Northern Part Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Nutritional Status and Associated Socioeconomic Factors of 15-49 Years Garo Ethnic Women Residing in Northern Part of Bangladesh: a Cross Sectional Observational Survey

Adequate nutrition is a prerequisite for attaining good health, quality of life, and national productivity. Ethnic women usually lead diverse life style and cultural practices. This makes them important area of study. An observational crosssectional study was conducted at Mymensingh district to explore nutritional status and socioeconomic factors of 15-49 years Garo ethnic women. Face to face interview was carried out and convenient sampling technique was used to collect data and verbal consent was taken from community leader prior to interview. Nutritional status was determined according to BMI cut off value for Asian population. Mean age of respondents was 34.27 years. More than half of the respondents neither read nor write. Mean income of respondents was 73.087 USD per month. The study found 67%, 30% and 3% were underweight, normal and overweight respectively. Statistical significant association was found between nutritional status and age group, education and occupation. Effective nutrition education programme can be instituted.

Bangladesh Cerebral Palsy Register (BCPR): a pilot study to develop a national cerebral palsy (CP) register with surveillance of children for CP.

BackgroundThe causes and pathogenesis of cerebral palsy (CP) are all poorly understood, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). There are gaps in knowledge about CP in Bangladesh, especially in the spheres of epidemiological research, intervention and service utilization. In high-income countries CP registers have made substantial contributions to our understanding of CP. In this paper, we describe a pilot study protocol to develop, implement, and evaluate a CP population register in Bangladesh (i.e., Bangladesh Cerebral Palsy Register - BCPR) to facilitate studies on prevalence, severity, aetiology, associated impairments and risk factors for CP.Methods/DesignThe BCPR will utilise a modified version of the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register (ACPR) on a secured web-based platform hosted by the Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Australia. A standard BCPR record form (i.e., data collection form) has been developed in consultation with local and international experts. Using this form, the BPCR will capture information about maternal health, birth history and the nature of disability in all children with CP aged <18 years. The pilot will be conducted in the Shahjadpur sub-district of Sirajgonj district in the northern part of Bangladesh. There are 296 villages in Shahjadpur, a total population of 561,076 (child population ~ 226,114), an estimated 70,998 households and 12,117 live births per annum. Children with CP will be identified by using the community based Key Informants Method (KIM). Data from the completed BPCR record together with details of assessment by a research physician will be entered into an online data repository.DiscussionOnce implemented, BCPR will be, to the best of our knowledge, the first formalised CP register from a LMIC. Establishment of the BCPR will enable estimates of prevalence; facilitate clinical surveillance and promote research to improve the care of individuals with CP in Bangladesh.

Reproductive Performances and Management Effects on Productions of Indigenous Dairy Cows Raised at Char Areas in Northern Bangladesh

AbstractThe study was conducted to assess the existing reproductive performances and the effect of nutritional supplementation on productions of indigenous cows in Char areas (remote river Jamuna sand islands) in northern part of Bangladesh from October 2009 to March 2010. The study also projected the frequency and determinants of long calving interval (LCI), retention of foetal membrane (RFM), dystocia (D), and abortion (A) in indigenous cattle and explored production trends. Fifty seven dairy households (average breedable cows = 2, range 1 to 3) were visited and data on reproductive, breeding and management histories were collected and statistically analyzed. Overall, 125 breedable indigenous cows were observed to be alive at different stages. The mean (±SE) calving interval were 492 ± 15days and the interval between calving and the initiation of ovarian activity were 143 ± 6.7 days. Birth rate was 53.7 per 100 cows year, with birth been reported to occur in all over of the year. Of the 87 cows that were reported to have calved more than once in their lifetime, 6(6.9%) and 5(5.7%) were associated with abortion and dystocia, respectively. Eight (9.2%) of the animals suffered RFM. All cows were dewormed and supplemented with vitamin-mineral premixes. The body weight of 125 cows and the milk yield of 71 lactating cows were recorded. The mean (± SD) body weight and daily milk yields of the cows during initial and end of veterinary interventions were 121.1 ± 21.0 kg, 1.5 ± 0.1 litres; 165.0 ± 14.0kg and 2.3 ± 0.02 litres, respectively. After productive veterinary interventions, there was an apparent effect of improved health on body weight gain (80g/cow/day) and the average milk yield increased from 1.5 to 2.3 litre/cow. It was concluded that, the present estimate of LCI, birth rate, prevalence of peripartum disorders attributes as the indicators of poor reproductive performances of cows and the productive veterinary health care services improved the general health and production status of the dairy cows in char areas.

