Northernmost City Research Articles

Investigation of Chinese-Style Greenhouse Usage Across Europe

Chinese-style greenhouses (CSGs), characterized by a distinct geometric shape compared to traditional greenhouses, are extensively utilized in China. In this study, this type of greenhouse was modeled using TRNSYS software version 18 and experimentally validated. The model can transiently determine the indoor conditions of the greenhouse and the requirement for additional heating. It calculates the heat loss due to plant evapotranspiration as well as all the heat gains and losses from the surfaces. The application of this greenhouse has been investigated from the southernmost to the northernmost regions of Europe. For this purpose, cities located at different latitudes (between 32.63° N and 69.65° N) were entered into the model, and the results were obtained and compared. The analysis conducted over the entire year demonstrated that the CSG indoor temperature is more dependent on solar energy during the day and on outdoor temperature at night. The two southernmost cities in our survey, Funchal, Portugal (32.63° N) and Luqa, Malta (35.83° N), had no winter heating requirement. The thermal covering was sufficient to minimize night heat loss and maintain a suitable indoor temperature. In northern cities, the heating requirement was relatively high due to the lower outdoor temperature and solar radiation. Consequently, the duration of the heating season increases towards the north. In the northernmost city, Tromso, Norway (69.65° N), the heating season was determined to last 12 months. In the absence of solar energy, the transparent surface of the greenhouse is covered with thermal insulation to prevent heat loss. It has been shown that with the appropriate selection of this thermal covering, which is controlled based on the presence of instantaneous solar energy, up to 80% savings can be achieved from additional heating in southern cities. In the north, this rate can be increased up to a maximum of 70% by increasing the thermal covering thickness.

Diurnal Temperature Range and Its Response to Heat Waves in 16 European Cities—Current and Future Trends

An important indicator of climate change is the diurnal temperature range (DTR), defined as the difference between the daily maximum and daily minimum air temperature. This study aims to investigate the DTR distribution in European cities of different background climates in relation to the season of the year, climate class and latitude, as well as its response to exceptionally hot weather. The analysis is based on long-term observational records (1961–2019) coupled with Regional Climate Model (RCM) data in order to detect any projected DTR trends by the end of the 21st century under intermediate and high emission greenhouse gases (GHGs) scenarios. The analysis reveals marked variations in the magnitude of DTR values between the cities, on the one hand, and distinct patterns of the DTR distribution according to the climate class of each city, on the other. The results also indicate strong seasonal variability in most of the cities, except for the Mediterranean coastal ones. DTR is found to increase during hot days and heat wave (HW) days compared to summer normal days. High latitude cities experience higher increases (3.7 °C to 5.7 °C for hot days, 3.1 °C to 5.7 °C for HW days) compared to low latitude cities (1.3 °C to 3.6 °C for hot days, 0.5 °C to 3.4 °C for HW days). The DTR is projected to significantly decrease in northernmost cities (Helsinki, Stockholm, Oslo), while it is expected to significantly increase in Madrid by the end of the 21st century under both the intermediate- and high-emission scenarios, due to the asymmetric temperature change. The asymmetrical response of global warming is more pronounced under the high-emission scenario where more cities at higher latitudes (Warsaw, Berlin, Rotterdam) are added to those with a statistically significant decrease in DTR, while others (Bucharest, Nicosia, Zurich) are added to those with an increase in DTR.

Comprehensive and high-resolution emission inventory of atmospheric pollutants for the northernmost cities agglomeration of Harbin-Changchun, China: Implications for local atmospheric environment management

