Northern Coast Of Egypt Research Articles

Examining hydro-morphological modulations in proximity to a drain's estuarine outlet, case study: Kitchener Drain, Northern Coast of Egypt

In recent years, the Kitchener Drain has been affected by littoral erosion and sedimentation at the estuary where its discharge enters the Mediterranean Sea. Several measures have been taken to mitigate the impact of these problems. From 1993 to 2007, four stages of hard protection work were finished, including the construction of groins and detached breakwaters along the drain's eastern and western shores. Work on these projects began in 1992. At the drain outlet, dredging works are still proceeding. Nevertheless, shoreline instability continues even after these efforts. The Coastal Modelling System (CMS) was used to figure out what effect the ongoing hard work had on the erosion and accretion hot spot near the drain's output. The CMS-flow and CMS-wave steering modules are part of the CMS, a two-dimensional model of hydrodynamic circulation. To begin mitigating this effect, we ran the simulation beginning in 2012 and experimented with different calibration settings. After the calibration phase, the research area was subsequently simulated for five years. This study aims to assess the current state of affairs concerning the stabilization of the outflow sedimentation process and the erosion that is taking place on the eastern and western sides. In addition to that, we offered alternate structural modulation scenarios that incorporate both hard and soft structures. We looked at plenty of different possibilities. The scenario with the 600-meter-long jetty and sand nourishment was the most similar to the original coastal characteristics. Regarding a sediment reduction to ‐5706.99 m3 from ‐15321.70 m3 (at benchmark) computed at the outlet zone, this scenario was the most similar to the shoreline's initial appearance. Reducing sediment from ‐133433 m3 (at benchmark) to ‐114512 m3 was also achieved on the western side. Despite this, it was determined that the stability of the coastline would be influenced subtly by this circumstance.

Energy and economic performance assessment of a solar-assisted regenerative vacuum membrane desalination system

Vacuum membrane water desalination is a promising technology for freshwater production with the advantages of low conduction heat loss and mass transfer resistance, compared to other membrane technologies. Such systems can be driven by solar thermal collectors for green water production, yet there is a lack of dynamic system simulations in the literature to comprehensively assess the energy and economic system performance and evaluate the impact of brine recirculation as a method of regeneration, especially under hot desert climates where solar resources are abundant, but freshwater resources are scarce (e.g., the northern coast of Egypt, considered as the case study here). In this study, a dynamic system simulation model is developed in TRNSYS, where a new “Type” is introduced for the vacuum membrane module. Initial sizing of the system with ∼20 % solar fraction resulted in annual average gained output ratio and specific thermal energy consumption of 2.51 and 133.5 kWh/m3, respectively, with levelized cost of water and payback period of 14.7 USD/m3 and 1.53 years, respectively. By increasing the solar collectors’ area from 8 to 16 m2, the levelized cost of water increased by 14.54 %. The storage volume was highly influential on the solar fraction, which increased by 101.39 % as the volume increased from 0.3 to 0.7 m3. Increasing the membrane area from 0.3 to 0.5 m2 increased the gained output ratio by 76.75 % while decreasing the levelized cost of water by 14.79 %. Internal heat regeneration through brine recirculation enhanced the system performance at lower recirculation ratios. Without recirculation, the levelized cost of water increased by 117.41 % and the system met the daily distillate water demand for only 90 days of the year.

Effects of Groundwater Abstraction and Desalination Brine Injection on a Middle Miocene Aquifer of the El-Dabaa Area, Northern Coast of Egypt

Effects of Groundwater Abstraction and Desalination Brine Injection on a Middle Miocene Aquifer of the El-Dabaa Area, Northern Coast of Egypt

Applying Remote Sensing and GIS to detect changes along northern coast of Egypt

Applying Remote Sensing and GIS to detect changes along northern coast of Egypt

Potable water generation from atmospheric moisture in coastal areas using the thermoelectric effect

Although water covers more than two-thirds of the globe’s area by a percentage of approximately 70 %, safe potable water is still scarce and therefore many countries where freshwater resources are scarce have directed to conduct many research and studies to find a suitable way to provide potable water, from this standpoint, many countries that possess coasts on the sea, including Egypt, have tended to desalinate seawater, but this method is very expensive and may be disrupted for various technical reasons such as lack of energy to operate or damage mechanical parts, and this is what happened recently in the Egyptian northern coast and the Red Sea islands. They depend on desalination plants or bottles of mineral water extracted from wells to meet their potable water needs. This article aims to solve the problem of potable water scarcity in the northern coast of Egypt, which is characterized by the high relative humidity of air in the atmosphere (60-80%) by designing a portable potable water capture device that depends on the (Peltier Effect) and takes the energy necessary to operate it from solar energy. This device can generate 2.86 L/h of fresh potable water at a temperature of 30 O C and Relative humidity of R.H = 60 %.