The third genotypic clusters of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) found in Bangladesh

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci is a species complex that possessed several biotypes including different genotypic clusters within species, which may differ from each other genetically and physiologically but morphologically alike. This study was performed by molecular analysis for easy identification of whitefly and describes its biotype throughout Bangladesh. Whiteflies have been identified from different places of Bangladesh based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences analysis. The mtCOI sequences of BW3 (collected from eastern part of Bangladesh) whitefly were diverged by 14.5% and 15.1% compared with B and Q biotypes from Korea and it also diverged by 15.4% and 13.7% from each other compared to BW1 (collected from southern part of Bangladesh) and BW2 (collected from northern part of Bangladesh), respectively within the country. The 16S rRNA sequences of BW3 whitefly were more deviated by 41.5%, 10.7%, 42.7% and 12.6% compared with the country populations from BW1, BW2, B and Q biotypes, respectively. Moreover, it showed high divergences from indigenous whiteflies of southern and northern part of Bangladesh which clustered in a different clade on both mtCOI and 16S rRNA phylogeny. Therefore, till date three genotypic cluster of indigenous whitefly BW1, BW2 and BW3 are identified from Bangladesh.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 40(1): 1-16, March 2015

Analgesic principle from Curcuma amada

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe rhizome of Curcuma amada has been used as a folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatic disorders in the northern part of Bangladesh and has also used for the treatment of inflammation and fever in the Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine. Aim of the study was to investigate the analgesic principle of the MeOH extract of the rhizome of Curcuma amada by an in vivo bioassay guided chromatographic separation and purification, and the structure elucidation of the purified compound by spectroscopic methods. Materials and methodsDried powder of Curcuma amada rhizomes was extracted with MeOH. The analgesic activity of the crude extract and its chromatographic fractions as well as the purified compound itself was evaluated by the acetic acid induced writhing method and the formalin induced licking test in Swiss albino mice. The MeOH extract was separated by chromatographic methods and the pure active compound was purified by crystallization in hexanes. The structure of the pure compound was then elucidated by spectroscopic methods. ResultsThe MeOH extract of Curcuma amada exhibited 41.63% and 45.53% inhibitions in the acetic acid induced writhing method at doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, respectively. It also exerted 20.43% and 28.50% inhibitions in early phase at doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, respectively, and 30.41% and 42.95% inhibitions in late phase at doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, respectively in the formalin induced licking test. Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) of crude extract yielded five fractions and Fr. 1 was found to have the most potent analgesic activity with inhibitions of 36.96% in the acetic acid induced writhing method and 47.51% (early phase), 39.50% (late phase) in the formalin induced licking test at a dose of 200mg/kg. Column chromatography of Fr. 1 on silica gel generated seven fractions (SF. 1–SF. 7). SF. 2 showed the most potent activity with inhibition of 49.81% in the acetic acid induced writhing method at a dose of 100mg/kg. Crystallization of SF. 2 yielded (1) (zederone, 520mg). It showed statistically significant inhibitions of 38.91% and 52.14% in the acetic acid induced writhing method at doses of 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, it also showed statistically significant inhibitions of 27.79% and 29.93% (early phase) and of 38.24% and 46.08% (late phase) in the formalin induced licking test at doses of 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg, respectively. ConclusionIsolation and characterization of zederone (1) as analgesic principle of Curcuma amada corroborate its use in Ayurvedic, Unani and folk medicines for the treatment of rheumatic disorders and also contributing to its pharmacological validation.