Using a bottom-up estimation method, a comprehensive, high-resolution emission inventory of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants for multiple anthropogenic sectors with typical local sources has been developed for the Harbin-Changchun city agglomeration (HCA). The annual emissions for CO, NOx, SO2, NH3, VOCS, PM2.5, PM10, BC and OC during 2017 in the HCA were estimated to be 5.82 Tg, 0.70 Tg, 0.34 Tg, 0.75 Tg, 0.81Tg, 0.67 Tg, 1.59 Tg, 0.12 Tg and 0.26 Tg, respectively. For PM10 and SO2, the emissions from industry processes were the dominant contributors representing 54.7% and 49.5%, respectively, of the total emissions, while 95.3% and 44.5% of the total NH3 and NOx emissions, respectively, were from or associated with agricultural activities and transportation. Spatiotemporal distributions showed that most emissions (except NH3) occurred in November to March and were concentrated in the central cities of Changchun and Harbin and the surrounding cities. Open burning of straw made an important contribution to PM2.5 in the central regions of the northeastern plain during autumn and spring, while domestic coal combustion for heating purposes was significant with respect to SO2 and PM2.5 emissions during autumn and winter. Furthermore, based on Principal Component Analysis and Multivariable Linear Regression model, air temperature, relative humidity, electricity and energy consumption, and the urban and rural population were optimized to be representative indicators for rapidly assessing the magnitude of regional atmospheric pollutants in the HCA. Such indicators and equations were demonstrated to be useful for local atmospheric environment management.

Floristic Composition and Characteristics of Xuzhou, China

Located in the southeastern part of the North China Plain, Xuzhou is the northernmost city in Jiangsu Province. According to the investigation, there are 733 species of 462 genera and 127 species of wild plants in Xuzhou. According to the type of distribution area of families and genera, the proportion of the pantropical distribution is 31.50%, which is the largest in the tropical northern margin of Xuzhou. The total tropical composition is 144 genera, accounting for 31.17%. The temperate distribution has a total of 236 genera, accounting for 51.08%. According to the geographical composition of the subordinates, the wild flora of Xuzhou is mainly composed of temperate elements, and the typical temperate components account for 51.08%. Therefore, the wild flora of Xuzhou should be temperate flora.

Are high-rise residential buildings rising to future weather scenarios?

Evaluating the energy and thermal performance of existing buildings during their lifetime brings about uncertainty, since there is strong evidence suggesting that climate change (CC) will affect indoor environment quality. CC has been reflected, among other phenomena, in a temperature rise that is necessarily related to the indoor temperature of buildings. Recognizing possible future climate scenarios and their possible effects will allow improving the resilience of existing buildings.Today’s buildings are sources of high energy demand. In the case of Chile, an ordinary house, due to its poor thermal performance, requires between 40% and 60% of its energy consumption for heating or cooling, depending on the location. On the other hand, a constructive phenomenon has been seen in Latin American cities over the last three decades, where city centres are densified with high-rise residential buildings. These are characterized by very small apartments, which affect indoor environment quality, solar gains, ventilation, etc. Thus, the proposal of this paper is to evaluate this residential typology. The aim of this research is to prospectively study the effects produced by CC on the energy-thermal performance of high-rise residential buildings, using an exploratory research, in three different thermal zones of Chile through to 2080. The analysis consists in comparing the performance of the same case built in three cities, using the Design Builder software for dynamic simulations. The results show a temperature increase that affects apartments in different ways. In the northernmost city, Iquique, the heating demand would disappear in 60 years; in Santiago, it will be reduced by half and in the south, while in Puerto Montt, it will represent only 62% of current demand; however, the cooling demand will increase in all cases. While hours within the comfort range will increase in the southernmost cities, in the northernmost and central cities, the risk of overheating will increase significantly This provides great challenges in terms of improving thermal comfort for the coming years, incorporating possible CC impacts into housing design to prevent negative results, such as overheating.

The Melting Snowball Effect: A Heuristic for Sustainable Arctic Governance Under Climate Change

Climate change in the Arctic is occurring at a rapid rate. In Longyearbyen, Svalbard, the world’s northernmost city, deadly avalanches and permafrost thaw-induced architectural destruction has disrupted local governance norms and responsibilities. In the North Atlantic, the warming ocean temperatures have contributed to a rapid expansion of the mackerel stock which has spurred both geo-political tensions but also tensions at the science-policy interface of fish quota setting. These local climate-induced changes have created a domino-like chain reaction that intensifies through time as a warming Arctic penetrates deeper into responsibilities of governing institutions and science institutions. In face with the increasing uncertain futures of climate-induced changes, policy choices also increase revealing a type of “snowballing” of possible futures facing decision-makers. We introduce a portmanteau-inspired concept called “The Melting Snowball Effect” that encompasses the chain reaction (“domino effect”) that increases the number of plausible scenarios (“snowball effect”) with climate change (melting snow, ice and thawing permafrost). We demonstrate the use of “The Melting Snowball Effect” as a heuristic to create plausible scenarios for deliberative discussions among academics, citizens and policymakers. We apply this heuristic in a Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) framework to underscore anticipation, engagement and reflection needed by publics to increase the capacity of democracies to sustainably adapt to climate change. We observe generational differences in discussing future climate scenarios, particularly that the mixed group where three generations were represented had the most diverse and thorough deliberations.

