Northern Sinaloa Research Articles

Parasitoid wasps associated with Antigastra catalaunalis (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico

New records of Hymenoptera parasitoids of the sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), are presented for Northwest Mexico. Taxonomic assignation was based on morphological features. Partial sequences of the COI region from the most common parasitoids were deposited in GenBank. Six species of wasps were obtained: Bracon (Habrobracon) platynotae Cushman (Braconidae), Eiphosoma dentator Fabricius (Ichneumonidae), Perilampus platigaster species group (Perilampidae), Brachymeria annulata Walker, Conura side Walker, Conura maculata Fabricius (Chalcididae) and Goniozus punctaticeps Kieffer (Bethylidae). Partial sequences of the COI region obtained from the most common parasitoids helped to confirm at genus level but not species. This is the first record of the association of all these parasitoid species with A. catalaunalis.

Molecular Identification and Fungicide Sensitivity of Ceratobasidium sp. (AG‐A) Isolates Causing Stem Canker on Potato in Mexico

ABSTRACTIn 2022, potato plants exhibiting symptoms of stem canker were observed in commercial fields in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. Morphological characterisation of two isolates allowed the identification of Ceratobasidium sp., whereas molecular analysis using sequences of the ITS region and the rpb2 gene distinguished the isolates within the Anastomosis Group A (AG‐A). Both isolates induced symptoms of stem canker on inoculated potato plants and exhibited median EC50 values of 19.46, 5.20, 62.71 and 0.33 μg mL−1 for the fungicides thiophanate methyl, pyraclostrobin, prochloraz and penflufen, respectively. However, the two isolates differed by > 65‐fold in their EC50 value relative to pyraclostrobin.

Comparative analysis of actual evapotranspiration values estimated by METRIC model using LOCAL data and EEFlux for an irrigated area in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico

Landsat images combined with the METRIC model have been used in applications such as EEFlux to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) in irrigated areas, with uncertainty as to whether the results are sufficiently accurate at local scales. This work compares temporally and spatially ETa estimates using Landsat imagery and the METRIC model with LOCAL measured weather data and EEFlux for an irrigated area in northern Sinaloa, Mexico, from 1995 to 2018. A regression analysis and error metrics such as coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and slope were used to compare both models. The temporal analysis results confirm that ETa differences are closely related to crop growth and that the daily mean absolute error was 1.17 mm/day. Spatial analysis showed that when using only cropland pixels without non-cropland pixels in EEFlux, the R2 increases from 0.36 to 0.73, and the RMSE decreases from 2.52 to 1.98 mm/day. Therefore, EEFlux should be limited to cropland areas, and it is suggested to exclude Landsat images close to the planting and harvesting season to reduce the differences.

Conductas de riesgo asociadas al manejo de plaguicidas químicos por parte de agricultores del norte de Sinaloa, México

The predominant agriculture in the state of Sinaloa is conventional agriculture, which implies intensive use of pesticides and exposure of many farmers to harmful chemicals. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify those risk behaviors in farmers from northern Sinaloa, Mexico when handling pesticides. Surveys were conducted with farmers from the populations located in Irrigation District 075, including 40 questions related to occupational health and personal hygiene practices. Results show that the majority of farmers (86%) know the health risks to which they are exposed by inadequate handling of pesticides. However, due to economic constraints and lack of knowledge and inspection by authorities, they do not use adequate personal protective equipment and their hygiene practices are inadequate. Consequently, it is essential to develop strategic plans to reduce the risk of intoxication by agrochemicals in rural communities, considering their direct impact on the environment.

Bioeconomic Analysis of Snook Centropomus viridis, C. nigrescens, and C. medius for the Development of Mariculture in Northern Sinaloa