Medical Waste: Environmental Health Hazard in the Northern Part of Bangladesh

Introduction: This study expl ores the types of Healthcare Establishments (HCEs) and their amount and kind of medical waste generation and the types in 27 HCE in Rangpur City Corporation (RCC) area include hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic canters. Private HCE’s providing surgical, ob stetrical, dialysis and pathological services were integrated in this survey because they may generate large amounts of transmittable waste and can major source of environmental health hazard. Methodology: Primary data collection methodology was adopted i ncluding questionnaire survey, observational approach and formal dialogue session using a Population Proportionate to Size (PPS) stratified plan. Results: The overall mean general waste production rate is 1.7 kg/bed/day at all the surveyed HCE in RCC area which ranged from 0.5 kg to 5 kg/bed/day. The highest amount of infectious

Livelihood Status of Fishing Community of Talma River in the Northern Part of Bangladesh

The study was conducted to investigate the socio-economic profiles of the fishermen of river Talma in Panchagarh district in the Northern part of Bangladesh. Pertinent information was collected from fifty randomly selected fishermen from the study area during the period of eight months from March to October, 2014. In the study area the fishermen age range from 20 to 66 years. It was found that most of the fishermen (58%) illiterate though a small proportion completed primary level of education. Among them Muslims were 86% and Hindus 14%. About 68% of the fishermen had tin shed with bamboo house, while 26% and 6% of them had tin shed with tin and straw house, respectively. Annual income of the fishermen ranged from 35001-55000 BDT and they had large family size (member above 7) constituted 36%. Forty eight percent of the fishermen used their own tube-well, while 40% and 12% used government and neighbors’ tube-well, respectively. About 80% of the fishermen used kacha toilets and 16% semi pakka toilets and 6% of the fishermen had no sanitary facilities. In the study area, 86% of the fishermen were far from power plants and the rest of them had (14%) access to electricity. Majority (46%) of the fishermen was landless, while 38% had 1-20 decimal lands and 16% had above 20 decimal lands and significant proportion of fishermen depend upon village doctors (64%) for their health facilities. Seventy six percent of fishermen were engaged in fishing as their main occupation, 16% in agriculture and 8% in daily labor. The study revealed that the fishermen of Talma River were mostly illiterate, poor income, lack of training exposure and lack of awareness about their health facilities and sanitation. So, provide soft term loan and building people awareness have been suggested to improve the livelihood status of fishermen in Talma River

Techno-economic Feasibility Study of a Solar PV-Diesel System for Applications in Northern Part of Bangladesh

Techno-economic Feasibility Study of a Solar PV-Diesel System for Applications in Northern Part of Bangladesh

Availability of and Accessibility to Maternal Healthcare Services in the Northern Bangladesh

Poor women, in both rural and urban areas in the northern region of Bangladesh, suffer from high maternal mortality rates, and compared to other regions, this group also has a low proportion of up-taking ante natal care (ANC) and of births assisted by skilled attendants. This endeavour therefore took an attempt to critically examine the availability of and accessibility to maternal health care (MHC) services, provided by government and non-government organisations (NGOs) in the northern part of Bangladesh, with the specific objective of finding out how far poor women had the availability of and accessibility to MHC services. The study used both primary and secondary data to meet its objectives. Triangulation of methods (questionnaire interviews of service users and providers, and observations) were employed to collect primary data. A large number (160) of mothers who were pregnant or delivered at least one baby during the last ten years and the heads of relevant health centres were interviewed. An assortment of articles, reports, theses and books were consulted in complementing and substantiating the arguments in this study. The main findings of the study suggest that there has been an increase in the availability of and accessibility to MHC services. However, the increment varies across regions and social groups. Lastly, it concludes that rural, poor and less educated mothers have less availability of and access to MHC services compared to urban, non-poor and better educated women.