Removal techniques of ammonia from drinking water and wastewater in Egypt and developing countries: a review study

The ammonia pollution/contamination reveals at the inlet of drinking water treatment plants, especially on Northern coast of Egypt, due to the drainage of sewage and industrial wastes from factories along the Nile River, resulting in more neutralization that clogs inlet of water treatment plants. Ammonia causes many diseases; some of them lead to coma or death. Excess ammonia also causes the winter dam in North Egypt to force the drinking water treatment stations to stop operation because of the high pollution load. Therefore, many researchers removed ammonia from drinking water as it was limited to 0.5 ppm in the European association and WHO. In this review, a criticizing summary of researches work (1983-2021) is presented where removal of ammonia by physical (i.e. adsorption, air stripping, and membrane distillation), biological, and chemical (oxidation, struvite, photocatalyst, cold plasma) methods were reviewed.

Mineralogical Studies and Radioactivity of the Top Meter Depth of the Egyptian Black Sand, El-Dibeh, Port Said Governorate, Northern Coast of Egypt

Mineralogical Studies and Radioactivity of the Top Meter Depth of the Egyptian Black Sand, El-Dibeh, Port Said Governorate, Northern Coast of Egypt

Chlororesistoflavins A and B, Chlorinated Benzopyrene Antibiotics Produced by the Marine-Derived Actinomycete Streptomyces sp. Strain EG32.

As part of a collaborative biomedical investigation of actinomycete bacteria isolated from sediments collected along the northern coast of Egypt (Mediterranean Sea), we explored the antibacterial metabolites from a bacterium identified as a Streptomyces sp., strain EG32. HPLC analysis and antibacterial testing against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resulted in the identification of six compounds related to the resistoflavin and resistomycin class. Two of these metabolites were the chlorine-containing analogues chlororesistoflavins A (1) and B (2). The absolute configurations of the lone stereogenic center (C-11b) in these metabolites were assigned by analysis of their ECD spectra. Interestingly, the ECD spectrum of chlororesistoflavin A (1) shows a Cotton effect of the n-π* transition antipodal to that of the parent natural product, a consequence of 1,3-allylic strain induced by the adjacent bulky chlorine atom that distorts the coplanarity of the carbonyl group with the π-system. The chiroptical analysis thus resolves the paradox and uniformly aligns the configuration of all analogues as identical to that reported for natural resistoflavin. Chlororesistoflavins A (1) and B (2) exhibited antibacterial activity against MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.25 and 2.0 μg/mL, respectively.

Behavior of Offshore Pile in Calcareous Sand—Case Study

The erosion of limestone and calcarenite ridges that existed parallel to the Mediterranean shoreline forms the calcareous sand (CS) formation at the surface layer of Egypt’s northern coast. The CS is often combined with broken shells which are considered geotechnically problematic due to their possible crushability and relatively high compressibility. In this research, CS samples collected from a site along the northern coast of Egypt are studied to better understand its behavior under normal and shear stresses. Reconstituted CS specimens with different ratios of broken shells (BS) are also investigated to study the effect of BS ratios on the soil mixture strength behavior. The strength is evaluated using laboratory direct-shear and one-dimensional compression tests (oedometer test). The CS specimens are not exposed to significant crushability even under relatively high-stress levels. In addition, a 3D finite element analysis (FEA) is presented in this paper to study the degradation offshore pile capacity in CS having different percentages of BS. The stress–strain results using oedometer tests are compared with a numerical model, and it gave identical matching for most cases. The effects of pile diameter and embedment depth parameters are then studied for the case study on the northern coast. Three different mixing ratios of CS and BS have been used, CS + 10% BS, CS + 30% BS, and CS + 50% BS, which resulted in a decrease of the ultimate vertical compression pile load capacity by 8.8%, 15%, and 16%, respectively.