Recent trends in hepatitis A incidence in Brazil.

Hepatitis A incidence has been decreasing in Brazil since child vaccination was implemented in 2014. This trend was interrupted by an outbreak among adult male in São Paulo in 2017. This study was outlined to estimate whether the increase of hepatitis A cases among adult men in Brazil was restricted to São Paulo. Cases reported to the national surveillance system from 14 large cities of all Brazilian regions were analyzed. Trends in time series from 2012 to 2018 were estimated by Prais-Winsten regression. The outbreak in São Paulo extended to 2018. In Rio de Janeiro, the number of cases rose again, achieving the same levels reported before the vaccination era. Three of six cities from South and Southeast regions showed an upward trend in the number of cases among adult men (P < .005). The large cities in the other three Brazilian macroregions showed a decrease or stabilization of cases without an increase among male adults. The increase of hepatitis A virus (HAV) cases in Brazil has happened not only in São Paulo, but also in other cities of South and Southeast regions. The northernmost cities were not affected. A change in the epidemiological pattern of HAV infection is emerging in Southern Brazil.

Projecting the urban energy demand for Indiana, USA, in 2050 and 2080

Energy use is one of the largest drivers of climate change, but the large share of energy used for space heating and cooling is also driven by climate change. Demand for energy, particularly cooling, is important for long-range infrastructure planning. Urban areas represent a very small proportion of total land, but usually consume the majority of energy. In this work, statistical, top-down approaches are used to model residential and commercial urban energy demand changes in Indiana, a state in the Midwest region of the USA, in 2050 and 2080 under the climate change scenarios of RCP 4.5 and 8.5. By modeling energy demand changes in urban areas in Indiana, we can project the majority of energy demand while placing it in a spatial perspective that is missing from the statewide estimates. Two time periods are used to give an intuitive time stamp and temporal perspective. Results indicate that Indiana’s northernmost cities are expected to show significantly increased residential cooling demand due to climate change by 2080. Indianapolis represents an increasing share of total urban commercial and residential energy use over the next 60 years. Transportation is expected to represent a larger share of energy use as heating demand declines under climate change scenarios.

Reflective Roofing Use on Commercial Buildings in the United States: An Energy Type and Cost Analysis

Reflective roof membranes have been shown to lower air conditioning costs by reducing the influx of thermal energy through a roof assembly and into the building. However, there have been studies suggesting that reflective roofs in cold climates give rise to increased winter heating costs, due to the lack of absorption of solar thermal energy. Such studies could be used to justify continued use of dark, absorptive roof membranes even in areas that are striving to reduce urban heat island effects and/or lower contributions to global warming. In a prior modeling study, by this author and others, based on gas heat, it was found that reflective roofing provides net annual energy savings so long as air conditioning was used. Studies by others have suggested that when electric heat is used, the winter heating cost savings associated with non-reflective roofing outweigh summer air conditioning cost savings with reflective roofing. However, these studies did not take into account electric demand charges. Therefore, this present study modeled the energy efficiency of commercial buildings in order to compare the effect of gas versus electric heat with varying levels of demand charge included, on the net energy efficiency. Four different levels of demand charges were compared, along with three levels of solar reflectance for thirteen cities located throughout the US. In every studied case, when gas heat was assumed, net annual energy savings were predicted for reflective membranes. For electric heat, net energy savings were achieved in most cases even when demand charges were zero. In three northernmost cities, this was the case provided that demand charges exceeded a relatively small minimum. This finding suggests that reflective roofing provides for net energy efficiency improvements in most US cities and all cities when demand charges exceed USD 6.25 Therefore, efforts by cities to encourage reflective roofing as part of urban heat island effect mitigation programs should not be reduced.

