Northern Territories Research Articles

Archival Analysis of Slash-And-Burn Agriculture in the Northern Ural Mountains at the End of the Nineteenth Century

AbstractAt the end of the nineteenth century, the northern territories of the Russian Plain and western piedmont of Northern Ural Mountains were under various land-use systems, including slash-and-burn (SAB) agriculture. Using archival materials for the years 1880–1910 as data sources, we analyse the the location and extent of SAB agriculture, it timing, and its impact on the landscapes at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and present a review of the historical and ethnographic literature. The study area is in the western piedmont of the Northern Ural Mountains, between the Kama and Pechora rivers in dark conifer dominated forests. The population is sparse (14 people per 100 km² in 1900) and settled along the rivers. In 1885 the practice of SAB agriculture was totally prohibited, but the unusually large crop harvest during the first years of the ban led people to risk breaking the law. Between the years 1885 and 1894 a total number of 175 SAB cases was recorded in the study area. The SAB sites were used only once before being abandoned. The recorded plots were usually cultivated by one family. They small (0.03 ha to 2.70 ha, with a median of 0.55 ha) and located within 7.5 km of the settlements. The practice SAB agriculture led to the formation of mosaics of multiple-aged pyrogenic forest associations near the settlements.

Development of an environmentally safe non-mechanized technology of the polluted forest areas reclamation

The inaccessibility of forest areas dictates the need to optimize the ways of their reclamation in case of pollution. The northern regions are highly vulnerable. To determine the degree of pollution, a variant of mapping the site with the determination of the degree of pollution was considered. Water sampling in the contaminated zone indicates intensive processes of decomposition organically exceeding the MPC. The penetration depth of contaminants is up to 95 cm. With prolonged exposure to organo-fat contaminants covering surfaces, death of vegetation and forest stands is noted. With distance from the source of pollution, the projective cover of some types of vegetation increases. 2 variants of reclamation are considered: mechanized and two-stage treatment directly at the site of pollution, carried out using additional aeration. Accelerated decomposition of contaminants up to 9 days at a dose of 15 g/l was confirmed. The results of the treatment is an increase in the pH of the medium from acidic to neutral. The height of the layer of organic surface contamination is reduced by 88% in 9 days when the mixture is aerated. The second stage is also confirmed by a decrease in the nitrogen concentration by 1.5–2 times, while the transparency of the solution increases by 2–2.5 times. The peculiarity of the revealed method of reclamation is a two-stage biodegradation, implemented directly in the natural environment without the use of machines and mechanisms. According to the results of a technical and economic comparison of the costs of the two reclamation options, the use of the new technology turned out to be 9 times cheaper, and the time costs are reduced by 2 times and can be 14 days, which is acceptable for the northern territories.

METHODOLOGY OF REMOTE ASSESSMENT OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNEXPLORED LAKES OF THE CONTINENTAL PART OF THE RUSSIAN TUNDRA

A methodology has been proposed to assess the hydrophysical and chemical-biological characteristics of unexplored small and medium lakes (with an area of up to 100 km2) in the Arctic territories of Russia using remote sensing and mathematical modeling methods. The methodology is based on the use of a one-dimensional model of hydrothermodynamic and chemical-biological processes in water bodies FLake. The technique makes it possible to obtain an estimate of heat transfer between the atmosphere, ice, water, and bottom sediments, the date of ice cover formation, its thickness, and duration of existence of freeze-up, calculate profiles of water and bottom sediment temperature and dissolved oxygen by depth based on information on geographical coordinates and lake’s surface area. Contact measurements are not required, which is extremely important for hard-to-reach and poorly explored northern territories of our country.

Financial support for the development of the northern territories of the country

This article studies the issues related to the economic development of the Lower Angara region located in Krasnoyarsk Territory, analyzes the state programs for the development of the Soviet and post-Soviet era territory, and makes an attempt to determine the reasons for the unsuccessful implementation of it. Based on the conclusions made, a new approach to the socio-economic development of the area has been proposed. It consists in the application of a number of specialized industrial clusters on the territory. It is proposed to use bond financing for the financial basis of its formation. To substantiate it, the analysis of the current state of the national bond market in terms of volumes of issuance, maturity has been made and segments of the corporate bond market in the country have been considered. It is suggested that the use of an appropriate financial infrastructure would make the bond financing mechanism operation more effective.

