Northeast Of Iran Research Articles

Genetic Diversity of Toxoplasma gondii by Serological and Molecular Analyzes in Different Sheep and Goat Tissues in Northeastern Iran.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by compilation protozoan agent Toxoplasma gondii, leading to significant financial and quality-adjusted life-year losses. Overcooked or raw meat consumption has been a considerable transmission route. The present study was conducted to determine the seropositivity rate of T. gondii in sheep and goats by serological and molecular tests and genotyping of obtained isolates in northeast Iran. Blood and tissue samples (diaphragm, heart) of 296 animals (including 168 sheep and 128 goats) were collected from the slaughterhouse in Quchan Country from august 2016 to April 2017. Modified agglutination test (MAT) and the PCR method performed to detect parasite DNA on tissues.PCR-RFLP method of GRA6 gene was used to determine the genotype of T. gondii. In addition, sequencing analysis was performed to evaluate the Toxoplasma type strains. Serum positive for MAT results were found in 27.4% of sheep and 23.4% of goats. Positive PCR of B1 gene results in diaphragm and heart tissues of sheep and goats was 47.8% and 26.1%, 40% and 23.3%, respectively. PCR of GRA6 gene results were positive in 10 samples that RFLP technique results using MseI enzyme revealed genotype I. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed DNA of all samples was closely related to Toxoplasma type I. Concerning the high seropositivity rate of toxoplasmosis, undertaking an appropriate preventive program for reducing the prevalence of T. gondii infection by raw or undercooked meat consumption of livestock is recommended. Our study supports the notion that these animals' consumption of raw and undercooked meat can be a probable source of human toxoplasmosis.

Establishment and validation of a calibration curve for dicentric chromosome induced by 6MV X-ray.

Radiation during radiotherapy and nuclear accidents is currently one of the biggest concerns for the international community. Biological dosimetry examines the amount of damage caused by radiation at the cellular level by quantifying a radiation biomarker. In particular, the dicentric chromosome assay is a biodosimetric technique that can quantify radiation damage by correlating radiation dose exposure with the frequency of dicentric chromosomes in the peripheral lymphocytes extracted from exposed individuals. This study aims to present of the reference dose-response calibration curve for biodosimetry laboratory of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (north-east of Iran). In all, 40 samples of peripheral blood from four healthy volunteers were irradiated at doses of 0-5 Gray in a customised water phantom using a 6MV X-rays at dose rate of 2Gy/min from a linear accelerator. The irradiated samples were cultured and analysed according to the International Atomic Energy Agency Cytogenetic Dosimetry Protocol (2011) with some modifications. Linear-quadratic model curve fitting and further statistical analysis were done using Chromosome Aberration Calculation Software Version 2.0 and Dose Estimate (Version 5.2). The curve equation obtained was ${Y}_{dic}=0.0533{D}^2+0.0231D+0.0001$ and was in the range of other studies. Validation of the calibration curve was done by estimating the dose of blind samples.

The first record of Sexual dimorphism in Toxasterid Echinoid Heteraster from the Early Cretaceous deposits of the Kopet‐Dagh Basin, NE Iran

AbstractThe paper describes the spatangoid echinoids belonging to Heteraster, which could be found in the Barremian‐Aptian deposits (Tirgan and Sarcheshmeh formations)8 at the Bahman jan‐Bala stratigraphic section in northern flank of the Borouj syncline, situated in eastern Kopet‐Dagh Basin, Northeast of Iran. The aim is to introduce a species of toxasteridae family: Heteraster renngarteni as a sexually dimorphic species. Sexual dimorphism is a common features in echinoids and in this study, for the first time, sexual dimorphism was detected in the toxasteridae family.