The bioeconomy offers an opportunity to implement a truly sustainable global economy based on biological resources, which, thanks to biotechnologies, become renewable. In this study, we conducted a bioeconomic analysis of the three most important species of sea snook in northern Sinaloa using fishery and mathematical models to support the selection of the species with the highest growth and feasibility. Our results showed a condition factor lower than 1 (K < 1) for the three species. The size condition factor was higher in younger organisms for the three snook species. The growth rates were K = 0.320, K = 0.160, and K = 0.440 for C. viridis, C. nigrescens, and C. medius, respectively. Individual growth was 1.8 g/day for C. viridis, 1.47 g/day for C. nigrescens, and 0.91 g/day for C. medius. The length-to-weight ratio indicated negative allometric growth (b = 2.82, b = 2.72, and b = 2.73, respectively) for C. viridis, C. nigrescens, and C. medius. The simulation for possible commercial cultivation reflected varied sizes: 600 g for C. viridis and C. nigrescens and 400 g for C. medius. The financial projection of C. viridis produced IRRs of 14% and 48% in captured fishing and aquaculture models, respectively, with positive NPV. However, simulations for C. nigrescens and C. medius were not economically viable. We conclude that, according to the aquaculture model, the most financially feasible species to farm in the north of Sinaloa is C. viridis, which showed the highest growth based on fishery data compared to those for C. nigrescens and C. medius.

First report of Pectobacterium polaris causing aerial stem rot of potato in Mexico.

In Mexico, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops for local consumption and industry. More than 1.8 million tons of potatoes are produced annually, of which the state of Sinaloa contributes with 21.5% (SIAP. 2022). In January 2020, potato plants (cv. FL1867) showing aerial stem rot symptoms were observed in a commercial field from the Santa Rosa Valley, in Northern Sinaloa with an incidence of 36%. Putative pectolytic bacteria showing pitting on crystal violet pectate (CVP) plates were restreaked and purified onto Nutritive Agar (NA) medium at 28°C. Four independent isolates were obtained (L25F-83, L25F-105, L25F-115, and L25F-125) from four symptomatic stems with biochemical and morphological characteristics related to Pectobacterium, such as catalase positive, oxidase negative, pectinolytic activity, Gram-negative and non-fluorescent in B-King medium. Bacterial gDNA was used for amplification and sequencing of two housekeeping genes (dnaX and leuS) (Portier et al. 2019). The nucleotide sequence identity between our isolates was 100% with both housekeeping genes (dnaX, OP376536-OP376539 and leuS, OP376540-OP376543). The BLASTn analysis of dnaX gene shared 98.98% and 99.19% identity with two soft-rot-causing bacterial strains NIBIO1006T (CP017481) and NIBIO1392 (CP017482) of Pectobacterium polaris, respectively; and with leuS gene shared 99.56% identity with P. polaris type strain NIBIO1006T. To further validate the identification, two strains, S5 (isolate L25F-105) and S6 (L25F-125), were selected for whole genome sequencing (WGS). The ANI values for closely related species were calculated using the Orthologous Average Nucleotide Identity (Ortho-ANI) Software Tool (OAT) (Lee et al. 2016). The Type (Strain) Genome Server (TYGS) was used for accurate genome-based taxonomy (https://tygs.dsmz.de) (Meier-Kolthoff et al. 2019). The genomes of P. polaris strains S5 (4811345 pb, GC=52%, AULSZ000000000) and S6 (4809754 pb, GC=52%, JAULTA000000000) revealed 96.86% and 96.07% Ortho-ANI and 73.6% and 66.5% dDDH with P. polaris type strain NIBIO1006T and P. parvum strain CFBP8630, respectively. The MLSA was performed on concatenated complete sequences of dnaX (OR470476, OR470477), leuS (OR470484, OR470485), recA (OR470488, OR470488), acnA (OR470474, OR470475), gapA (OR470478, OR470479), gyrA (OR470480, OR470481), icdA (OR470482, OR470483), proA (OR470486, OR470487), and rpoA genes (OR470490, OR470491). The consensus tree, constructed using the maximum likelihood method (MEGA 7.0), clustered strains S5 and S6 with P. polaris strains NIBIO1006T and NIBIO1392. The four isolates resulted pathogenic in tuber slices and potato seedlings (cv. Fianna) 24 and 72 h, respectively, after being inoculated with 30 µL bacterial suspension (1 X 108 CFU/ml) and incubated at 28 °C and 85% relative humidity. Bacterial colonies were reisolated from the affected tissue and identified with the same PCR primers as described above. Accordingly, P. polaris isolates S5 and S6, fulfill Koch's postulates for aerial stem rot of potato. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. polaris causing aerial stem rot of potato in Mexico. This bacterium could be a significant threat to the local potato producers; therefore, an accurate and sensitive method of detection and epidemiological studies are needed to support an effective disease diagnosis and management program.

