Northern White Research Articles

Foreshadowing the Civil Rights Counter-Revolution

AbstractAfter overseeing the adoption of two landmark civil rights proposals in 1964 and 1965, the Johnson administration and its allies in Congress sought to implement the third item of its broader agenda: a legal prohibition on racial discrimination in the sale and rental of housing. Enacting fair housing legislation, however, proved to be a vexing process. Advocates had to win support from northern White Democrats skeptical of the policy, as well as Republicans who were often (and increasingly) unreliable allies. Fair housing legislation failed in 1966 (89th Congress) but passed two years later, during the 90th Congress. We provide a legislative policy history detailing how, after three tumultuous years, Congress came to enact the fair housing provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. Overall, the battle to enact fair housing legislation presaged a dynamic that would take hold as the Great Society gave way to the Nixon years: once federal civil rights policies started to bear directly on the lives of White northerners, they became much harder to pass and implement. It also showcased the moment at which the Republican Party in Congress first moved to the right on civil rights and explicitly adopted a position of racial conservatism.

A Microhistological Investigation of Winter Diets of White-Tailed Deer in Relict Eastern Hemlock Stands, Upper Peninsula of Michigan

To better understand winter foraging patterns of Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) in the context of global change, we assessed foraging trends using microhistological analysis of fecal pellets from 2006–2018 across a network of monitoring plots in 39 relict Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) stands in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. We found that deciduous browse comprised the majority of the diet, but conifer species were also eaten. During severe winters, Eastern Hemlock and Abies balsamea (Balsam Fir) were more prevalent in the diet, whereas in mild winters, Thuja occidentalis (Northern White Cedar) was more prevalent. Because Northern White Cedar comprises only a small amount of the forest community in these stands, deer were likely traveling beyond these winter yarding areas to forage. The relationship between conifer consumption and winter severity highlights the importance of energy conservation for winter survival of White-tailed Deer. More extreme winter weather is predicted with climate change, potentially prolonging confinement and limited forage availability, which is liable to alter energy budgets of deer, thus potentially altering population dynamics.

Petrography Analysis of Northern White and Texas Brown Sands to Understand Its Crush Resistance Behavior for Hydraulic Fracturing Operations

Petrography Analysis of Northern White and Texas Brown Sands to Understand Its Crush Resistance Behavior for Hydraulic Fracturing Operations

The Effects of Climate on Radial Growth of Disjunct Northern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) in Virginia

The Effects of Climate on Radial Growth of Disjunct Northern White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.) in Virginia

Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861-1876 (review)

Reviewed by: Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861-1876 Adam Fairclough (bio) Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861-1876. By Ronald E. Butchart. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010. Pp. 336. Cloth, $39.95.) This long-awaited book summarizes the findings of the Freedmen's Teacher Project, a massive undertaking involving a team of researchers and entailing many years of work, and offers a broad interpretation of the historical legacy and political significance of the freedpeople's schools. [End Page 276] The greatest strength of this study is that it adds hard facts and figures to a topic that historians had previously approached by means of limited samplings of archival material, an approach that led to impressionistic and often inaccurate findings. By combing through all the available archives, the Freedmen's Teacher Project identified 11,600 individuals representing about two-thirds of all those who taught in schools for blacks. On the basis of this enormous database, Butchart offers a number of generalizations that contradict many widely held assumptions. For example, he proves false the stereotype of the typical freedpeople's teacher as a white "schoolmarm" from New England. Four-fifths of northern teachers came from states outside New England. Moreover, men made up a substantial one-third of the northern teachers and a clear majority of all those who taught in freedpeople's schools. This last fact underlines two other significant findings. First, native white southerners—most of them men, many of them ex-Confederate soldiers—furnished more teachers for freedpeople's schools than did any other group. Second, black teachers outnumbered northern white teachers, comprised a third of all teachers during the entire period from 1861 to 1876, and by 1868-69 were in the majority. Butchart takes aim at historians such as Walter L. Fleming, Edgar Knight, and Henry L. Swint, who long ago linked white resistance to freedpeople's schools to the alleged arrogance, fanaticism, or political proselytizing of the freedpeople's teachers. Although perhaps redundant, this allows Butchart to emphasize that the majority of whites hated black schools because, quite simply, they hindered their efforts to reestablish white supremacy in the wake of emancipation. White southerners did not wish to encourage black literacy or see evidence of black intellectual ability; they felt threatened by black ambition and achievement. Butchart also takes aim at more recent historians. He takes Bertram Wyatt-Brown to task for asserting, inaccurately, that the freedpeople's teachers avoided giving arithmetic lessons. James McPherson receives criticism for claiming that white northern teachers' Puritan and evangelical religious background made them highly committed and long-suffering. Not so, says Butchart: the most committed teachers—judging by years of service—were nonevangelical Quakers and Unitarians. He also flatly contradicts Robert Morris's argument that wartime Unionists comprised a large portion of the white southerners who taught in freed-people's schools. Some issues, however, cannot be clarified by means of a database, and the author is clearly influenced by the scholarly tendency to celebrate black agency. Whereas previous books on freedpeople's teachers focus on [End Page 277] northern whites, black teachers stand at the center of this narrative, and Butchart clearly admires them. Although all teachers encountered insults, threats, ostracism, and the possibility of injury and death, black teachers faced the most difficult circumstances of all. They taught in the more dangerous rural locations. Most had little or no support from the Freedmen's Bureau or northern aid societies. They also taught for a longer amount of time, which Butchart takes as evidence that they had a stronger interest in the welfare and advancement of the freedpeople than white teachers did. Like all correctives, however, Butchart may be taking a good argument too far. If, as he concedes, ex-slaves recognized the necessity to "appropriate the social and cultural capital of the dominant class," then black teachers could play only a limited role in this transfer, at least in the early years, because the great majority were ex-slaves who had received no formal education (152). Butchart's discussion of motivation also raises difficulties. Far from being fanatical...

