформального влияния на власть, такие как сближение с бизнесменами из путинского ближнего круга. Согласно собранной в рамках исследования информации из открытых источников, 9 из 96 миллиардеров из российского рейтинга Forbes за 2017 год имеют или имели в прошлом широкие деловые связи с четырьмя близкими к В.В. Путину бизнесменами. Все эти факторы позволяют российскому крупному бизнесу играть активную, а не подчиненную роль в отношениях с государством.

Концепции Электронной Демократии: Международно-Правовое Регулирование (Concepts of E-Democracy: International Legal Regulation)

Russian Abstract: В статье исследуются вопросы формулирования базовых концепций электронной демократии, сформировавшихся в Российской и зарубежной демократической практике. Выводы и рекомендации являются результатом значительных исследований автора в области электронной демократии. Одним из результатов научных исследований стало создание на базе Северо-Западного института управления РАНХИГС Центра развития механизмов электронной демократии. Концепции электронной демократии, сформулированные в статье, регулируются международными и национальными правовыми актами и отражают новые способы реализации демократической формы правления в контекcте развития информационно-коммуникационных технологий. English Abstract: The article considers the issues of formulating the basic concepts of e-democracy that have formatted in Russian and foreign democratic practice. The conclusions and recommendations are the result of significant research by the author in the field of e-democracy. One of the results of scientific research was the creation on the basis of the North-West Institute of Management of the RANHIGS Center for the Development of Electronic Democracy Mechanisms. The concepts of e-democracy, formulated in the article, are regulated by international and national legal acts and reflect new ways of implementing a democratic form of governance in the context of the development of information and communication technologies.

Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 6/2018

Journal of Basic MicrobiologyVolume 58, Issue 6 COVER PICTUREFree Access Cover: Journal of Basic Microbiology. 6/2018 First published: 03 June 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201870020AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract Cover illustration: Floccularia luteovirens, the edible mushroom distributed in the alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tebit plateau. The fungus forms visible fruiting bodies that can occur in fairy rings. (Photo: Rui Xing, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining Qinghai, P.R. China) Volume58, Issue6June 2018 RelatedInformation