Phylogeography of Oak Species in the Caucasus Based on the Results of Chloroplast DNA Analysis

In order to study the biogeography and history of the temperate biota of the Caucasian region, one of the centers of biological diversity of Eurasia, the phylogeographic structure of the chloroplast DNA of roburoid oaks (Quercus L. sect. Quercus, Fagaceae) was studied. We analyzed 926 trees of five species (Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, Q. hartwissiana, Q. macranthera) from 70 populations located in different parts of the Caucasus. Sequencing of five fragments with a total length of more than 10 000 bp revealed eight haplotypes, which were typed using chloroplast microsatellite loci (cpSSR), sequencing, and restriction analysis. The Quercus phylogenetic tree, which includes 34 chloroplast haplotypes of Western Eurasian and East Asian roburoid species, confirmed the monophyly of roburoid oaks, which form several lines that do not have supported topological relationships with each other. The haplotypes identified in the Caucasus belong to two divergent Western Eurasian lineages. These haplotypes are endemic for the Eastern Black Sea and Caucasian region and do not have related haplotypes beyond its borders, which indicates the long-term presence of oaks in the Caucasus and the historical links of the oaks of the Caucasian region with the Eastern Crimea and Eastern Turkey in the absence of chloroplast DNA exchanges with the Eastern European part of the range. The results of the present study indicate that Caucasian populations could not significantly contribute to the colonization of northern territories, and were not influenced by more northern populations, at least through seed transfer. The distribution zones of the Caucasian haplotypes almost do not intersect with each other, occupying certain geographical areas, probably due to the settlement from individual glacial refugia and genetic drift. The geographical structure of chloroplast DNA variability indicates a long-term presence of oak in addition to Western Transcaucasia (Colchis refugium), in the regions of the Northwestern, Central, Eastern Caucasus and the Lesser Caucasus. The coincident composition of the haplotypes of the studied oak species within the geographic regions indicates the long-term coexistence of different species in different parts of the Caucasus.

Воздействие демографических факторов на трудовые ресурсы северных регионов ресурсного типа

The demographic challenges faced by Northern regions are closely tied to economic development and require specific methodological approaches that account for the unique population dynamics in the vast but sparsely populated northern territories of the Russian Federation. This article explores the theoretical aspects of regional socio-economic development in relation to the demographic system and trends in socio-economic development. The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of demographic factors on the current labor market and workforce structure in Northern resource-based regions (NRBRs). Examining the present situation in these regions reveals a certain degree of population stabilization, with the exception of the Magadan region, population aging, an increase in demographic burden, and urbanization. A correlation and regression analysis shows significant direct and inverse relationships with factors shaping the labor market. A conclusion is made about the statistically significant positive relationship between male and female employment rates and parameters such as the share of the working-age population and the level of education. The study’s scientific novelty lies in the methodological approach developed and tested by the authors to evaluate demographic and economic factors influencing the modern labor market in NRBRs. Further development of state mechanisms to regulate demographic development is necessary to ensure that the regional labor market is adequately supplied with skilled personnel. The implementation of the Concept of Demographic Policy of the Russian Federation until 2025 and the Demography National Project can have a positive impact on demographic processes and the formation of regional labor markets. The results of the study can be valuable to executive authorities for monitoring and forecasting socio-economic processes at the regional level.

Потенциал пищевых ресурсов леса в развитии агролесоводства Архангельской области

The problem of food security is always relevant for society, but it is even more acute for the inhabitants of northern territories due to unfavorable agricultural conditions. The use of forest food resources, which are abundant in northern regions, and the development of agroforestry help to solve this problem. Agroforestry in this context is seen as an intensive system of sustainable forest management that has a goal-oriented concept tailored to local ecological and socio-economic conditions and integrates both agricultural and forestry practices. This article aims to explore the potential and role of forest food resources in achieving self-sufficiency for the inhabitants of the Arkhangelsk region, as well as the feasibility of implementing agroforestry practices in forestry. The following objectives were pursued and addressed to achieve the research goal: reviewing journal articles, research results, and statistical data on the use of wild plants; conducting original research to understand and evaluate the role and place of wild plants in the dietary habits of the Arkhangelsk region’s population, as well as the goals and characteristics of plant harvesting; assessing the potential of berry cultivation in the region; identifying challenges and prospects associated with the use and development of forest food resources. The study employed a combination of theoretical, empirical, and comprehensive research methods, including document analysis, marketing research in the form of a survey of Arkhangelsk region residents, and SWOT analysis. The comprehensive study generated conclusions and recommendations regarding the utilization of forest food resources in agroforestry, as well as the need for further research on predictive models for berry yields and interactive maps showcasing the locations of wild plants accessible to the local population. A practical innovation proposed in this study is the development of interactive GIS maps to be used by the region’s inhabitants that display the localization of wild plants based on a network of fixed testing sites. This approach aims to foster sustainable and multifaceted forest management development.