Colorectal cancer incidence trends in Golestan, Iran: An age-period-cohort analysis 2004–2018

BackgroundWe investigated the effects of factors including age, birth year (cohort) and diagnosis year (period) on colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence trends in Golestan, Northeast of Iran, 2004–2018. MethodsWe obtained data on incidence cases of CRC from the Golestan Population-based Cancer Registry by sex and area of residence (urban/rural). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) were calculated using the World standard population and presented per 100,000 person-years. We calculated the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) fitted age-period-cohort (APC) models to assess non-linear period and cohort effects as incidence rate ratios (IRRs). ResultsOverall, 2839 new cases of CRC (ASR = 13.7) were registered in the GPCR over 2004–2018. Our findings suggested significantly increasing trends in CRC incidence rates from 2004 to 2018 (EAPC = 3.7; 95%CI: 0.4, 7.1), with the greatest changes occurring in rural women (EAPC= 4.7; 95%CI: 0.4, 9.2). We observed a strong cohort effect with a consistent increase in the IRR across successive birth cohorts, starting with the oldest birth cohort (1924) (IRR= 0.1 versus the reference birth cohort of 1955) through to the most recent cohort born in 1983 (IRR= 1.9). The largest cohort effects were found among rural females (IRR = 0.0, and IRR = 2.5 for the oldest and the youngest birth cohorts vs. the reference birth cohort, respectively). ConclusionThe increasing trends in CRC rates in Golestan are largely driven by generational changes in exposure to underlying risk factors. Further investigations are warranted to deliver effective prevention strategies for the control of CRC in Golestan.

A comparison of six pediatric criteria of metabolic syndrome among Iranian girl adolescence in Northeast of Iran

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important risk factor for diabetes and CVD, but there is no standard definition, particularly in pediatrics, and this is further complicated because of the effects of puberty and growth stage.

New records of five Verrucaria species (Verrucariacaea, Ascomycota) from Iran

AbstractThis study focused on the taxonomic evaluation of the genus Verrucaria Shrad (Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae) in northeast Iran. Lichen samples were collected from the Khorasan Razavi province and their morphological, anatomical, and ecological characteristics were investigated. According to the result, the species Verrucaria ahtii Pykälä, Launis and Myllys, Verrucaria cataleptoides (Nyl.) Nyl., Verrucaria dolosa Hepp., Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr., and Verrucaria muralis Ach., are new records from Iran.

The Correlation of Social Support and Fear of Breast Cancer among Women in Northeast of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Screening programs are the most common prevention methods. Perceived social support and fear are two important factors affecting women's participation in breast cancer screening. This study aimed to determine the relationship between fear of BC and perceived social support among women in Torbat Heydarieh, northeast of Iran. This study is an online cross-sectional survey that was conducted on 352 women in Torbat Heydarieh city of Northeast Iran, from October 26th, 2021 to December 26th, 2022. Along with collecting sociodemographic characteristics, the Breast Cancer Fear Scale (BCFS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were electronically administered to participants. Data were analyzed through SPSS software version 25, using independent samples t-tests, one-way analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression models. The statistical significance level was set at P<0.05. The mean score for the BCFS was 20.67±1.03 which was in the moderate range for the total score of 40. Assessment of perceived social support indicated a moderate level of perceived support for all dimensions. Also, a significant correlation was found between the women's BCFS scores and perceived social support (r=-0.29, P<0.001). We found that there was a negative statistically significant correlation between the BCF and social support. Therefore, this study suggests that healthcare providers pay attention to these factors. Moreover, further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of BCF due to low social support.

The Relationship Between Compassion Fatigue and Nursing Care Quality in Intensive Care Units: A Correlational Study in Northeast of Iran.

Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses are repetitively exposed to traumatic situations and stressful events, which can lead to compassion fatigue (CF). Compassion fatigue can negatively affect the nurses' emotional and physical health and job satisfaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CF and nursing care quality in ICU. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 46 ICU nurses and 138 ICU patients, in 2 referral hospitals in Gorgan, Northeast of Iran in 2020. Participants were selected using stratified random sampling. Data were collected using CF and nursing care quality questionnaires. The results of this study showed that most nurses were women (n = 31, 67.4%), with mean age of 28.58 ± 4.80 years. The mean patients' age was 49.22 ± 22.01 years and 87 (63%) of them were male. The severity of CF in most ICU nurses (54.3%) was moderate, with a mean score of 86.21 ± 16.78. Among of the subscales, psychosomatic score was higher than the rest of subscales (0.53 ± 0.26). Nursing care quality was at the optimal level (91.3%) with the mean score of 81.51 ± 9.93. The highest scores of nursing care were related to subscale of medications, intake, and output (0.92 ± 0.23). In this study, there was a weak and inverse relationship between CF and nursing care quality (r = -0.28; P = .058). The results of this study indicate a weak, nonsignificant inverse relationship between CF and nursing care quality in ICU.