Observed Trends in Thermal Stress at European Cities with Different Background Climates

Intensification of extreme temperatures combined with other socioeconomic factors may exacerbate human thermal risk. The disastrous impacts of extreme weather during the last two decades demonstrated the increased vulnerability of populations even in developed countries from Europe, which are expected to efficiently manage adverse weather. The study aims to assess trends in the exposure of European populations to extreme weather using updated historical climatic data in large European cities of different local climates and a set of climatic and bioclimatic indices. Colder cities experience higher warming rates in winter (exceeding 1 °C/decade since the mid-1970s) and warmer cities in summer. Hot extremes have almost tripled in most cities during the last two or three decades with simultaneous advancing of hot weather, while northernmost cities have experienced an unprecedented increase in the heat waves frequency only during the last decade. Bioclimatic indices suggested a robust tendency towards less cold-related stress (mainly in cold cities) and more heat-related stress in all cities. A doubling or tripling in the frequency of heat-related ‘great discomfort’ was found in southern cities, while in the cities of northern Europe, heat-related ‘discomfort’ conditions are becoming increasingly more frequent and have nearly quadrupled during the last decade.

Gradient Relationship between Increased Mean Corpuscular Volume and Mortality Associated with Cerebral Ischemic Stroke and Ischemic Heart Disease: A Longitudinal Study on 66,294 Taiwanese

The gradient relationship between mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mortality due to ischemic vascular disease has not been researched using a large-scale population-based study. This study evaluated the association between MCV and death attributable to cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular disease (CAD) in a large population- and community-based Taiwanese cohort. A longitudinal study with a 9-year follow-up was conducted to evaluate individuals aged 20 years or older who had participated in the Keelung (the northernmost city in Taiwan) community-based integrated screening (abbreviated as KCIS) program since September 1999. The mortality rates associated with CVD and CAD were classified across a range of different MCV levels. Increased MCV levels were associated with an increased risk of CVD/CAD-related death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.42, trend test P = 0.0119). Marginally statistically significant associations were noted for specific deaths from ischemic heart disease (aHR = 1.44, trend test P = 0.0992) and cerebral ischemic stroke (aHR = 1.66, trend test P = 0.0667), respectively, but no significant gradient relationship was noted for death from cerebral hemorrhage stroke (aHR = 1.23, trend test, P = 0.6278). A gradient relationship between baseline MCV level and CVD/CAD-related death was noted, but whether such gradient relationships existed for two specific deaths and how these relationships may be confounded by extraneous factors that were not considered here should be investigated in the future.

Tropical Darwin on Screen: Critiquing national values using urban frontier tropes in Charlie’s Country and Last Cab to Darwin.

Australia’s northern-most tropical city of Darwin has a strong presence in the domestic and international touristic imagination as a tropical escape destination – a small city poised on the edge of outstanding natural beauty – yet in national cinematic representations Darwin is often presented as a frontier zone, whether these tropes are pivoted around culture or nature. I would like to take up this idea of the city of Darwin as special and distinctive in the national imaginary that is discernible in recent Australian cinema, an idea that I show extends to the city’s representation in theatre and literature. This paper performs a close textual reading of the city’s recent representation in two high profile Australian feature films, Charlie’s Country (Rolf de Heer, 2013) and Last Cab to Darwin (Jeremy Sims, 2015). These are films that employ compassionate, humanistic themes, each maintaining a strong focus on main characters who find themselves both marginalized and neglected within the broader mechanisms of Australian society: hence each film is simultaneously performing the secondary work of critiquing Australian culture. In both films, I show how the tropical city of Darwin operates as a space of difference, but unlike the contemporary tourism marketing that simplistically brands the region as a “site of desire”, here we find two unique critiques of Australian law and society that work to show the ethical frontiers of legislation and of human sovereignty.

Toxicological state and chemical properties of soils in urbanized ecosystems of Murmansk

Nowadays, active urbanization directly affects to the transformation of natural ecosystems in all natural zones of Russian Federation. First of all, soils of the cities are exposed to undergoing to intensive transformation. With this transformation, natural soils change to urban and “urbo-natural soils”. Arctic ecosystems are most susceptible to anthropogenic influence because they have a low regeneration and restoration ability. Urban soils demonstrate numerous and various processes of transformation and migration of substances, which are the most important links in the biogeochemical cycles, linking the various structural components of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole. In this context the processes of soils transformation under the influence of the urbanization has been considered. Soils of residential, recreational (park), industrial and non-developed urban zones were studied on example of Murmansk city as one on the northernmost city in European part of Russia. Microbiological activities, toxicological state (heavy metals, Zc), and content of carbon in soils were revealed.