Mesozooplankton structure in the northern White Sea in July 2008

The mesozooplankton of the northern White Sea and Mezen Bay was investigated at nine stations in July 2008 using a Juday net (168 μm mesh size). A total of 39 taxa (species and higher taxa) were found in the samples. Average abundance, biomass, and diversity (Shannon index) were (±SE) 120,793 ± 70,439 ind. m−2, 443 ± 216 mg DW m−2, and 1.41 ± 0.11, respectively. Copepods were most numerous. Overall, herbivores dominated primarily Cirripedia nauplii and Pseudocalanus minutus. Significant correlations were observed among mean temperature, salinity, and mean mesozooplankton abundance and biomass. Our data suggest that salinity and intensive local currents could be the main factors responsible for the distribution of mesozooplankton in the northern White Sea. The average mesozooplankton biomass was higher than in previous studies, indicating a possible climatic impact on the mesozooplankton community.

THE VOCAL REPERTOIRE IN NORTHERN WHITE RHINOCEROS CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM COTTONI AS RECORDED IN THE LAST SURVIVING HERD

ABSTRACT The Northern White Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum cottoni is a subspecies of the White Rhino that is almost extinct in the wild. We studied the last reproducing herd kept in Zoo Dvur Kralove to describe its vocal repertoire. The calls produced by eight individuals were recorded and analysed as concerned both sound properties and behavioural contexts in which they were emitted. We distinguished 11 calls belonging to four categories: (1) tonal harmonic sounds, (2) puffing sounds, (3) growling sounds, and (4) repetitive sounds. We found an apparent similarity between acoustic parameters of homologous calls recorded in both white rhino subspecies. We further confirmed that the repertoire of white rhino calls is much larger than that reported in other rhino species. We tentatively interpret this finding as an adaptation to increased sociality. Four calls reach the infrasound range; nevertheless, they are probably not used for communication over distance. This is obvious in the case of the grouch call, which contains the highest infrasound component. There are, however, other candidates for such a communication function: the repetitive pant sound, which is not known in other rhino species. We hypothesise that the repetitions may enhance their audibility in the typical open habitats of white rhinos.

Quantitative geomorphology of the White Mountains (California) using detrital apatite fission track thermochronology

Detrital thermochronology has been proposed as a method for measuring average basin‐wide erosion rates. This paper illustrates how to use detrital apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology to map out where in a basin erosion takes place. Five samples of detrital AFT ages were collected on an alluvial fan that is fed by the Marble Creek drainage basin in the northern White Mountains (California). Using a digital elevation model (DEM) to characterize the basin hypsometry and a few published basement samples to constrain the age‐elevation curve of the catchment, the detrital AFT distribution was predicted. Comparing the observed with the predicted age distributions reveals that localized rockfall events provide the sediment source of the currently active Marble Creek, but a composite sample from the entire alluvial fan indicates that, over longer time scales, the entire catchment contributes material to the debris‐flow dominated fan, with more material being derived from lower elevations than from higher up the Marble Creek Canyon. The observed AFT age distribution is compared with the hypsometric predictions using the “Cumulative Age Distribution” (CAD) which is the cumulative distribution of the measured ages. In contrast with probability density estimators and their cumulative equivalents, the CAD requires no numerical smoothing while properly accounting for (unequal) measurement uncertainties.