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: A Passage to India.

The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) emerged first in Europe and then spread to Eastern Asia, including Japan and China, from the Northern Territories of Australia at the end of the 19th century. Its route to India, however, is less well known as there is little evidence for large importations of cattle from Australia. The lack of accurate diagnostic tests at this time meant veterinary authorities relied solely on clinical and pathological signs, many of which were non-specific. Consequently, any diagnoses of CBPP reported in the early 20th century must be viewed with caution. More convincing reports of CBPP confirmed by laboratory tests were made in the 1930s and 1940s in the Indian state of Assam. Eradication campaigns began in the 1940s with immunizations of live attenuated vaccines and then more comprehensively in the 1950s and 1960s, supplemented with serological screening and the establishment of quarantine centres at international borders. The last case of CBPP, reported to WOAH, was seen in 1990, but the launch of a new awareness campaign in Assam in 2002 and recent reports of the disease in Pakistan suggests the disease has persisted in the Indian subcontinent well into the 21st century.

ON THE PROBLEM OF SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONS BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE SETTLEMENTS OF THE HALAF CULTURE OF THE EASTERN EUPHRATES

In the Russian archeology an opinion about the egalitarian appearance of the Neolithic settlements of the Halaf culture in Northern Mesopotamia was established. An assumption about the correspondence of its social structure to the level of chiefdom was made. However, no special studies in this direction have been carried out until now. This article contains the experience of identifying of social information from the archaeological sources of settlements in North-Eastern Syria. Developing the idea of the multicomponent specific of large settlements, the data that the link of social unification was a large family community are showed. Modern knowledge about the settlements allow to suggest that leaders of large-family communities exercised control over the development of specific sections of the settlement. Rare structural elements in housing construction (stone foundation, different qualities of wall plastering, floor covering, stone paving of the yard), which were not in the tradition of the Halaf cultural population, allow to consider them as signs of property and social gradation. In Russian and foreign science, a high level of pottery production in the Halaf culture has been noted. It is noted that the formation of independent production activity began with pottery, whereas in the relatively northern territories of Eurasia, many centuries later, this process began with metallurgy. This constitutes a feature of the ancient history of Mesopotamia.

Эколого-биологические и морфологические особенности возбудителя трихинеллёза в Кировской области и оптимизация мер борьбы

Trichinellosis is one of the most dangerous zoonosis. The analysis of different methods of prevention in helminthology indicates an increasing attention to such zoonotic diseases as trichinellosis in the World and Russia. Wild animals as a source of infection play the leading role in human infection. The task of present work is diagnostics, prevention of helminthozoonosis and improved monitoring and surveillance of the dissemination of trichinellosis. Practical application of expertise of meat and meat products from hunter’s trophies allows preventing infection of human and domestic animals with dangerous zoonosis. The article considers the influence of low temperatures, and the improvement of the fight against trichinosis in the northern territories. The index and shape of the capsule of trichinella in carnivores have differences. Apparently, these features are due to the peculiarities of parasite-host relationships and differences in the morphology of muscle tissue myosymplasts in various animals, and are species-specific for the host animals of trichinella. The conducted studies confirm the effectiveness of the combination of methods of compressor trichinoscopy and digestion in the artificial gastric juice for postmortem diagnosis of trichinosis of wild animals. When comparing these methods, it was found that the method of digestion in artificial gastric juice is more sensitive compared to compressor trichinoscopy, but it is less effective in detecting dead trichinella. New technologies for disinfection of carcasses and residual muscle mass after hides have been milled have also been developed for mechanical harvesting stations; for this, special refrigerating chambers and solutions of disinfectants have been proposed. Trichinella of the northern territories are more resistant to low temperatures, therefore, disinfection modes should be increased (both temperature and exposure time). So, for example, if pork is frozen at a temperature of -15 oC, and according to the recommendation of the International Commission on Trichinosis, it is necessary to keep the meat for at least 3–4 weeks, and carcasses of wild animals should be frozen for at least 3 weeks at a temperature of less than -20 oC.