Weeds and ruderal plants as potential sources of inoculum for vegetable diseases in northern Sinaloa

Weeds and ruderal plants of the families Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae are addressed as potential sources of inoculum for the development of viral diseases such as Tomato apex necrosis virus (ToANV), zucchini (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV-W) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Reference is made to weeds and ruderal plants as potential sources of inoculum, including wild sunflower for powdery mildew (Golovinomyces spadiceus), wild tobacco for foliar blight (Alternaria spp.), black nightshade for leaf spot (Curvularia moehlemvekiae), Johnson grass for foliar blight (Alternaria sp.), and wild castor bean for foliar blight (Alternaria ricini) and wild melon for downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis). Future lines of multidisciplinary research focusing on the determination of pathogenicity in cultivated plants of viruses and fungi associated with wild plants and vice versa are proposed; the spatial-temporal distribution of wild plants that may serve as sources of inoculum, as well as the of potential insect vectors of viral diseases, should also be studied. The implementation of modern molecular techniques, such as High Throughput Sequencing, for the detection of phytopathogens is important. All this will contribute to the implementation of environmentally friendly strategies for disease control in agricultural crops in Sinaloa, for the benefit of the vegetable growers.

Diversity and Pathogenicity of Anastomosis Groups of Rhizoctonia solani Isolates Associated with Potato Diseases in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico

Diversity and Pathogenicity of Anastomosis Groups of Rhizoctonia solani Isolates Associated with Potato Diseases in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico

Rethinking the Huatabampo Archaeological Tradition of Northwest Mexico

The Huatabampo tradition was first defined by Gordon Ekholm, in 1938, and refers to those sites in the coastal plain in northern Sinaloa and southern Sonora lacking architecture but containing well-manufactured plain ceramics with complex shapes. Recent investigations in the region are helping to refine the chronology, geographical extension, cultural attributes, and ethnicity. With 20 radiocarbon dates, we can place this tradition as spanning from 200 BC to AD 1450. The maximum geographical extension ranges from the Middle Rio Yaqui in the north to the Rio San Lorenzo in Sinaloa. The associated sites of this complex are represented by dispersed houses, indicative of ranchería-type settlements, funerary mounds, shell middens, and petroglyph sites. At about AD 1150, Aztatlán pottery and other commodities from southern Sinaloa were incorporated mostly as mortuary offerings. We also provide evidence that the Huatabampo archaeological tradition is a local culture representing the occupation of the Cahitan-speaking groups, Yoremem/Mayos and Yoemem/Yaquis, of the coastal plain.

Biostimulants on yield and its components in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Objective: To study the effect of biostimulants on yield and its components in Azufrado Higuera beans in northern Sinaloa. Design/Methodology/Approach: Randomized complete block design with three repetitions, a common bean variety, and five treatments (four biostimulants and one control). Assessed variables: plant height, yield, and its components. Results: The seaweed-based (Ascophyllum nodosum and Macrocystis pyrifera) Fia Kelp® biostimulant caused a remarkable increase in plant height, seed yield, number of seeds per pod, and 100-seed weight. Study Limitations/Implications: The study was carried out during a single crop cycle. Therefore, an ongoing assessment of the biostimulants used must be carried out during more consecutive cycles to prove their effect on the aerial biomass characteristics, harvest index, and number of pods per m2. Findings/Conclusions: Foliar application of biostimulants had a positive effect on seed yield and some of its components with respect to the control. The number of normal pods per m2 was the variable with the highest correlation percentage regarding seed yield.

Hematologic parameters and the effect of hemoparasites of wild anurans in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico.