Blurring the Color Line: Black Freedom, Passing, Abolitionism, and Irish Ethnicity in Frank J. Webb's The Garies and Their Friends

BLURRING THE COLOR LINE: BLACK FREEDOM, PASSING, ABOLITIONISM, AND IRISH ETHNICITY IN FRANK J. WEBB'S THE GARIESAND THEIR FRIENDS Robert Nowatzki Ball State University One of the most intriguing scenes in Frank J. Webb's 1857 The Garies and Their Friends, a novel that focuses on African-Americans and a biracial family in antebellum Philadelphia, depicts the racechanges forced upon the wicked white racist George Stevens.1 Shortly before the race riot that he is orchestrating, a fire company gang beats him up and tars him; a group of drunken white men then ridicules him and smears him white with lime. This scene encapsulates Webb's attempt to problematize notions of racial identity and racial difference in the novel. By positing race as a fluid category that is intertwined with class and that white racists worked to stabilize, Webb's novel anticipates recent theoretical discussions about the constructed nature of race. The novel's critique of racial categories and racism, along with the fact that it is the second novel by an African-American, makes it one of the most interesting works ofnineteenth-century American fiction.2 It is also one of the first novels to represent the ambiguous social status of Irish immigrants as well as racial prejudice and urban violence in the antebellum North during the turbulent Jacksonian period.3 Of the limited scholarship dealing with Webb's novel, most focuses on biographical information; black domesticity, communalism, and reform activism; Christian hypocrisy; sentimentalism; and realism. There is surprisingly little analysis of how The Garies deconstructs definitions of racial categories .4 In this essay I argue that Webb's depiction of prosperous Northern blacks, mulattoes, white abolitionists, and Irish immigrants in The Gariesdisrupts the racial ideologies ofnative-born white Americans . The novel further questions how whites racially define themselves and others by pointing out the often conflicting paradigms of racial categorization—skin tone, dress, class status, reputation, and ancestry—and by suggesting that a white person's whiteness can be undermined when that person marries a black person, is labeled as an abolitionist, or is physically blackened with tar. Despite this racial fluidity, however, the novel also emphasizes the power of white racists in resisting this instability by categorizing racially ambiguous characters as inescapably "black" and inferior. 30Robert Nowatzki The notion of blackness as a fixed category of identity inferior to whiteness drives much of the violence and social ostracism depicted in The Garies: it causes the deaths of a white man, his biracial wife, their stillborn baby, and their son as well as the mutilation and derangement of their black neighbor. More positively, The Garies offers a sympathetic, detailed depiction of free African-Americans working together to battle prejudice and violence in the North, subjects that were familiar to Webb as a native of Philadelphia. Webb's focus on free blacks and racism in the North held little appeal for Northern white readers; in this sense it resembles Harriet E. Wilson's 1859 novel Our Nig, another novel that exposed Northern racism and sank into obscurity. Webb's depiction of Northern white racism, along with the fact that the novel was published in England, suggests that Northern whites were not his intended audience.5 Lacking an audience in the United States, The Gariesfailed to pose an effective challenge to popular notions of race in general as well as to derogatory perceptions and representations of African Americans that proscribed their social positions and opportunities. The Garies chronicles the lives of the white Clarence Garie, his mulatto wife (and former slave) Emily, and their children (also named Clarence and Emily) after their migration from Georgia to Philadelphia . Webb also includes a "passing" plot early in the novel that features Emily's mulatto cousin George Winston. The Garies befriend their industrious African-American neighbors the Ellises and the wealthy black landlord Mr. Walters, but they run afoul oftheir neighbor George Stevens, an unscrupulous lawyer who organizes a race riot and pressures an Irishman named McCloskey participate in the attack . Shortly before the attack, Stevens suffers the painful racechange experience mentioned above. During the riot, the Ellis family takes refuge in the home of Walters and aid his armed resistance to...

The chattelization of northern whites: An evolving abolitionist warning

A recurring abolitionist theme was that the failure to destroy southern black slavery would eventuate in the enslavement of northern white laborers. During the 1830s this theme was the particular province of a few evangelical, markedly antimaterialist 'left' abolitionists like William Goodell. More inclined than their cohorts to regard the northern social order as oppressive for increasing numbers of workers, these abolitionists were also more likely to accuse capitalist 'aristocrats' of aspiring to go further and chattelize their workers in emulation of their southern slavocrat allies. Such white-chattelization warnings, which assigned a virtually coequal role in the slave power to malevolent employers and other northern 'aristocrats,' were supplanted in the late antebellum period by ones that instead targeted slavery's mulattoization and the southern slavocracy's proclivity for exploiting this ongoing erosion in racial boundaries. These white-chattelization warnings, which Goodell also notably promoted, acquired greater antislavery support than had the earlier anticapitalist ones. The late-antebellum warnings substantially reflected the ascendance of northern nationalism and the additional legitimacy that it conferred on capital-labor arrangements in the free states.