Формирование территориальных систем теплоснабжения в северных и арктических субъектах России

The article deals with the most important problems of the communal complex in the subjects of the Far North and the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The main attention is paid to the aspects of formation of territorial heat supply systems, which are the basic components of the infrastructure of life support in harsh polar natural and climatic conditions. The impact of the growth of utility tariffs on the structure of consumer spending of households in the northern and arctic regions is assessed. It is shown that the state of the municipal energy sector determines the formation of the socio-economic environment and investment attractiveness of the Arctic munici-palities. Its renewal and modernization are the main conditions that contribute to reducing the rate of migration outflow of the local population, increasing industrial production and the state military–strategic presence in this important macro-region. Despite the predominance of energy sector specialization in the list of leading industrial enterprises, the presence of the necessary fuel and raw materials base and increased inflow of investment resources in the energy sector, there is further obsolescence and reduction of fixed assets of municipal energy supply units as well as the highest level of utility consumer costs in comparison with all-Russian indicators. The conclusion about the loss of previously available territorial infrastructure advantages of the Russian Arctic regions is substantiated: there has been a reduction in the total number of heat sources, territorial energy production, the length of heat communication networks. The increase of these energy threats is a factor limiting the socio-economic growth of Russia’s northern and arctic territories.

Промышленное освоение территорий Арктической зоны Якутии и этнологическая экспертиза инвестиционных проектов

The purpose of the work is to assess the consequences of the industrial development of the territories of traditional nature management of the indigenous peoples of the North. In order to achieve the goal, the investment projects planned on the territory of the Arctic and considered in the ethnological expertise of the Yakutia are analyzed. The structure of the Yakutia economy is dominated by the mining industry. The Arctic and northern territories of Yakutia are characterized by high vulnerability to technogenic impacts. In 2012–2021, 39 investment business projects were considered in the republic’s ethnological expertise, including 12 ones in the Arctic and northern regions. In order to improve the health and quality of life of indigenous peoples in the areas of industrial development, it is necessary to conclude a trilateral Co-operation Agreement between the project customer, state authorities and authorized representatives of indigenous peoples. In order to monitor the quality of life of indigenous peoples, it is necessary to adopt the Program of ethno-ecological monitoring in the territories of traditional nature management. The study was carried out using historical-geographical, analytical, synthetic, statistical methods. The results of the work can be applied by specialists of state structures, scientists, students.

Japan's foreign policy in the settlement of territorial disputes

Territorial disputes are a key element of Japanese security, directly aff ecting Tokyo's relations with all three of its closest neighbors: China, Russia and South Korea. Because of its complex history of repeated invasions as well as militaristic expansion, Japan has accumulated a tangled legacy of confl icts and disputes with its neighbors over the three contiguous territories, namely Senkaku, Dokdo, and the Kuril Islands, claiming or disputing sovereignty over them. The disputes discussed in the article are a direct result of Japan's involvement in World War II and the often ambiguous language used in treaties and other documents signed at the end of it. The article presents Tokyo's position based on Japanese documents and the positions of Beijing, Seoul and Moscow based on the Cairo Declaration, the Potsdam Declaration and the San Francisco Peace Treaty. The author illustrated her arguments with maps. During the analysis physiographic and historical approaches were used. The author's examination of these disputes provides a clear picture of how the changing security environment has aff ected the position of Japan and its neighbors over time. In the 2000s, Tokyo introduced a special term — territorial diplomacy "redogayko" which goal was international recognition of the legitimacy of Japanese sovereignty over disputed territories. The Ministry of Foreign Aff airs of Japan conducts an active policy to inform the world community about the rights of Tokyo to the Senkaku Islands, Takeshima, and the socalled "Northern Territories". During the analysis of the positions of the concerned countries the author concludes that Japan successfully defends the ownership of the Senkaku Islands, but so far has no proper results with Dokdo and the Kuril Islands. Russia's attitude to these disputes cannot be passive. First, Moscow is a direct party to one of them. Second, South Korea and China are basing their arguments on Japan's imperial past and, like Russia, on World War II documents.