Potentiality of carbon sequestration by agroforestry species in Bangladesh

Agroforestry, a land-use system, is receiving wider attention not only in terms of agricultural sustainability but also in issues related to climate change. The potentiality to sequester carbon by agroforestry species in sub-tropical regions like Bangladesh is promising. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the carbon sequestration potentiality of three agroforestry species (Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala and Melia azedarach) in the northern part of Bangladesh. The carbon sequestration potential of three agroforestry species varied from 115 to 135 Mg C/ha/year at the age of seven years after plantation. Among the agroforestry tree species, L. leucocephala sequestrated maximum amount (135 Mg C/ha/year) of carbon from the atmosphere followed by M. azedarach (120 Mg C/ha/year) and A. lebbeck (115 Mg C/ha/year). Therefore, carbon sequestration potentiality of the studied agroforestry species can be ranked as L. leucocephala>M. azedarach>A. lebbeck.

Comparative Growth Analysis and Yield Performance of Glycine Max under Jatropha Curcas Based Agrisilviculture System of Agroforestry in the Northern Part of Bangladesh

This research was conducted at the Agroforestry Research Farm, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University to quantify the effects of pruning height in Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) and fertility levels of the recommended dose of NPK in Glycine max L. (Soybean) on crop growth parameters and yield in the agrisilviculture system of Agroforestry. The pruning in Jatropha and fertility level favored growth parameters with varying magnitudes. Six growth indices like CGR, RGR, NAR, LAI, RLGR, and SLW were observed to be higher under various pruning heights and reduced under no pruning. After that, scale of yield varied with pruning heights and fertility levels. Grain, straw and biological yield of 100 cm pruning height in Jatropha increased by 15.38 %, 13.74 % and 14.61 % respectively in comparison to sole crop and other pruning height level. At that time, I showed that these three yields of 100 % of the recommended dose of NPK (100 % RDF) in Soybean are comparatively higher than other fertility level. Hence, proper pruning system and optimum fertility level are important for improving Soybean yield under Jatropha based agrisilviculture system and it ensures higher income to the farmers and efficient land management compared to its sole cropping.

Detection of &lt;i&gt;Cryptosporidium &lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;o&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;ocyts &lt;/i&gt;in Commonly Consumed Fresh Salad Vegetables

The aim of this study was to determine the degree of contamination caused by Cryptosporidium oocyts in regularly consumed salad vegetables sold at various wholesale and retail markets in northern part of Bangladesh. A total number of 165 samples of salad vegetables collected from different wholesale and retail markets were examined for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts using sucrose flotation medium of 1.18 specific gravity and Ziehl Neelsen staining technique with some modifications. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 47 (30%) of the total examined samples. About 40 Tomato, 35 Cucumber, 20 Lettuce, 35 Carrot and 35 Mint’s leaf samples were examined while Lettuce had the highest (40%) contamination rate followed by Tomato (32.5%), Carrot (31.4%), Cucumber (25.7%), and Mint’s leaf (22.8%). There was no significant difference (x2 = 2.278; p <0.05) among occurrences of Cryptosporidium oocysts in usually consumed salad vegetables sold at market. This study has shown that salad vegetables sold at wholesale and retail markets in northern part of Bangladesh are contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts, may pose a health risk to consumers of such products. This reveals food safety and significance of public health.

A Study on Changes of Vegetables\' Marketing Network and Effect on Farmers\' Income in the Bogra District of Bangladesh

The study attempts to clarify the changes of vegetables' marketing network and effect on farmers' income after the construction of Jamuna Bridge in the northern part of Bangladesh in 1998. Based on farmer categories, the study has compared the factors such as selling quantities, different channels and markets, marketing costs and selling prices and net margin and net incomes received by the farmers. The study shows that differences in farmers' incomes and market choosing are greatly determined by farmers' classification.