Improvement of collapsing problematic soils on the sabzevar-mashhad railway route (northeast of Iran) using traditional additives

Collapsing soils are among the problematic soils in geotechnical engineering. These soils have a relatively good resistance in their natural state with low humidity, but in case of saturation without change in the incoming load or subjected to vibration force, they settle a lot and in many cases, it will cause cracking or destruction of foundations, roads, railway lines, dams, pipelines and other existing structures. Collapsing soils are scattered in many regions of the world, in Iran these soils are mostly observed in the central and eastern regions. In this research, according to the samples taken from Khorasan-Razavi province in the area of Sabzevar-Mashhad, these samples have been shown to be in the category of collapsing soils based on the tests performed according to ASTM standards. In order to improve this soil, cement and lime additives with percentages of 5 and 10 percent have been used, which has improved the shear properties of the soil due to the addition of lime and cement, so that it causes an increase in the friction angle in the soil, which indicates an improvement in the soil parameters. The results obtained with regard to the addition of cement and lime to the compacted soil show that the index of compaction in the addition of lime is better than that of cement and the results show that with the increase of lime, the soil has a 68% and 78% decrease in the soil compaction index, respectively, but when cement is added to the soil, it causes the percentage of raking index to improve by 34 and 37%.

Determining flood source areas in watersheds using data-driven models and a geographic information system

ABSTRACT This study explores the use of gene expression programming (GEP) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate flood index values based on the unit flood response (UFR) method in two adjacent watersheds (Ardak and Kardeh) located in northeast Iran. The performances of the studied data-driven models were compared according to certain statistical measures such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The findings indicate that GEP models were more accurate than ANNs (RMSE = 0.0986 vs. 0.1512 for Ardak and RMSE = 0.1024 vs. 0.1112 for Kardeh, respectively). Another advantage of the GEP models was providing an explicit relationship between flood index values and physical attributes. As flood index values derived via the UFR method were close to each other, flood contribution area maps were developed using a geographic information system (GIS) to consider uncertainty. Then, fusion algorithms including ordinary averaging, linear regression, and GEP were applied to develop a flexible regional model.

Flood Risk Perception among the Inhabitants of a Flood-prone Area in Iran

Background: Misunderstanding of disaster hinders people from devoting enough attention to disaster preparedness programs. Flood is one of the main natural hazards in Iran. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine flood risk perception among residents of a flood-prone area in Iran in 2021. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 201 inhabitants of three villages along the Hesar-Golestan River in northeast Iran. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to assess their flood risk perception and opinions about the causes of the flood. Flood risk perception was assessed using ten questions with a 5-point Likert scale. Risk perception was calculated at three levels: low (scores 10 to 23), medium (scores 24 to 37), and high (scores 38 to 50). Multi-stage sampling technique was used for sampling. Results: The majority of participants (81%) had a moderate risk perception. The mean risk perception score was 30±5, which indicates a moderate risk perception. According to the participants, the three main causes of floods were environmental degradation and soil erosion, unplanned development and construction in flood-prone areas, and heavy seasonal rainfall, respectively. There was a significant relationship between gender and age with some opinions about the causes of floods. Conclusion: The risk perception of participants was at a moderate level. Low or moderate flood risk perception can lead to insufficient attention, inaction, or insufficient efforts to reduce the risk and increase preparedness for floods. Taking measures such as educating people about the causes and consequences of floods using appropriate and effective methods can help to manage disasters better.