Adriatic storm surges and related cross-basin sea-level slope

Abstract Storm surges pose a severe threat to the northernmost cities of the Adriatic coast, with Venice being most prone to flooding. It has been noted that some flooding episodes cause significantly different effects along the eastern and western Adriatic coasts, with indications that the difference is related to cross-basin sea-level slope. The present study aims to determine specific atmospheric conditions under which the slope develops and to explore connection with increased sea level along the two coastlines. The analysis is based on sea-level time series recorded at Venice and Bakar over the 1984–2014 interval, from which 38 most intensive storm-surge episodes were selected, and their meteorological backgrounds (ERA-Interim) were studied. The obtained sea-level extremes were grouped into three categories according to their cross-basin sea-level slope: storm surges that slope strongly westward (W type), those that slope eastward (E type) and ordinary storm surges (O type). Results show that the slope is controlled by wind action only, specifically, by the wind component towards a particular coast and by the cross-basin shear of along-basin wind. Meteorological fields were used to force an oceanographic numerical model in order to confirm the empirically established connection between the atmospheric forcing and the slope. Finally, it has been found that the intensity of storm surges along a particular Adriatic coast is determined by an interplay of sea-level slopes in the along and cross-basin directions.

Planning the new city-emotional reaction and positions

Kiruna, the northernmost city in Sweden, is constructed around a classic industrial source of production – the prosperous mine. The mine has been the overwhelmingly dominant employer in the city and its fortunes have been intimately connected with the city's prosperity. However, massive, continuing expansion of the mine has led to severe risks of subsidence; thus, substantial parts of the city must be moved to assure both the citizens' safety and continuation of the mining. This will be done gradually over the coming decade, and all of Kiruna's citizens will be affected in one way or another. Schools, shops, daycare centres, homes for the elderly and workplaces will all be rebuilt in the new city centre. Drawing on an emotional geographies framework, this paper discusses how people's emotions are understood and given meaning, and even addressed in the planning context of the city transformation that is taking place.

The spread of coproduction: How the concept reached the northernmost city in the UK

Over the last years, engagement with politics in Scotland has increased significantly through involvement in the campaigns or party membership following the post-referendum period and the Leaders Debate in 2015. Recent general elections in the UK have shown that Scotland “voted for change” as they have become the third largest party in the House of Commons. Nevertheless, the cuts in public spending still remain as the major challenges for the Scottish Government. In the aftermath of the Christie Commission, there has been an increasing interest in the concept of coproduction in Scotland to overcome some of those challenges in public services. The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it explores how coproduction has become embedded in the Scottish context. Secondly, it uses Aberdeen as a case study and investigates how Aberdeen City Council has adopted this concept in its approach. The paper argues that coproduction needs a more critical perspective in managerial approaches to public services so that it can be a matter of democracy rather than administration.

Trace lithium is inversely associated with male suicide after adjustment of climatic factors

BackgroundPreviously, we showed the inverse association between lithium in drinking water and male suicide in Kyushu Island. The narrow variation in meteorological factors of Kyushu Island and a considerable amount of evidence regarding the role of the factors on suicide provoked the necessities of adjusting the association by the wide variation in sunshine, temperature, rain fall, and snow fall. MethodsTo keep the wide variation in meteorological factors, we combined the data of Kyushu (the southernmost city is Itoman, 26°) and Hokkaido (the northernmost city is Wakkanai, 45°). Multiple regression analyses were used to predict suicide SMRs (total, male and female) by lithium levels in drinking water and meteorological factors. ResultsAfter adjustment of meteorological factors, lithium levels were significantly and inversely associated with male suicide SMRs, but not with total or female suicide SMRs, across the 153 cities of Hokkaido and Kyushu Islands. Moreover, annual total sunshine and annual mean temperature were significantly and inversely associated with male suicide SMRs whereas annual total rainfall was significantly and directly associated with male suicide SMRs. LimitationsThe limitations of the present study include the lack of data relevant to lithium levels in food and the proportion of the population who drank tap water and their consumption habits. ConclusionsThe present findings suggest that trace lithium is inversely associated with male but not female suicide after adjustment of meteorological factors.