Geotechnical modelling of the climate change impact on world heritage properties in Alexandria, Egypt

Alexandria is one of the Mediterranean UNESCO World Heritage sites at risk from coastal flooding and erosion due to sea-level rise. The city’s position on the Mediterranean coast means it is especially vulnerable to rising sea levels. Alexandria is one of UNESCO sites in Egypt at risk from flooding. All the archaeological sites in the northern coast of Egypt are also said to be at risk from coastal erosion. The flood risk in Alexandria is expected to reach a tipping point by 2050. This research presents the numerical analysis of geotechnical and structural damage mechanism of Catacombs of Kom El-Shoqafa and El-Shatbi Necropolis; the sites have the lowest topography in Alexandria induced by the sea level rise and heavy rain due to the Climate Change, based on Finite Element PLAXIS Code. The purpose of the study was to investigate the behavior fully-saturated soft rock/ hard soil subjected to ground water intrusions. The main objective of this study is to very accurately record and analyze geotechnical problems and induced structural failure mechanisms that have been observed and accounted for in field, experimental and Numerical studies. The land area is also vulnerable to coastal flooding. It is widely expected that the numerical analysis of such geotechnical problems will contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage. The present research presents an attempt and experimental study to design a PLAXIS 2D FE model to simulate hard soil/hard rock problems, distortion and stress analysis of the complex structure of the catacombs. Plastic modeling or Mohr—Coulomb model was used in advanced soils during various stages of numerical analysis. Results are recorded and discussed regarding stress and volumetric behavior of soil/rocks. Groundwater infiltration into pores or fissures of rock and soil has a great influence on the engineering mechanical properties of rocks and soils.

Stability of the Northern coast of Egypt under the effect of urbanization and climate change

ABSTRACT The effect of the human activities on the coastal area are enormous. They include impacts on natural resources, coastal stability, environmental quality, and the cultural environment. The instability condition is the predominant feature of the Egyptian coastal zone due to natural and anthropogenic effect. This paper discusses the stability conditions of the sediment within the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal zone. It includes the sediment sources, degradation of resources, reasons and side effects, climate change effects, and recommendations to control the degradation. The research methodology depends on collecting and discussing the results of the previous related studies, collecting field data and observation along the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal zone as well as Satellite images within the last ten years. Sediment origin from territorial or sea resources, sediment transport, and interaction within the coastal zone are investigated to understand the sediment behavior and how to control erosion and siltation problems. The study shows that urbanization, coastal structures, removing sand dunes, controlling the floodwater and sediment, as well as climate change cause severe shoreline changes within the coastal zone. Dramatically erosion along the Northern coast of Egypt, and migration of the sand spit inland along the Rosetta Nile branch document these unbalance conditions. The study recommends that the coastal sand dune, as well as other nature resources of sediment, should be protected to eliminate the coastal erosion.

Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt.

Wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (LBM). In the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for sale in LBM. All birds were tested for the presence of AIV and enterobacteriaceae. Ten samples collected from Northern Shoveler birds (Spatula clypeata) were positive for IAV and PCR sub-typing and pan HA/NA sequencing assays detected H5N8, H9N2, and H6N2 viruses in four, four, and one birds, respectively. Sequencing of the full haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed a high similarity with currently circulating IAV in Egypt. From all the birds, E. coli was recovered from 37.2% and Salmonella from 20.2%, with 66–96% and 23–43% isolates being resistant to at least one of seven selected critically important antimicrobials (CIA), respectively. The presence of enzootic IAV and the wide prevalence of AMR enterobacteriaceae in wild birds highlight the potential role of LBM in the spread of different pathogens from and to wild birds. Continued surveillance of both AIV and antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteriaceae in wild birds’ habitats is urgently needed.

Kinetic Reduction of Pellets of Mill Scale Waste and El Dekheila Pellets Fine Waste using Coke Breeze

Mill scale is a valuable waste material that contains high amount of iron, little impurities and also is chemically stable composition. It is produced from the hot rolling processing in steel industry. The second waste is El-Dekheila pellets fine waste that produced as the results of handling in the El-Dekheila plant, West of Alexandria on the Northern coast of Egypt. This paper studies the recycling of mill scale and El-Dekheila pellets fine waste in iron and steel industries by reduction using coke breeze in the form of pellets. Characterization of raw materials were performed which are XRF, XRD and screen analysis. Reduction of pellets consisting of El-Dekheila pellets fine waste and different percentage of mill scale was investigated with 4 stoichiometric coke breezes using thermo-balance. The reduction increases with increasing coke breeze. The kinetics of reduction of these pellets were studied using different percentage of mill scale (20,60 and 80%) and at different temperatures ranging from 900 to 1050oC. The results displayed that the reduction process was controlled by Avrami and Erofeev involving nucleation of reduced phases followed by grain growth. Also, that the maximum reduction 80% can be reached after 125 minutes using 20% mill scale. The activation energies of reduced 20, 60 and 80% mill scale were found to be 112 kJ.mol-1 , 81 kJ.mol-1 and 107.8 kJ.mol-1 respectively.