Evaluation of biogas production rate and leachate treatment in Landfill through a water-energy nexus framework for integrated waste management

The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous biogas generation and leachate treatment using municipal waste and its polluted leachate at Mashhad landfill in northeast Iran. The research focused on examining the kinetic model of CH4, CO2, CO, H2S and O2 production with and without leachate recirculation (LR) through control/test wells. The findings from both wells showed an increase in logarithmic CH4 production rate, with the coefficient related to the rate of increase in methane concentration ranging from 0/52-0/64 in the control well and 0/47-0/55 in the test well, respectively. Under LR conditions, it was observed that the CH4 production rate was slower, taking an average of 120 minutes to reach 50% concentration, compared to just 15 minutes without LR. Using first-order equations, the CH4 production coefficients were measured to be 2/17 h−1 and 0/9 h−1 for the control and test wells, respectively. The analysis of recirculated leachate revealed a significant decrease (∼30%) in the total volume of leachate with 72% COD removal, which could help manage overloaded leachate problems in the landfill. The COD removal coefficient was found to be 0/036 day−1 in the control well, whereas the test well with leachate recirculation showed a more rapid decrease from 50 g.l−1 to about 14 g.l−1 with a removal coefficient of 0/012 day−1, three times higher than the control well. Additionally, nitrogen content analysis indicated that although the amount of ammonia content increased with LR, the increase was relatively low in comparison to conditions without LR, equivalent to 1394 ppm and 1000 ppm in control and test wells, respectively. This study aligns with the water-energy-nexus concept by offering a sustainable solution for waste management and energy generation, while also addressing water management challenges associated with landfill operations.

Surface Wildfire Regime and Simulation-Based Wildfire Exposure in the Golestan National Park, NE Iran

This research analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns of wildfire regime attributes (e.g., seasonality, size, frequency, and burn rate) across the Golestan National Park (GNP), northeast Iran over the last two decades. We used a variety of data, including existing vegetation data, current vegetation survey, and historical wildfire data, and then data were processed through ArcMap. We also predicted fire exposure profiles (burn probability (BP), conditional flame length (CFL (m)), and fire size (FS (ha)) by the application of the minimum travel time (MTT) fire spread algorithm. The kernel density estimation (KDE) method was used to estimate wildfire likelihood, based on recent wildfires (2000–2020) that occurred in the GNP. Finally, we developed a logistic regression model to investigate how independent variables such as weather, fuel, and topographic data influence wildfires in the park. Wildfires in the landscape have not been constant in either space or time. Their extent, seasonality, frequency, and other wildfire regime characters varied considerably across the landscape. Our results highlighted that shrublands in the southern part of the park showed, in general, the highest values in terms of the wildfire regime attributes. Large fires (10–100 ha, 51%) and very large fires (&gt;100 ha, 24%), fire intervals greater than 10 years (90%), and high burn rates (&gt;1% y−1, 35%) are all characteristics that contribute to high wildfire activity in shrublands. Similarly, areas predicted to have high wildfire exposure levels (average BP = 0.004; average CFL = 1.60 m; average FS = 840 ha) are found in the fuel models of high-load grass and medium-load shrub. Finally, the regression model results revealed that weather and fuel were the most influential parameters (R2 ≥ 0.2), while topography had comparatively less influence in the study area. In light of these results, we suggest proactively incorporating this information into fire and fuel management which can help develop a fire prevention plan, predict fire ignition probability and frequency, and finally address altered fire regimes threatening the park.

Postprandial effects of dietary protein source on metabolic responses, appetite, and arterial stiffness indices in overweight and obese men: the study protocol for a randomized crossover clinical trial

BackgroundDifferent dietary protein sources are supposed to have various effects on metabolic responses and arterial stiffness in the postprandial period. This study aims to assess the postprandial effects of dietary protein sources, including animal-based protein (AP) and plant-based protein (PP), as part of a high-protein breakfast on appetite response, energy metabolism, and arterial stiffness in overweight and obese men.MethodsThis acute randomized crossover clinical trial will be conducted at the Persian study research center at Imam Reza Hospital, affiliated with the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, located in the northeast of Iran. Forty-six healthy overweight, and obese men aged 18–60 years will be enrolled based on the eligibility criteria. The subjects will complete two interventions (high-protein AP and PP meals) with 1 week washout period. The primary outcome will be the acute effect of the two test meals on appetite response, energy metabolism parameters, including resting metabolism rate (RMR), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and substrate oxidation (SO), and arterial stiffness indices, including pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse wave analysis (PWA). The secondary outcomes include changes in lipemia, glycemia, and insulinemia.DiscussionThe findings of this study will provide novel insight regarding the acute effects of different protein sources on energy metabolism, appetite, and arterial stiffness as a significant cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. It will help dieticians develop effective and efficient meal plans to improve weight reduction and maintenance in overweight/obese individuals.Trial registrationIranian Registry of Clinical Trials; code: IRCT20211230053570N1; registered on February 10, 2022

Changes in overall and inter-variability of runoff and soil loss for a loess soil resulted from a freezing-thawing cycle.