Blood concentrations of brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-pro-BNP) and the regulation of hemodynamic reactions in healthy adult Arctic residents

BACKGROUND: In previous studies, we have observed that the levels of Nt-pro-BNP in healthy individuals are lower than among patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension. Additionally, Nt-pro-BNP concentration increases with age. Interestingly, Arctic residents have higher levels of Nt-pro-BNP compared to those living in other northern territories.
 AIM: To study the role of Nt-pro-BNP in the regulation of hemodynamic reactions in adults residing in the Arctic.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 111 healthy adults (66 women and 45 men) aged 4655 years living and working on Svalbard, and in the Murmansk region comprised the study group. The comparison group included 118 healthy adults of the same age from the Arkhangelsk region (59 women and 59 men). Peripheral venous blood samples were taken. Hemogram and concentrations of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD10+, CD16+, CD19+, CD23+, CD25+, CD71+ lymphocytes were studied by an indirect immunoperoxidase reaction and a flow cytometry. Blood concentrations of Nt-pro-BNP, endothelin-1, total NO, endogenous NO2, nitrate NO3, cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine were assessed using enzyme immunoassay. Data were presented as means and standard errors of the mean (Mm). Depending on the distribution, unpaired t-tests or MannWhitney U-tests were used for all comparisons.
 RESULTS: Blood concentration of Nt-pro-BNP was higher in the Arctic residents compared with those living in Arkhangelsk. Elevated concentrations of Nt-pro-BNP in the Arctic residents were associated with higher levels of norepinephrine and cortisol and lower concentrations of epinephrine and endothelin-1. Moreover, we observed a re-distribution of lymphocytes and monocytes from the circulating to the marginal pool. These features of the hemodynamic reaction were more pronounced among the Arctic residents and among women in all settings.
 CONCLUSION: The effect of natriuretic peptide is associated with simultaneous activation of the concurrent activation of norepinephrine and cortisol secretion, which poses a risk of disrupting the body's mechanisms for maintaining a narrow range of osmolarity in the internal environment.

Machine Learning Modeling of Aedes albopictus Habitat Suitability in the 21st Century

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is an important vector of arboviruses that cause diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and zika. The vector is highly invasive and adapted to survive in temperate northern territories outside its native tropical and sub-tropical range. Climate and socio-economic change are expected to facilitate its range expansion and exacerbate the global vector-borne disease burden. To project shifts in the global habitat suitability of the vector, we developed an ensemble machine learning model, incorporating a combination of a Random Forest and XGBoost binary classifiers, trained with a global collection of vector surveillance data and an extensive set of climate and environmental constraints. We demonstrate the reliable performance and wide applicability of the ensemble model in comparison to the known global presence of the vector, and project that suitable habitats will expand globally, most significantly in the northern hemisphere, putting at least an additional billion people at risk of vector-borne diseases by the middle of the 21st century. We project several highly populated areas of the world will be suitable for Ae. albopictus populations, such as the northern parts of the USA, Europe, and India by the end of the century, which highlights the need for coordinated preventive surveillance efforts of potential entry points by local authorities and stakeholders.

At the Crossroads: Introducing New Work in Early America and Colonial Latin America

At the Crossroads: Introducing New Work in Early America and Colonial Latin America

Remote assessment of the characteristics of unexplored lakes of the northern territories

This article proposes a methodology for assessing the hydrophysical and chemical-biological characteristics of unstudied small and medium-sized lakes (with an area of up to 100 km2) in the northern territories of Russia (on the example of Eastern Fennoscandia) using remote sensing methods and mathematical modeling. The methodology is based on the use of a one-dimensional model of hydrothermodynamic processes in reservoirs, FLake. Based on satellite imagery of the underlying surface, the area of the lake is determined, related by private empirical relationships to the average depth, which is the input parameter for applying the model. In addition, a series of meteorological elements of standard measurements are used, obtained from the geographic coordinates of the selected object from the meteorological reanalysis of the ERA5 family. This makes it possible to evaluate the thermal characteristics of a reservoir, as well as calculate the content of dissolved oxygen in various layers of the water mass and the likelihood of anoxic conditions occurring. In this case, contact measurements are not required, which is extremely important when studying the hard-to-reach and little-studied northern territories of our country.