Two unpublished terracotta oil lamps from Marina el-Alamein in Egypt

The two complete terracotta oil lamps published in this paper come from salvage excavations by an Egyptian team clearing House 21 in the ancient Graeco-Roman harbor of Marina el-Alamein on the northern coast of Egypt. Both are of Alexandrian manufacture, one of the two being an imitation of an Italic relief lamp. One is decorated with a representation of Sarapis enthroned, the other with a scene of roosters fighting. Both are from the 2nd–3rd century and reflect the Alexandrian cultural tradition in the life of this ancient town.

Genetic Diversity Based on Autogeny and ISSR Markers in Culex pipiens Mosquitoes from Northern Coast of Egypt

The heredity of autogeny in Culex pipiens from northern coast, Alexandria, Egypt, was investigated. Parental females laid more autogenous egg rafts than F1, F3, and F4 females. No significant difference was found in the autogeny rate when F3 female mosquitoes from an autogenous colony mated with males either from an autogenous or anautogenous colony. Similarly, when F3 males from an autogenous colony mated with females either from an autogenous or anautogenous colony, statistically comparable autogeny rates were recorded. However, when females from an anautogenous colony were allowed to mate with males from an autogenous colony, the autogeny rate was statistically higher than that when females from an autogenous colony mated with males from an anautogenous colony. Molecular analysis using ISSR was suitable for detecting polymorphic banding patterns between autogenous and anautogenous specimens of mosquitoes. The ISSR technique succeeded in showing 13 different molecular markers which can be relied upon in distinguishing between populations. Molecular distances among populations were low, ranging between 0.114 and 0.284. On the other hand, cluster and principal coordinate analyses showed that anautogenous specimens were contiguous in one group and separate from autogenous specimens. The ISSR technique is therefore able to detect genetic differentiation among the studied populations, and to distinguish between autogenous and anautogenous mosquitoes from the northern coast of Egypt.

Assessment of agroclimatology NASA POWER reanalysis datasets for temperature types and relative humidity at 2 m against ground observations over Egypt

The climatic reanalysis datasets are one of the most important data types that could help to overcome scarce of observations. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate NASA POWER reanalysis data for surface monthly average temperatures at 2 m (maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin), mean (Tmean) and dew point (Td), all in °C) and relative humidity (RH) in percentage compared to the observed data at 20 Egyptian weather stations. The results showed that there are a significant correlation and goodness of fit between NASA POWER reanalysis and observed data for all parameters except RH. For temperature variables, the coefficient of determination (R2) and Willmott Index of agreement (WI) attain around 0.75 and 0.90 respectively, while the root mean square error (RMSE) reaches to less than 5 °C; and the mean bias error (MBE) ranges from −3 to +3 °C for 85% of stations. In addition, NASA POWER accuracy of temperature parameters increases gradually northward with the highest ratio at the northern coast of Egypt. Where, it is slightly overestimated (under 3 °C) Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean at 80, 75 and 65% of the stations respectively. While it is slightly underestimated Td with 3 °C at 90% of the stations. Contrarily, NASA POWER data accuracy of RH increases southward, particularly in Aswan. Additionally, NASA POWER reanalysis has a considerable underestimation for RH data at most stations, where the dominant MBE percentage ranges from −12 to −5% for about 75% of the stations. As well as, the maximum RMSE and MBE for all elements were recorded in the Malwi station at Middle Egypt. Consequently, R2, WI, RMSE, and MBE for temperature parameters are almost within an acceptable range for most selected Egyptian stations which are located in the area that dominated by the influence of the Mediterranean Sea (northern of 30°N) and western of 30°E with a distance between 2.5 and 14.5 km from the Sea. While, the good RH estimation is recorded at stations that are located south of the area that dominated by the influence of the Mediterranean Sea (south of 26°N). Finally, NASA POWER reanalysis datasets can be used in case of missing or scarce of observations in Egypt. Nevertheless, it still needs improvements by taking into consideration the influence of the Mediterranean Sea and the locality of (especially middle) Egypt on temperature and in particular on relative humidity estimations.