The soil freeze-thaw process is a transition phase of soil water in cold areas that influences the soil's hydrological behavior. However, dynamic phenomena and corresponding consequences have yet to be studied adequately. Therefore, the present study was planned to comparatively analyze the effects of a freezing-thawing cycle on the hydrologic behaviors of loess soil from northeast Iran. Small-size (0.5 × 0.50m) erosion plots were subjected to a freezing-thawing cycle under governing conditions of the region of the origin soil. The plots were subjected to a freezing-thawing treatment by inducing cold air until the temperature declined to below - 20°C and lasted for 3days using a cooling compartment system and then were kept in the laboratory with an ambient temperature of above 10°C for 2days. The treated plots and untreated plots were then exposed to a simulated rainfall with an intensity of 72mmh-1 and 0.5h duration while they were placed on a slope of 20%. The results indicated that the hybrid processes of freezing-thawing and splash and inter-rill erosions significantly increased runoff generation and soil loss. The time to runoff, runoff volume, and soil loss were 1.65 times less and 1.38 and 2.90 times more, respectively, compared to those reported for the control treatment with significant differences (p < 0.006). The performance of ice lenses, freezing fronts, and the creation of near-saturation moisture after completing the cycle were identified as the most critical factors affecting the different soil behaviors under the frozen-thawed cycle.

Geospatial Analysis and Molecular Epidemiologic Study of Emerging Pulmonary Lophomoniasis in Iran: A National Registry-Based Study.

Bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis (BPL) is a protozoan pulmonary disease that has been reported sporadically, but its incidence has been increasing. However, the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease have not been clearly identified. The current study aims to identify BPL cases molecularly and assess the demographic and some environmental factors for the first time on the prevalence of BPL as a national registry-based study in Iran. Methodology. The study tested 960 patients with lower respiratory tract symptoms whose bronchoalveolar lavage samples were submitted from seven provinces of Iran to the Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis. They were tested for BPL by a newly developed polymerase chain reaction test. The study assessed the association of Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), digital elevation model (DEM), and geographic latitude as environmental factors and sex and age as demographic factors on the prevalence of BPL. Geospatial information systems methods and chi-squared and Pearson's correlation tests were used for the assessment of geographical and environmental factor effects and statistical analysis, respectively. Of the 960 patients, 218 (22.7%) tested positive for BPL; the highest and lowest prevalence rates were reported from the south and northeast of Iran, respectively. The study found a correlation between geographic latitude and age with BPL prevalence, but no association was found for gender, NDVI, or DEM. Most patients were over 40 years old, and the rate of disease was higher in southern latitudes. Age and geographical latitude were found to be risk factors for BPL. More exposure to dust and/or chronic pulmonary problems may explain the higher prevalence of the disease in older adults. Higher rates of BPL in lower latitudes may be due to warmer weather and longer days, which can confine individual activities indoors and result in more contact with domestic insects and infected dust.

Frequency of T315I Mutation in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Before and During Imatinib Treatment: A Study in North-East of Iran

Frequency of T315I Mutation in Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Before and During Imatinib Treatment: A Study in North-East of Iran

Predictors of sexual and reproductive health self-care based on demographic factors in adolescent girls.