Pre-Late Wisconsinan age for part of the glaciolacustrine stratigraphy, lower Peabody valley, northern White Mountains, Gorham, New Hampshire

Interbedded till and glaciolacustrine deposits in the lower Peabody River Valley near Gorham, New Hampshire suggest multiple glacial advances occurred in the northern White Mountains. Previous workers disagreed on whether these advances were local or regional in nature, but thought they all occurred during the recessional phase of the Late Wisconsinan ice sheet. New stratigraphic and geomorphic reconnaissance, however, shows that a thick and regionally extensive till overlies this stratigraphy and that this till was emplaced by the last full-glacial episode to affect the region, the Late Wisconsinan glaciation. The stratigraphic position of this till makes the age of the underlying till and glaciolacustrine deposits pre-Late Wisconsinan and much older than previously assumed. This change in age assignment for part of the Peabody Valley stratigraphy supports the extension of the Illinoian-Late Wisconsinan "two-till" stratigraphy of central and southern New England into the region north of the White Mountain Highlands.

Late Pleistocene landslide-dammed lakes along the Rio Grande, White Rock Canyon, New Mexico

Massive slump complexes composed of Pliocene basaltic rocks and underlying Miocene and Pliocene sediments flank the Rio Grande along 16 km of northern White Rock Canyon, New Mexico. The toe area of at least one slump complex was active in the late Pleistocene, damming the Rio Grande at least four times during the period from 18 to 12 {sup 14}C ka and impounding lakes that extended 10-20 km upriver. Stratigraphic relationships and radiocarbon age constraints indicate that three separate lakes formed between 13.7 and 12.4 {sup 14}C ka. The age and dimensions of the ca. 12.4 ka lake are best constrained; it had an estimated maximum depth of {approx}30 m, a length of {approx}13 km, a surface area of {approx}2.7 km{sup 2}, and an initial volume of {approx}2.5 x 10{sup 7} m{sup 3}. The youngest landslide-dammed lakes formed during a period of significantly wetter regional climate, strongly suggesting that climate changes were responsible for reactivation of the slump complexes. We are not certain about the exact triggering mechanisms for these landslides, but they probably involved removal of lateral support due to erosion of the slope base by the Rio Grande during periods of exceptionally high flood discharge or rapid incision;more » increased pore pressures associated with higher water tables; higher seepage forces at sites of ground-water discharge; or some combination of these processes. Seismic shaking could also have contributed to triggering of some of the landslides, particularly if aided by wet antecedent conditions. 54 refs., 19 figs., 3 tabs.« less

Lacustrine chronology links late Pleistocene climate change and mass movements in northern New Mexico

Well-dated lacustrine deposits in northern White Rock Canyon, New Mexico, record damming of the Rio Grande by at least four separate failures of a slump complex between about 17.5 and 12.4 ka ({sup 14}C), linking mass movements to a period of rapid climate change in the western United States. Failure of metastable slumps probably resulted from removal of lateral support during down-cutting and erosion by the Rio Grande and from a decrease in resisting forces due to increased pore pressures. Our chronology suggests that the lake that formed between 17.5 and 15.0 ka may record effects of both glacial melt and pluvial activity (mainly enhanced rainfall); the youngest lake (neary 12.4 ka) may record pluvial runoff; and the intermediate lakes (13.7 to 13.1 ka) may record pluvial and minor melt-water activity. We have not found lacustrine deposits younger than about 12.4 ka. The record of geomorphic response along the Rio Grande suggests that late Pleistocene climatic changes may have triggered similar mass movements elsewhere in the southwest. 27 refs., 4 figs.

The transformation of the new deal party system: Social groups, political ideology, and changing partisanship among northern whites, 1972?1988

This paper examines the partisanship of a neglected segment of the American electorate—white northerners. Like their southern counterparts, northern whites have moved toward the GOP (Grand Old Party) and away from the Democratic party during the last two decades. In fact, a substantial plurality of northern whites now identify with the Republican party. Moreover, Democratic losses and Republican gains have not been confined to particular categories of social groups but have cut across groups traditionally identified with the parties. However, political ideology is closely related to the changing partisanship of northern whites. Liberals have become more Democratic and conservatives have become substantially more Republican since 1972. Moreover, the relationship between ideology and changing partisanship occurs within most categories of social group membership, suggesting that ideological orientations now override social group ties in the formation of partisanship. The northern white electorate, in sum, is undergoing an ideological transformation that is reshaping the contours of American politics.