绿洲边缘夹粘沙丘持水特性

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 绿洲边缘夹粘沙丘持水特性 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201705250970 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 中国生态系统研究网络临泽内陆河流域研究站 中国科学院内陆河流域生态水文重点实验室,中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 中国生态系统研究网络临泽内陆河流域研究站 中国科学院内陆河流域生态水文重点实验室,中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 中国生态系统研究网络临泽内陆河流域研究站 中国科学院内陆河流域生态水文重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41630861，41501577） Water retention of the clay interlayer of dunes at the edge of an oasis Author: Affiliation: Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:夹粘沙丘是指剖面中分布有一层红褐色粘化层的沙丘，其夹粘层埋藏深度常在120-500cm左右，厚度在40-100cm之间，粘粉粒含量达到90%以上。夹粘沙丘人工梭梭固沙植被郁闭度在0.5以上，明显高于相同水热条件下的植被生产力，这可能与夹粘层通过改变土壤持水性及水分状况，从而提高了土壤水分承载力有关。以河西走廊绿洲边缘夹粘沙丘为研究对象，在测定0-8.0m剖面土壤物理性质和土壤水分特征曲线的基础上，计算了土壤孔隙分布和持水特性，研究了剖面中土壤持水性的变化规律及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）夹粘层土壤含水量最高，上覆沙土土壤含水量最少且随深度增加而增加，下伏沙土受地下水毛管作用影响水分含量较高；（2）土壤机械组成决定了不同土层的持水特性，土壤中粘粉粒含量越高，田间持水量和饱和含水量就越大，夹粘层的土壤持水性远高于沙土层；（3）夹粘层是沙丘土壤水分暂时贮存的重要土层，可以为植被提供深层土壤水分，这对绿洲边缘人工固沙植被的生存和繁衍有重要影响，而土壤持水性和毛管作用的强弱决定了夹粘层对沙丘水分调节能力的强弱。本研究为深入理解绿洲边缘雨养固沙植被斑块状分布的机理提供了一定的理论依据。 Abstract:A sandwich dune's profile consists of layers with different soil textures, the upper and lower of which are sandy soil layers, and there is a fine soil pan between the surface and the subsoil. The clay interlayer is composed of silty loam containing over 90% silt and clay. Deposits of this layer occur at depths of 120-500cm and it ranges in thickness from 40 to 100cm. In arid areas with precipitation of less than 200mm, artificial sand-fixing vegetation coverage is approximately 10% to 15%; however, the vegetation coverage of the study area with 117mm mean annual precipitation is approximately 65%, which does not meet the zonal water and heat conditions. Water retention is considered to play an important part in affecting the water conditions and soil water carrying capacity of dunes. With regards to water retention, Betti et al. have analyzed the effects of soil texture on water retention, revealing that when the sand content is increased, water retention becomes weaker, and the soil layer has a significant effect on the water-holding capacity, and their studies have focused on analysis of the water-holding capacity of homogeneous soil. In order to study the characteristics and mechanisms of the response of the clay interlayer to water retention, we measured the soil water characteristic curve based on the centrifuge test, particle size measured by Mastersizer-2000, and pore distribution based on the measured soil water characteristic curve and the calculated equivalent porosity at different depths of a sandwich dune. Our results show the following patterns. (1) The soil moisture content of the clay interlayer was the highest, soil water content increased slightly with depth in the surface soil, and the soil moisture of the subsoil was higher than in the surface, which was affected by the capillary action of groundwater. (2) Field capacity, wilting coefficient, saturated water content, total porosity, and aeration porosity were significantly correlated with soil physical properties, such as bulk density, sand content, clay content, and particle size. Sandy soil layers were at 0-4.0m and 4.6-8.0m. The soil water characteristic curves of these profiles were steep and the soil was loose (aeration porosity, 14%-27%) with poor soil water retention. The layer at 4.0-4.6m was an interbedded layer of silty loam, the soil water characteristic curves of which was smooth and the soil water content was high when the soil water suction was high.This type of soil had less aeration porosity, leading to higher soil water-holding capacity than the upper and lower sandy layers. Furthermore, correlation analysis showed that capillary porosity was not significantly correlated with soil physical properties, but was weakly related to soil water content, and increased significantly only at both the interface between the sandy layer and silty loam layer, and the water table. To a certain extent, the distribution of soil porosity affected the soil moisture content and water conveyance between the clay interlayer and the sand layer. In conclusion, soil textures lead to considerable differences in soil water retention of dunes at the edge of an oasis. The clay interlayer can hold more water compared with all profiles, which improves the water conditions of the dune. (3) The soil pan is the region where water collects, and provides water resources for plants. It plays an important role in the improvement of sand-fixing vegetation of dunes at the edge of an oasis. Further, the ability of the clay interlayer to regulate the water conditions of dunes depends on soil water retention and soil capillarity. In conclusion, our findings should provide strong support for future understanding of the mechanism of spatial patterns of artificial sand-fixing vegetation. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Трансграничное сотрудничество: вызовы и перспективы для горизонтального измерения европейской интеграции

Continuation. See the beginning: Administrative consulting. 2018. N 1. P. 56–62; N 2. P. 32– 42. This article is based on a lecture given by the author at the North-West Institute of Management (NWIM), Branch of RANEPA, Faculty of International Relations on 16 May 2017 during a study visit of a delegation from the University of Applied Sciences, Kehl.