Evaluation of some biochemical changes in the serum of phensedyl addicts of Gaibandha District, Bangladesh

Context: Abuse of the drug, Phensedyl like any other drug might exert adverse effects on vital organs of th e h u m an body like liver, kidney and heart. Objectives: To determine the effects of Phensedyl intake on the serum biochemical parameters of the addicts in order to access for damages of vital human organs like liver, kidney and heart. Materials and Methods: Study population consisted of 127 male Phensedyl addicts within the ages of 18–55 years of defined criteria from Gaibandha district, a Northern part of Bangladesh, during July 2009 to December 2011. Fifty (50) non-drug dependent healthy men of matched age, height, and socioeconomic status were included as controls from the same community. Biochemical parameters analyzed were – Serum creatinine, SGOT, SGPT and Lipid profiles (total serum cholesterol (TC), Serum triglyceride (TG), serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol determined by semiautomatic biochemistry analyzer using commercially available kits Results: Abuse of Phensedyl appears not to hamper the normal renal and liver function in most of the addicts even after 8 years of Phensedyl intake irrespective of age except in case of 4 abusers. Serum total cholesterol (TC) remained almost unchanged among the addicts abusing Phensedyl for less than 8 years. But very strikingly, addicts taking Phensedyl for more than 8 years had higher trends in serum cholesterol i.e. more than 200 ml/dl. Of the addict’s, 44.36% abusing Phensedyl for less than 8 years had normal triglyceride (TG) values whereas, in 45.66% addicts abusing the drug for more than 8 years had clinically very significantly elevated triglyceride levels, which was also found to be statistically very significant (p value =0.0001), indicating the risk of developing cardiac diseases. Of the total addicts 53.53% had low levels of HDL cholesterol, which is clinically and statistically found to be very significant (p value =0.002). Of the addict’s 43% taking the drug for less than 8 years had normal LDL levels but significantly elevated values were recorded in 34% of the abusers who had been taking the drug for more than 8 years. Conclusion: Long time (&gt; 8 years) Phensedyl abusers are at the high risk of developing Brain stroke, Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) as there is the triad of: Elevated LDL cholesterol, Low HDL cholesterol and elevated Triglyceride. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17656 J. bio-sci. 20: 57-65, 2012

Physico-chemical variables and their effect on the growth performance of some major carps in some ponds of a matsaya gram (Fish village) in Natore

An experiment was carried out to asses the physico-chemical characteristics, water quality and fish growth suffered by pollution hazards created by unethical use of agrochemical in few ponds in a matsaya gram (fish fillage) in northern part of Bangladesh. The range of free CO2, DO, HCO3, CO3 and pH were 2-30mg/l, 3.14-11.86 mg/l, 86.31-143.84mg/l, 0 -50mg/l and 8.5-9.5 respectively. The BOD of the studied ponds found quite less than optimum level. The study of relationship between fish growth and the soil characters showed negative impact. It revealed that due to minimum rainfall the ponds were not washed out that could decrease the rate of pollution created from the nearest house and residual chemicals, those used in upland crop field beside it. But the ponds are still suitable for fish culture and should keep them at least in present position for good crop.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ujzru.v31i0.15401Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 31, 2012 pp. 55-58

Systematic Studies on Cucurbitaceae Family at Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh

Systematic investigation on the family Cucurbitaceae growing throughout the Rajshahi Division situated in the northern parts of Bangladesh was carried out. A total of 24 species under 13 genera of the family Cucurbitaceae were collected and identified. A complete taxonomic account of each species has been given along with their current name, local name, brief description, phenology, basic chromosome number and voucher number. A new system of classification of the family Cucurbitaceae has been proposed on the basis of morphological, cytological and floral characters.

Effect of bulb size and plant spacing on seed production of onion (Allium cepa L.)