Age and tectonic setting of Mesozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, northern White Mountains, California

Mesozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks in the northern White Mountains, eastern California and western Nevada, are separated from lower Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks by Jurassic and Cretaceous plutons. The large stratigraphic hiatus across the plutons is called the Barcroft structural break. Recent mapping and new U/Pb zircon ages of 154 +3/−1 Ma and 137 ±1 Ma. from an ash-flow tuff and a hypabyssal intrusion, respectively, indicate that part of the Mesozoic section and the Barcroft structural break are younger than the 160–165 Ma Barcroft Granodiorite, in contrast to previous interpretations. The Barcroft Granodiorite has been thrust westward over most of the Mesozoic section. It is everywhere in fault contact with overturned metasedimentary rocks on the west side of the range, rocks which were previously thought to be upright and the oldest part of the Mesozoic section. The McAfee Creek Granite, which has a 100 ±1 Ma U/Pb zircon age, postdates thrusting; therefore, the Barcroft structural break is primarily Early Cretaceous in age.

Notes on dentition, cranial and body measurements of the northern White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni)

Journal of ZoologyVolume 210, Issue 3 p. 377-379 Free Access Notes on dentition, cranial and body measurements of the northern White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) First published: November 1986 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03640.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Groves, C. P. (1972). The White Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum. Mammalian Sp. No. 8: 1– 6. Heller, E. (1913). The White Rhinoceros. Smithson. misc. Colitis 61 No. 1: 1– 77. Hillman, A. K. K. & Smith, F. A. (1983). Survey of the status of the northern White rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simian cottoni, Lydekker) in 1983. Report to IUCN/WWF/GEMS of UNEP. Volume210, Issue3November 1986Pages 377-379 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Comparative Status of Fishes along the Course of the Pluvial White River, Nevada

Comparative Status of Fishes along the Course of the Pluvial White River, Nevada

Public opinion quarterly: Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro, ‘Changes in Americans’ policy preferences, 1935–1979’, 46: 1, Spring 1982, pp. 24–42

Data from 30 surveys (46,356 cases from 10 Michigan Election Surveys and 20 Gallup polls) are analyzed to study the interrelations of cohort, sex, race, region, and education from 1952 to 1973.A d-system model is developed that pools results from the various surveys into a set of parameters forming a flowgraph model. This technique allows one to see whether the surveys used are consistent and whether the results are consistent with outside sources such as census reports. (Generally speaking, the surveys were found to be consistent and the model showed generally good fit with census and NORC General Social Survey estimates, but significant differences in two or three parameters.) A computer model of the system is used to generate implications and extrapolations.Substantively, the main results were: (1) a definite trend away from sex equality in education, especially for college attendance; (2) very little narrowing in race, region, and religious differences in education, until the most recent cohorts where Northern White Catholics and Southern White Protestants show virtual parity with “Yankees” (Northern White Protestant); and (3) a projection that shows discouragingly little narrowing of intergroup education differences in the general population for the next 5 years.

Tuskegee Institute and Northern White Philanthropy: A Case Study in Fund Raising, 1900-1915

Previous articleNext article No AccessTuskegee Institute and Northern White Philanthropy: A Case Study in Fund Raising, 1900-1915Henry S. EnckHenry S. Enck Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 65, Number 4Fall 1980 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2716863 Views: 7Total views on this site Journal History This article was published in The Journal of Negro History (1916-2001), which is continued by The Journal of African American History (2002-present). Copyright 1980 The Association for the Study of African American Life and HistoryPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Background characteristics in the U.S. adult population 1952–1973: A survey-metric model

Data from 30 surveys (46,356 cases from 10 Michigan Election Surveys and 20 Gallup polls) are analyzed to study the interrelations of cohort, sex, race, region, and education from 1952 to 1973. A d-system model is developed that pools results from the various surveys into a set of parameters forming a flowgraph model. This technique allows one to see whether the surveys used are consistent and whether the results are consistent with outside sources such as census reports. (Generally speaking, the surveys were found to be consistent and the model showed generally good fit with census and NORC General Social Survey estimates, but significant differences in two or three parameters.) A computer model of the system is used to generate implications and extrapolations. Substantively, the main results were: (1) a definite trend away from sex equality in education, especially for college attendance; (2) very little narrowing in race, region, and religious differences in education, until the most recent cohorts where Northern White Catholics and Southern White Protestants show virtual parity with “Yankees” (Northern White Protestant); and (3) a projection that shows discouragingly little narrowing of intergroup education differences in the general population for the next 5 years.