Global access to sexual and reproductive health is an essential human right, especially to adolescent girls. For improvement sexual and reproductive self-care needs to determine the related factors on utilization and acceptance by adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the SRH self-care and its predictors among adolescent girls in Neyshabur city at Northeast of Iran. The present study was a cross-sectional correlational study performed on 265 girl students from 15 girls' high schools in Neyshabour, in Razavi Khorasan province, Northeastern Iran. The sampling method was multistage probability sampling. Data were collected using demographic information and female adolescents' sexual reproductive self-care scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression model. The significant level was p<0.05 using SPSS16. The results of the present study showed that the mean score of the sexual reproductive health self-care was 61.23 of 100±10.5, it had a significantly relationship with fathers education high school [B=-7.241 CI: (-11.088 to-3.393)], diploma [B=-7.221 CI:-10.707 to-3.735] than academic. The rank of children birth in the family first [B=6.012 CI: (0.931-11.092)] second [B=4.436 CI: (1.437-8.309)] than third and above. Economic status of household Excellent [B=3.159 CI: (2.193-8.511)], Favorable [B=5.866 CI: (1.355-10.378)], relatively favorable [B=2.705 CI: (1.802-7.213)] than poor level economic. sexual and reproductive health is associated to father's education, the rank of children birth in the family, and economic status. So these variables will help to strategies and progress educational programs.

Assessment and quantification of some short term ecosystem services in garden pea field

It is necessary to classify, quantify, and evaluate ecosystem services (ES) for understanding related ecosystem value. Garden pea (Pisums ativum L.), also called pea, herbaceous annual plant in the family leguminous, grown nearly worldwide for edible seeds. It contributes to the sustainability of the agricultural ecosystems. However, there is no information about the provision and consumption of ES in garden pea fields. The main objective of this study was to provide a first evidence base from ES provided by garden pea fields. Therefore, we developed a quantitative framework for assessing and quantifying ES of four different varieties of garden pea. For this purpose, a field experiment was carried out in the research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (northeast of Iran), during 2019–2020. In this study, we developed a framework for quantifying of ES based on the modified Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). The results showed that garden pea cultivation increased microbial respiration, soil organic matter, and carbon accumulation. Based on the results, varieties had significant effects on soil carbon accumulation. Peas Wolf and Pea Wolf cultivars with 1206.6 kg/ha carbon accumulation had the highest amount, and Reyna cultivar with −1876.9 kg/ha carbon accumulation had the lowest value. In this experiment, Peas Wolf and Utrillo cultivars provided more ES in terms of dry weight, the number of nodule, and root volume as nitrogen biofixation potential. In general, Peas Wolf compared to Utrillo cultivar was more successful in providing regulating services. However, Utrillo cultivar provided more provision services (14,520 kg/ha green yield, 23,680 kg/ha green biomass and 23,62% protein). In addition, different cultivars of garden pea had positive effects on the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to the soil.

The Bahariyeh iron oxide copper–gold deposit, Khaf-Khashmar-Bardaskan magmatic belt, NE Iran: Constraints from geochemical, fluid inclusions, and O-S isotope studies

The Bahariyeh deposit is located in the central segment of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan magmatic belt (KKBMB), northeast Iran. Previous U-Pb data on zircon revealed an age of 38–41 Ma for the felsic-intermediate intrusions. The stockwork like vein orebodies are hosted in Eocene monzodiorite porphyry rocks which have strong structural controls imposed by the Great Dorouneh Fault System. Hydrothermal alteration is dominated by silicification, propylitic (chloritization), argillic, and sericitic zones. The mineralized veins in the Bahariyeh deposit can be divided into seven types: 1) quartz ± pyrite; 2) quartz + specular hematite + pyrite ± gold; 3) quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite; 4) quartz + specular hematite + chalcopyrite + pyrite ± sphalerite ± galena ± gold; 5) chalcopyrite + specular hematite + pyrite ± gold; 6) specular hematite ± pyrite; and 7) chalcopyrite + pyrite. The various vein-style orebodies contain high concentrations of Cu, Au, Pb, Zn, and Ag. Microthermometric measurements of fluid inclusions in mineralized veins demonstrate homogenization temperatures in the range of 271–500 °C (mode of 300 °C), and corresponding salinities in the range of 7.9–26.3 wt% NaCl equivalent. The δ18OWater values calculated from δ18O of quartz, and the δ34S values of chalcopyrite reveal a dominantly magmatic origin for the ore-forming fluids. The fluid inclusions indicate that mixing between magmatic fluids and meteoric water, together with cooling, are the dominant mechanisms for metal deposition in the Bahariyeh district. The combination of ore deposit geology, alteration type, fluid evolution processes, and O–S isotope data suggest that the Bahariyeh deposit be classified as a Cu ± Au-rich iron oxide-copper–gold (IOCG) system.