Few hematologic profiles for free-ranging amphibians are available. Hematologic evaluation is a useful tool for determining the health of amphibian populations and providing further knowledge for conservation actions. Hematologic variables and the presence and effect of hemoparasites in anuran species were evaluated in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico. Blood samples were collected from wild anurans of eight species to perform blood cell counts, leukocyte differential counts, and serum protein concentrations using manual methods and refractometry. In addition, morphologic identification and quantification of the hemoparasites were performed on blood smears. Differences were observed by sex, age, and season for the hematologic values of Incilius alvarius (n = 23), Incilius mazatlanensis (n = 46), Rhinella horribilis (n = 64), Leptodactylus melanonotus (n = 46), Lithobates forreri (n = 135), Lithobates catesbeianus (n = 20), Smilisca fodiens (n = 42), and Scaphiopus couchii (n = 7). Intra- and extra-erythrocytic hemoparasites were found in 56.2% of amphibian hosts; the hemoparasite infection of R. horribilis and L. melanonotus was higher in the dry season, showing increases in erythroplastids and monocytes. For L. forreri, males were more infected than females, and increases in leukocytes were associated with infections of different types of hemoparasites species. Hematologic values, hemoparasite prevalence, and the response to hemoparasite infection vary among amphibian species, sex, and age, as well as on season and hemoparasite type. This highlights the importance of hematologic evaluations in wild amphibian populations to determine the subclinical effects of hemoparasite infections.

Empresas camaronícolas. Un análisis por tamaño a partir de la capacidad de absorción del conocimiento

In the last decade, the aquaculture sector has played a significant role in reducing the food gap in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals and targets (SDGs); aimed at the provision of supplies, nutrition and territorial development of peoples. The objective is to relate the dimensions of absorptive capacity (CapAb) as determinants of competitive performance for shrimp farming enterprises in the municipality of Ahome, Sinaloa, Mexico. For the method, a sample of 58 Small and Medium Enterprises (SME'S) was selected, to which a survey was applied to obtain first-hand information based on the appreciation of the aquaculturists of northern Sinaloa. The results show that the Real CapAb (transformation and exploitation) determine competitive performance to a greater degree for the SMEs studied, obtaining a positive and statistically significant correlation. The research contributes to the specialized literature an empirical analysis with theoretical support by highlighting the role of the absorption capacity of scientific-technological knowledge; by contributing to business competitiveness, in a fishing sector little studied in this line of research. Limitations: it is based on a sample of limited size, also in defined geographical areas and primary sector.

Molecular phylogenetic and taxonomic status of the large-eared desert shrew Notiosorex evotis (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae)

Abstract Notiosorex is the only genus of shrews in North America with particular adaptations for arid habitats such as deserts. Five species currently are recognized in the genus, one of which, Notiosorex evotis, lives in deciduous rain forest from northern Sinaloa to the state of Jalisco in México. Notiosorex evotis originally was described as a subspecies of N. crawfordi; however, it was recently proposed as a valid species based on a discriminant function analysis of craniodental characters. Morphological differentiation between N. evotis populations and sympatric occurrences with N. crawfordi in northern Sinaloa have been recognized. Here, we used a phylogenetic analysis of a mitochondrial gene (Cytb; 1,140 bp) and the nuclear beta fibrinogen intron 7 (β-fib I7; 385 bp), as well as cranial geometric morphometrics, to assess the taxonomic status of N. evotis. We found sequences of N. evotis forming two main subclades: one that includes the populations of the state of Sinaloa, the other including populations of Nayarit and Jalisco. The boundaries between the two groups seem to be related to the ecotonal cline between the Pacific Lowlands province and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt province, which acts as a geographical barrier. The discriminant function analysis revealed clear differences in skull shape between the three species of Notiosorex to the northwest of its distribution. Considering these multiple lines of evidence from our data set, we confirm that N. evotis is a monotypic species. Our results suggest that geometric morphometrics can be used successfully to identify sibling species by shape, especially in groups where determination by craniodental measurements is not possible.