La ville de Bouto (Pé) sous la Ire dynastie. Étude d’une mention inédite inscrite sur une étiquette méconnue découverte à Abou Rawach (Louvre Inv. AF 11872)

This paper gives a presentation of a Ist dynasty label discovered by P. Montet at Abu Rawash (cemetery M). Strangely, although this object is currently on display in the Louvre, very few scholars know about its existence. In fact, P. Montet himself did not pay much attention to this label surely after he has concluded that its inscriptions were unreadable. However, as a new examination of the red and black ink inscriptions revealed, the major part of the text can easily be read. We will more particularly highlight in this article the mention made of Bouto involved in the «year name» composition, which is interesting when compared with the other occurrences of the city name appearing on contemporary documents. The study of this label off ers the opportunity to question why the pharaohs of the Ist dynasty have paid so much interest to one of the northernmost city of their kingdom.

Ambient temperature and lung function in children with asthma in Australia

The association between ambient temperature and lung function in children with asthma is still uncertain. A panel of 270 children (aged 7-12 years) with asthma was recruited from six Australian cities. They performed three successive forced expiratory manoeuvres twice daily for 4 weeks. The highest peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were stored for each session. During the same period, data were obtained daily on ambient temperature, relative humidity and air pollution. Mixed models were used to examine the effects of temperature on lung function, controlling for individual characteristics and environmental factors. Ambient temperature was negatively related to both morning and evening PEF and FEV1 for 0-3 days lag. In general, the effects of temperature were stronger in males than in females for evening PEF, while the effects were stronger in females for evening FEV1. Children with asthma living in southern cities were more sensitive to high temperature than those in the northernmost city. Higher ambient temperature is associated with lower lung function in children with asthma. Preventive health policies will be required to protect children with asthma from increasingly frequent high temperatures.

Effects of improved spatial and temporal modeling of on-road vehicle emissions

Numerous emission and air quality modeling studies have suggested the need to accurately characterize the spatial and temporal variations in on-road vehicle emissions. The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact that using detailed traffic activity data has on emission estimates used to model air quality impacts. The on-road vehicle emissions are estimated by multiplying the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by the fleet-average emission factors determined by road link and hour of day. Changes in the fraction of VMT from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) can have a significant impact on estimated fleet-average emissions because the emission factors for HDDV nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) are much higher than those for light-duty gas vehicles (LDGVs). Through detailed road link-level on-road vehicle emission modeling, this work investigated two scenarios for better characterizing mobile source emissions: (1) improved spatial and temporal variation of vehicle type fractions, and (2) use of Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES2010) instead of MOBILE6 exhaust emission factors. Emissions were estimated for the Detroit and Atlanta metropolitan areas for summer and winter episodes. The VMT mix scenario demonstrated the importance of better characterizing HDDV activity by time of day, day of week, and road type. More HDDV activity occurs on restricted access road types on weekdays and at nonpeak times, compared to light-duty vehicles, resulting in 5–15% higher NOx and PM emission rates during the weekdays and 15–40% lower rates on weekend days. Use of MOVES2010 exhaust emission factors resulted in increases of more than 50% in NOx and PM for both HDDVs and LDGVs, relative to MOBILE6. Because LDGV PM emissions have been shown to increase with lower temperatures, the most dramatic increase from MOBILE6 to MOVES2010 emission rates occurred for PM2.5 from LDGVs that increased 500% during colder wintertime conditions found in Detroit, the northernmost city modeled. Implications: Air quality model performance relies partly on on-road mobile source emission inventories accurately allocated, both spatially and temporally. This work demonstrates the importance of characterizing the mix of heavy-duty diesel versus light-duty gasoline vehicle activity on an hourly basis on weekdays and weekends by road type. Incorporating detailed activity data increases weekday average NOx and PM emissions 5–15%, with early morning hour emission increases approaching 100%, compared to using one average vehicle activity mix. Application of the methodologies described in this paper will improve the accuracy of on-road emission inventories in the understanding of ozone photochemistry and PM formation.