A study of the characteristics of energy flux and its relationship with the summer monsoon over alpine wetlands in the source region of the Yellow River

The variation trends of sensible heat (SH) and latent heat (LH) flux over the alpine wetlands in the source region of the Yellow River (SRYR) have been altered in the past 30 years. The variations in the surface heat source and its influence on the plateau summer monsoon have become attractive and important. The Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5), driven by the forcing data from CRUNCEP, was used to simulate the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the SH and LH from 1980 to 2010 over the SRYR. The simulated SH and LH are compared to the situ measurements of the Maduo climatic monitoring station from the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources. In addition, the relationships between the SH, LH and plateau summer monsoon have also been analysed. The results show that the seasonal mean SH reaches its maximum in spring and its minimum in winter. For the annual SH, there is an increasing trend in the early period and then a decreasing trend, while the variation trends of the LH are opposite to those of the SH flux. In addition, the LH transfer in summer reaches a maximum; the SH flux in the northern SRYR was higher in spring and summer. The SH of the two lakes, Lake Gyaring and Lake Ngoring, are significantly smaller than those of the surrounding areas. For the spatial distributions of the annual mean flux, the SH flux presented larger values over the central SRYR, while it presented smaller values in the southern areas. The LH shows an increasing trend from the northwest to the southeast of the SRYR. Meanwhile, the LH transport over the two lakes is notably higher than those of the surrounding areas. The time series of SH amplitude shows that it changes every 6–10 a. The SH amplitude is a mostly positive anomaly in the spatial distribution of the first pattern. EOF2 shows a high west of 101°E and a low centre east of 101°E; the relationship between the SH in spring and the different plateau summer monsoon indices are negatively correlated over SRYR. The negative correlations between the SH flux and ZPMI, DPMI, and QPMI are more remarkable in the northeast of the region.

Isolation and characterization of ten polymorphic microsatellite loci from Gymnocypris chui and cross-amplification in seven highly specialized Schizothoracinae fishes

Journal of Applied IchthyologyVolume 32, Issue 4 p. 718-720 Short Communication Isolation and characterization of ten polymorphic microsatellite loci from Gymnocypris chui and cross-amplification in seven highly specialized Schizothoracinae fishes R. Y. Zhang, R. Y. Zhang Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorK. Zhao, Corresponding Author K. Zhao Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China Author's address: Kai Zhao, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 23 Xinning Road, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China. E-mail: zhaokai@nwipb.cas.cnSearch for more papers by this author R. Y. Zhang, R. Y. Zhang Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorK. Zhao, Corresponding Author K. Zhao Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China Laboratory of Plateau Fish Evolutionary and Functional Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China Author's address: Kai Zhao, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 23 Xinning Road, Xining, Qinghai 810001, China. E-mail: zhaokai@nwipb.cas.cnSearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 April 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13066Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume32, Issue4August 2016Pages 718-720 RelatedInformation

Experimental study of surface insulated-standard hybrid tungsten planar wire array Z-pinches at “QiangGuang-I” facility

The experimental results of the insulated-standard hybrid wire array Z pinches carried out on “QiangGuang-I” facility at Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology were presented and discussed. The surface insulating can impose a significant influence on the dynamics and radiation characteristics of the hybrid wire array Z pinches, especially on the early stage (t/timp < 0.6). The expansion of insulated wires at the ablation stage is suppressed, while the streams stripped from the insulated wires move faster than that from the standard wires. The foot radiation of X-ray is enhanced by increment of the number of insulated wires, 19.6 GW, 33.6 GW, and 68.6 GW for shots 14037S, 14028H, and 14039I, respectively. The surface insulation also introduces nonhomogeneity along the single wire—the streams move much faster near the electrodes. The colliding boundary of the hybrid wire array Z pinches is bias to the insulated side approximately 0.6 mm.