Assessment and prediction of shoreline change using multi-temporal satellite images and statistics: Case study of Damietta coast, Egypt

The shoreline trajectory of Damietta city, locates at the Northern coast of Egypt, is dramatically subjected to kinematic changes. These variations mainly occur based on the incessant duel hydrodynamic impacts of both wave action and coastal currents. Several types of coastal measures have been applied substantially along the coastal stretch of Damietta to protect shoreline such as detached breakwaters, Jetties, groins, and seawalls. This study is essentially focused on the assessment of shoreline kinematics response due to the existence of these structures during the period from 1990 to 2015. In addition, the future changes of the shoreline at 2020, 2025 and 2035 are predicted using satellite images, Geo-spatial tools and Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) by the meaning of End Point Rate (EPR) and Linear Regression Rate (LRR) methods. Four Landsat images at different periods; TM1990, TM 1999, ETM 2003 and ETM 2015 are used to detect shoreline changes. Three semi-automatic extraction techniques are initially tempted for Landsat ETM 2003 imagery namely; Iso cluster technique, threshold method, and onscreen digitizing method to select the optimal one. Iso cluster technique is used as the optimal technique which achieves the least errors with the corresponding field data in 2003 by value of 0.34. Furthermore, the extraction shoreline change for Damietta coast is extensively measured for three zones: zone (1) the western sector encompassing Damietta port with two jetties; zone (2) the central sector including detached breakwaters; zone (3) the eastern portion of Damietta estuary passing through a seawall. Verification analysis shows that the EPR is the optimum method for shoreline detection with a value of RMSE by 0.27. The results show that, for zone (1), the western shoreline of Damietta port is progressed by a rate of +10.0 m/year. On the other hand, the shoreline on the down drift side at zone (2) has retreated by a rate of -5.0 m/year. While the shoreline behind the detached breakwaters in the central sector has advanced by +12.0 m/year from 1999 to 2003, then decreased gradually until become stable in 2015. For zone (3), alongshore currents have derived the disassembled sandy soil from west to east leaving a highly eroded area by average rate of -78m/year. The results of this study give indication to shoreline trend of near future which should be under consideration in planning of Damietta coastal zone.

Geotechnical characterization of the calcareous sand in northern coast of Egypt

Abstract The surface layer of the northern coastal line in Egypt is mainly comprised of calcareous sand, resulting from erosion of limestone and calcarenite ridges. These calcareous sand formations, are considered problematic due to their possible crushability and high compressibility. Reconstituted calcareous sand is mixed with different ratios of broken shells to investigate the effect of particle crushability on the strength behavior. The strength and crushability are evaluated using laboratory direct shear, triaxial compression and one-dimensional consolidation. Crushability of medium to fine uniform calcareous sand is found to be insignificant. Reconstituted sand-shell samples that contain 30% or more by weight of broken shells have exhibited a reduction of about 20% in the peak angle of shearing resistance. Sand-shell mixtures, with broken shells content of 30% or more, show significantly higher compressibility and consequently lower soil modulus. Simplified equations are proposed to express the degradation of the constrained modulus due to crushability.

Assessing and Mapping Changes in Agricultural Lands and Water Features in El-Hammam area, Northern Coast of Egypt

Assessing and Mapping Changes in Agricultural Lands and Water Features in El-Hammam area, Northern Coast of Egypt

Influence of Coastal Measures on Shoreline Kinematics Along Damietta coast Using Geospatial Tools

The shoreline trajectory of Damietta city, located at the Northern coast of Egypt, is dramatically subjected to significant kinematic changes. Several types of coastal measures have been applied substantially along the coastal stretch of Damietta to protect shoreline (detached breakwaters, Jetties, groins, and seawalls). This study focuses in the assessment of shoreline kinematics response due to the existence of these structures during the period from 1990 to 2015 using satellite images and geo-spatial tools. Three semi-automatic extraction techniques are initially tempted for Landsat ETM 2003 imagery namely; Iso cluster technique, threshold method, and onscreen digitizing. The shoreline variation measurement of is described for three sectors based on the allocation of the coastal measures:(1) the western sector encompassing Damietta port with two jetties; (2) the central sector including detached breakwaters; (3) the eastern portion of Damietta estuary passing through a seawall. The results show that, the shoreline has progressed by +10.0 m/year rate west of Damietta port. Behind the detached breakwaters, the shoreline has advanced by +12.0 m/year from 1999 to 2003 and then has decreased gradually to be near the stable state in 2015. The highly eroded by average rate of - 78 m/year appeared at end of eastern seawall.