A field experiment was conducted at the `Research Farm` of Regional Seed Production Office of Lal Teer Seed Limited, Dinajpur, Bangladesh during November 2008 to April 2009. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of bulb size and planting spacing on seed production of cultivar Taherpuri onion. Three bulb sizes [small (5±2g), medium (10±2g), and large (15±2g)] and four planting spacing [closest 25×15, closer 25×20, wider 30×15, and widest 30×20cm] was considered in this experiment. Number of flowering stalks, length of flowering stalks, number of umbels per plant, number seeded fruits, seed weight per umbel, 1000-seed weight and seed yield per hectare were measured to assess the onion seeds. The results revealed that the highest seed yield (776.67 kg) per hectare was obtained from the large bulb (15±2g) with the closest spacing of 25×15cm followed by small bulb size of same spacing. The maximum number of flowers per umbel (371.39), seed weight per umbel (0.80g) and 1000-seed weight (3.92g) were obtained from the largest bulb size (15±2g) with widest (30×20cm) planting spacing. Hence, large bulb size with closest plant spacing is suggested for onion seed production in northern part of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(3): 405-414, September 2012 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i3.12084

Use of information technology in library service: A study on some selected libraries in northern part of Bangladesh

Use of information technology in library service: A study on some selected libraries in northern part of Bangladesh

Antiulcer principle from Zingiber montanum

Ethnopharmacological relevanceRhizome of Zingiber montanum has been extensively used as a folk medicine to ameliorate peptic ulcer at northern part of Bangladesh. Aim of the studyTo identify the antiulcer principle of the MeOH extract of the rhizome of Zingiber montanum by an ex vivo bioassay guided chromatographic separation and purification, and structure elucidation of the purified compound by spectroscopic methods. Materials and methodsDried powder of Zingiber montanum rhizomes was extracted with MeOH. The antiulcer activity of the crude extract and its chromatographic fractions were evaluated by the inhibition of 1N HCl induced gastric lesions in Swiss albino mice. The pure compound was purified from the active fraction by crystallization with hexanes. Structure of the pure compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The antiulcer activity of the pure compound was evaluated by the inhibition of 1N HCl, 95% ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric lesions in mice. ResultsThe MeOH extract of Zingiber montanum showed 61.97% and 83.10% inhibition of the 1N HCl induced gastric lesions at doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, respectively, in mice. Chromatographic separation on silica gel of the extract was yielded seven fractions and the fraction 2 was found to have most potent antiulcer activity in mice. This fraction showed 77.46% inhibition of the 1N HCl induced gastric lesions at a dose of 40mg/kg in mice. Crystallization of the fraction yielded 1 (zerumbone, 180mg). It showed statistically 45.77% and 92.25% inhibition of 1N HCl induced gastric lesions in mice at doses of 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg, respectively. It also showed 29.07% and 45.35% inhibition of 95% ethanol induced gastric mucosal damage, and 64.76% and 72.38% inhibition of indomethacin induced gastric lesions in mice at doses of 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg, respectively. ConclusionZerumbone (1) showed potent cytoprotective effect against necrotizing agent (HCl) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (indomethacin) induced gastric ulceration. It also exhibited moderate cytoprotective effect against noxious agent (EtOH) induced gastric lesions. It can be considered as a promising new antiulcer natural drug lead.

Monga vulnerability in the northern part of Bangladesh

A study on vulnerability of ‘Monga’ a Bengali term referring to the yearly cyclical phenomenon of poverty and hunger was conducted in the northern part of Bangladesh. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the factors promoting the causes of Monga taking place in a particular area and in a lean season of the year and also to assess its vulnerability. The study area included five northern districts of Bangladesh where Monga affected people were mostly concentrated. Multistage and stratified random sampling procedure was followed for selecting 900 households from all the five districts where 900 household heads were interviewed from March/2009 to November/2009 by the researcher himself. About 69.76% of the respondents opined that Monga happens in the greater Rangpur region because of frequently occurring natural calamities and having no work opportunity in the lean season. Over 60% viewed that the timing of Monga commences in mid September and ends in mid November and it happens almost every year. About 86% of the respondents reported Monga either as ‘moderately vulnerable’ or ‘most vulnerable’ and 62% noted it as ‘increasing’. Almost 50% of the respondents could manage only one meal a day during the Monga period and 60% had to remain in occasional starvation very frequently because of lack of purchasing capacity. As a result, most of them adopted a number of coping mechanisms like taking loan, eating less, government relief etc. to encounter with Monga. Key words: Monga vulnerability, lean season, natural disaster, coping mechanism.