Fabrication of long REBCO coated conductors by PLD process in China

In China, the First National Key Project on CC Program started in 2009, which was focused on developing hundred meter long class CC tapes based on PLD/RABiTS processes. In this project, SJTU mainly worked on all of functional layer deposition process development. Northwest Institute for Non-ferrous Metal Research worked on RABiTS tape fabrication. At the end of the project in 2011, SJTU successfully fabricated hundred meter long CC tapes with over 300A/cm (at 77K, self field) on RABiTS tapes. To develop high performance CC tapes by PLD/IBAD-MgO processes, a pilot CC fabrication line was set up at Shanghai Superconductor Technology Corporation, Ltd. in 2013. High quality long REBCO coated conductors have been successfully fabricated on flexible polycrystalline metal tapes by PLD plus magnetron sputter and IBAD processes. Under optimized conditions, the IBAD-MgO layers showed pure (001) orientation and excellent in-plane texture. The in-plane phi-scan rocking curve is 4–6 degrees. AFM observation showed MgO layer had very smooth surface. The RMS is less 1nm. On the textured MgO layer, sputter deposited single cerium oxide cap-layer showed pure (001) orientation and excellent in-plane texture of 4–6degree. Reel-to-reel PLD process with high deposition rate was already scaled up to 100m/h tape speed. Hundred meters long coated conductor tapes with over 500A/cm performance have been routinely fabricated. And now, the process optimization for kilometer long coated conductor tapes is underway.

Numerical Simulation of Azimuthal Uniformity of Injection Currents in Single-Point-Feed Induction Voltage Adders**supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51307141), and partly by the State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation (Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology) under Contract SKLIPR 1206

In order to investigate the injection current uniformity around the induction cell bores, two fully electromagnetic (EM) models are respectively established for a single-stage induction cell and an induction voltage adder (IVA) with three cells stacked in series, without considering electron emission. By means of these two models, some factors affecting the injection current uniformity are simulated and analyzed, such as the impedances of adders and loads, cell locations, and feed timing of parallel driving pulses. Simulation results indicate that higher impedances of adder and loads are slightly beneficial to improve injection current uniformity. As the impedances of adder and loads increase from 5 Ω to 30 Ω, the asymmetric coefficient of feed currents decreases from 10.3% to 6.6%. The current non-uniformity within the first cell is a little worse than that in other downstream cells. Simulation results also show that the feed timing would greatly affect current waveforms, and consequently cause some distortion in pulse fronts of cell output voltages. For a given driving pulse with duration time of 70-80 ns, the feed timing with a time deviation of less than 20 ns is acceptable for the three-cell IVAs, just causing the rise time of output voltages to increase about 5 ns at most and making the peak voltage decrease by 3.5%.

Responses of plant community biomass to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

Aims Rising soil temperature under the warming process stimulates microbial activity in soils on the QinghaiXizang Plateau. Moreover, the eastern edge of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau has been experiencing distinct atmospheric nitrogen deposition with an increasing trend. All of these have led to an increase in the available nutrients in soils. This study was aimed to determine the responses of carbon fixation in the alpine meadow to nitrogen and phosphorus additions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Methods The study was conducted in an alpine meadow ecosystem at the Haibei National Field Research Station of Alpine Grassland Ecosystem, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Four treatments were set up in 2009, including control, nitrogen addition only (N), phosphorus addition only (P), and combined nitrogen and phosphorus additions (NP). Nutrients were added in June or July each year. The aboveground biomass of functional groups and the aboveand belowground biomass of plant communities were measured by harvesting in 2012. Important findings (1) N and P additions increased the aboveground biomass of grass, and the proportion of grass biomass in the community, but decreased the proportion of forb biomass in the community. Only P addition decreased the aboveground biomass of sedge, and the proportion of sedge biomass in the community. (2) N and P additions increased the aboveground biomass by 24% and 52%, respectively, compared with the control. (3) N addition had no effect on the belowground biomass, whereas P addition slightly increased the belowground biomass. (4) N addition had no effect on the total biomass, whereas P addition significantly increased the total biomass. Therefore, N and P additions could relieve the nutrient limitation and stimulate plant growth. 160 植物生态学报 Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology 2014, 38 (2): 159–166 www.plant-ecology.com Furthermore, the results suggest that the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau could be more limited by P than N on plant growth.