Usos e importancia biocultural de la miel en comunidades Yoreme-Mayo del norte de Sinaloa

Beekeeping has been present in the Yoreme-Mayo communities for a long time, however, the role that this activity and its products play in these native groups of the region is little known, so the aim of this research is to identify the uses and biocultural value of honey in Yoreme-Mayo communities in northern Sinaloa. Methods and techniques: It is a descriptive, qualitative and cross-sectional study, whereby the survey application technique was applied using a questionnaire intended to 43 postgraduate students from the Autonomous Indigenous University of Mexico belonging to this indigenous group. The sampling was carried out with the snowball technique. With the data collected, an Excel database was generated, systematized into four sections: a) honey consumption, b) beekeeping and its economic importance in the Yoreme-Mayo community, c) uses of honey and d) biocultural value of honey. Results: most of the consumption in their diet due to its medicinal properties (47.72%), and it is generally consumed once a month (30.23%). The most important characteristics for the consumer were the season of the year in which the honey was produced and the colour (both with 20.93%), where amber was preferred (31.81%). 52.27% of the participants think that its natural origin is also important. Although for some consumers the place of origin of the honey is not very important as long as it is from local hives or combs (27.77%), a certain tendency for those whose origin is the scrubland (16.66%) was mentioned. Traditional beekeeping represents an economic livelihood for Yoreme-Mayo families, since the majority stated that many of them depend on the production of honey for their monthly expenditure (42.50%). The most common use of honey in the communities is for consumption due to its medicinal properties (51.56%). When we asked about the cultural and/ or spiritual value that honey can have for the Yoremes, they highlighted its use for traditional medicinal preparations (34.21%). Conclusions: the cultural and spiritual value of honey in its community is based on its relationship with the huyya annia, in the pascola dance and in the preservation of identity through traditional practices such as beekeeping.

Determinants of artificial insemination use in cattle in northern Sinaloa, Mexico

Objective: To identify the factors that determine the use of artificial insemination by cattle producers in northern Sinaloa. Design/methodology/approach: We used a discrete-choice logit model for 200 cattle producers from northern Sinaloa. Results: Four variables were significant (p£0.05): two of them reduce the probability that the farmer will adopt the artificial insemination technology (age and distance from the ranch to the municipality), while the other two increase the probability of adoption (income from the sale of calves and machinery and equipment index). Limitations/implications: The results only apply to the sample from three municipalities in northern Sinaloa, although they may be useful for other regions with similar characteristics. Findings/conclusions: Farmers with a higher rate of machinery and equipment have a 36.43% probability of adoption.

New record of Golovinomyces ambrosiae on Solanum azureum (Solanaceae) in Mexico

We report the powdery mildew Golovinomyces ambrosiae (Schwein.) U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook for the first time on silverleaf nightshade (Solanum azureum Fernald), a host plant endemic to northern Sinaloa and southern Sonora, Mexico. No teleomorph was observed, requiring the fungal species to be identified based on morphological characteristics of the anamorph. Phylogenetic analyses of the ITS region and the partial sequence of the β-tubulin gene from four specimens confirmed the identity of the species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. ambrosiae on S. azureum in Mexico and worldwide.

Chlorpyrifos and Dimethoate in Water and Sediments of Agricultural Drainage Ditches in Northern Sinaloa, Mexico.

In northern Sinaloa state, Mexico, little is known on organophosphate pesticide transport and fate in agricultural drainage systems. Spatial and temporal variation of chlorpyrifos and dimethoate was assessed in two agricultural drainage ditches (Buenaventura and Burrión) and risk for aquatic life was estimated. Analysis was made by high performance liquid chromatography and risk estimates were determined following international reference frameworks. In water, the highest chlorpyrifos concentration in the Buenaventura ditch was 5.49µgL-1, and 3.43µg L-1 in the Burrión ditch. Dimethoate was quantified only once in both ditches (0.44µgL-1 and 0.49µgL-1). In sediment, chlorpyrifos was quantified only in the Burrión ditch (242µgkg-1). Chlorpyrifos concentrations surpassed water and sediment quality criteria, representing a hazard for environmental and human health, as both ditches discharge into the Gulf of California and are used for capture of commercial species such as the grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and cauque prawn (Macrobrachium americanum).