“Soft” Factors for Ensuring Spatial Integration of Russia’s Northern Regions

Introduction. Despite the fact that the problem of spatial integration is widely studied by scientists, science has not developed an unambiguous understanding of the factors that ensure it in practice. At the same time, the experience of developed countries indicates an increase in the role of non-economic (“soft”) factors, which include close social ties between territories. The purpose of the article is to study the social ties of the population of the northern regions of Russia from the standpoint of considering them as a “soft” factor in the integration of the socio-economic space. Materials and Methods. The object of research is the European North of Russia as an open regional socio-economic system. The theoretical part of the study is based on a critical analysis of the scientific literature on the issues of spatial integration and the study of social ties as a factor that ensures it. The analytical part is based on the use of a sound methodological approach to the study of social ties of territories, based on the results of a comprehensive analysis of the Big Data of the social network “VKontakteˮ, as well as sociological surveys of residents. Results. The role of social ties as a “soft” factor of spatial integration is substantiated. Using the developed methodological approach, the internal social ties of the northern territories, the trends towards their spatial transformation associated with the active centripetal vector of population migration to the large cities of the region, as well as St. Petersburg and Moscow, have been revealed. This leads both to the activation of agglomeration processes and to the rupture of ties with remote territories. Discussion and Conclusion. The hypothesis about the presence of closer ties between neighboring territories is confirmed, which is especially evident for the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions. However, in order to deepen integration processes, it is also important to support their production, economic, cultural, educational and other ties. The scientific significance of the work lies in the expansion of approaches to the study of spatial integration factors; substantiation of tools for a comprehensive assessment of the social ties of territories. The practical significance lies in identifying trends and directions for the spatial transformation of the social ties of the European North of Russia, which will serve as the basis for the development of effective management decisions in the field of coordinating the socio-economic development of the northern territories of Russia.

Урбанизация Российского и зарубежного Севера: сравнительный анализ количественных характеристик

Urbanization is considered as part of the transformation process of the global, national, and regional systems. The author has conducted a comparative analysis of the quantitative characteristics of urbanization in the Russian North (including the Far North-East) as well as in foreign countries (territories) of the North. The article shows that, over the past 30 years, the level of urbanization in both Russia as a whole and its northern territories has been growing very slowly on the background of the population decline, while the urbanization in the foreign countries of the North is actively continuing on the background of the population growth. The analysis of urbanization processes has revealed that the main quantitative characteristics of RussiaТs Far North-East are similar to those of Northern Canada and Alaska. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that the experience of transforming the regional economic systems in these countries should be applied for the further successful development of Magadan Oblast and Chukotka.

ВОЛИНСЬКЕ ВОЄВОДСТВО В ДРУГІЙ РЕЧІ ПОСПОЛИТІЙ: З ІСТОРІЇ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ЗМІН У 1921–1939 РОКАХ

The article examines the administrative and territorial changes that took place in the Volyn voivodeship in the interwar period. Changes in the territorial division of voivodeships became the subject of numerous discussions, the participants of which emphasized that the division into voivodeships built in 1919–1921 was imperfect and did not meet the needs of state administration and economic challenges. Most projects were presented in the 1920s in connection with the activities of three governmental and parliamentary commissions that worked on the concept of territorial division. The voivodships of the Second Polish Republic were very diverse in terms of area, population, population density, and level of economic development. Volyn voivodeship was economically and financially weak and could not withstand investment challenges, especially in terms of infrastructure, like most voivodeships. Most of the proposed changes in the administrative-territorial structure of the Volyn voivodeship concerned either the northern territories bordering the Polish voivodeship, or the western territories adjacent to the Lublin Region, but most of these proposals were not implemented. The only significant change in the territorial structure of the interwar Volhynia voivodeship was the inclusion of the Sarny County. At the same time, throughout the interwar period, internal changes took place in the administrative and territorial structure of the voivodeship.