Retraction to: Molecular phylogenetic and taxonomic status of the large-eared desert shrewNotiosorex evotis(Eulipotyphla: Soricidae), with the designation of a neotype

Abstract Notiosorex is the only genus of shrews in North America with particular adaptations for arid habitats such as deserts. Five species currently are recognized in the genus, one of which, Notiosorex evotis, lives in deciduous rain forest from northern Sinaloa to the state of Jalisco in Mexico. Notiosorex evotis originally was described as a subspecies of N. crawfordi; however, it was recently proposed as a valid species based on a discriminant function analysis of craniodental characters. Morphological differentiation between N. evotis populations and sympatric occurrences with N. crawfordi in northern Sinaloa have been recognized. Here, we used a phylogenetic analysis of a mitochondrial gene (Cytb; 1,140 bp) and the nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 (β-fib I7; 385 bp), as well as cranial geometric morphometrics, to assess the taxonomic status of N. evotis. We found sequences of N. evotis forming two main subclades: one that includes the populations of the state of Sinaloa, the other including populations of Nayarit and Jalisco. The boundaries between the two groups seem to be related to the ecotonal cline between the Pacific Lowlands province and the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt province, which acts as a geographical barrier. The discriminant function analysis revealed clear differences in skull shape between the three species of Notiosorex to the northwest of its distribution. Considering these multiple lines of evidence from our data set, we confirm that N. evotis is a monotypic species. Our results suggest that geometric morphometrics can be used successfully to identify sibling species by shape, especially in groups where determination by craniodental measurements is not possible.

Improving the monitoring of corn phenology in large agricultural areas using remote sensing data series

Aim of study: Mexico's large irrigation areas demand non-structural actions to improve the irrigation service, such as monitoring crop phenology; however, its application has been limited by the large volumes of field information generated, diversity of crop management and climatic variability. The objective of this study was to generate and validate a methodology to monitor corn (Zea mays L.) phenology from the historical relationship of the vegetation indexes (VIs), EVI and NDVI, with the phenological development (PD) of corn grown in large irrigation zones.Area of study: Irrigation District (ID) 075 “Valle del Fuerte”, northern Sinaloa, Mexico.Material and methods: We used a database of 20 years of climate, field crop growth and crop phenology data, and Landsat satellite images. A methodology was proposed on a large scale supported with GIS and remote sensing data series.Main results: The methodology was validated in 19 plots with an acceptable correlation between observed PD and estimated PD for the two VIs, with slightly better values for EVI than for NDVI. NDVI and EVI models agreed with experimental PD observations in 92.1% of the farms used to validate the methodology, in 2.5% only the NDVI model coincided with the real, in 3.1% only the EVI model coincided, and in 2.3% both models disagreed with observation, generated a stage out of phase with respect to the real phenological stage.Research highlights: is possible to generalize the methodology applied to large irrigation zones with remote sensing data and GIS.

Razas fisiológicas de Puccinia triticina E. identificadas en el norte de Sinaloa y resistencia de germoplasma

La roya de la hoja causada por Puccinia triticina E. es la enfermedad más importante en el norte y noroeste de México. En el norte de Sinaloa está ampliamente distribuida en las zonas de producción de trigo del Valle del Fuerte y Valle del Carrizo; sin embargo, se desconoce que razas están incidiendo en dicha región. El objetivo fue identificar las razas fisiológicas de roya de la hoja, que se presentan en las principales zonas productoras del norte de Sinaloa e identificar germoplasma con resistencia. Durante el ciclo de cultivo otoño-invierno 2018-2019, se colectaron 50 muestras de roya de la hoja de lotes experimentales y comerciales, dichas muestras se trasladaron al Lanarec. Con la técnica de monopostulares, se realizó la identificación de razas. Posteriormente con las razas más frecuentes se evaluaron bajo condiciones de invernadero y por su resistencia en plántula y planta adulta 35 genotipos de trigo harinero. Se identificaron siete razas fisiológicas de roya de la hoja (CBJ/QQ, MBT/SP, MCT/SP, MGJ/SP, MBJ/SP, MBJ/QQ, MFJ/SP), de las cuales la CBJ/QQ se identificó con mayor frecuencia (29%). De los 35 genotipos evaluados con las razas CBJ/QQ y MCT/SP, se determinó que CONATRIGO F2015 y las líneas CHEWINK #1/MUTUS//MUTUS*2/HARIL#1 y MUTUS*2//ND643/2*WBLL1/3/BORL14 fueron resistentes en plántula y planta adulta a las dos razas, lo que indica que posee al menos un gen de resistencia efectivo a roya de la hoja. La resistencia genética es una de las alternativas de manejo sustentable más viable para el control de las royas del trigo en México.