Northwest River Research Articles

The Woman Who Mapped Labrador: The Life and Expedition Diary of Mina Hubbard (review)

Reviewed by: The Woman Who Mapped Labrador: The Life and Expedition Diary of Mina Hubbard Olaf Uwe Janzen (bio) Roberta Buchanan and Bryan Greene, editors. Biography by Anne Hart. The Woman Who Mapped Labrador: The Life and Expedition Diary of Mina Hubbard McGill-Queen’s University Press. xxi, 490. $49.95 This is the story of Mina Benson Hubbard (1870–1956), a Canadian of remarkable achievement and equally remarkable experience, yet who remains relatively unknown today outside of Newfoundland. In 1905 she organized and participated in an expedition that took her and her party in two canoes from North West River through the Labrador interior to Ungava Bay, mapping a region that was well known to Native people and trappers but quite unknown to Europeans. She subsequently published her adventure as A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador: An Account of the Exploration of the Nascaupee and George Rivers (1908). The volume reviewed here not only publishes, for the first time, the personal journal on which that book was based, complete with careful annotation, but also the first scholarly biography of this extraordinary woman as well as several essays that place her expedition within several contexts – personal, geographical, ethnographical, social. The result, in effect, is several works in one, making this a book that can be recommended on many levels and to many disciplines. That the writing and editing team have also crafted a story that is fascinating in its own right is a delightful bonus. The expedition of 1905 was driven by Hubbard's determination to memorialize her late husband, Leonidas Hubbard, Jr, who had died on an earlier attempt to explore the Labrador interior just two years before. Hubbard's partner in that previous effort, Dillon Wallace, had barely survived the attempt himself, and though his account of that expedition – The Lure of the Labrador Wild: The Story of the Exploring Expedition Conducted by Leonidas Hubbard, Jr. (1905) – offered a reasonably sympathetic and balanced account of the adventure, Mina Hubbard became convinced that Wallace had impugned her husband's reputation. She therefore set out to complete her husband's work. Ironically, so did Wallace, and so 1905 saw [End Page 501] not one but two expeditions set out. The press quickly saw this as a race, as indeed did Mina, though Wallace always insisted that the object was not to get to Ungava Bay first but to complete the original expedition's scientific survey. For a woman to organize an expedition of exploration into the Labrador wilderness was extraordinary enough; for her to go alone, accompanied only by four male guides, was even more extraordinary. Yet though her diary revealed self-doubts about her ability to succeed, she never revealed any doubts about what she was doing or why. When Hubbard returned to 'civilization,' public demand for her account of the journey seemed insatiable, so that even before completing her book, she had embarked on a successful public speaking career which took her to the United States and Great Britain, including a lecture before the Royal Geographical Society (to which she was later elected a Fellow in 1926). Her fame, strength of character, and beauty opened doors to the world of well-to-do upper-middle-class England, including Harold Ellis, a member of a wealthy and politically prominent Yorkshire industrial family and, before the end of 1908, her second husband. Though she always regarded herself as thoroughly Canadian, her life had become decidedly different from that of the rural Ontario farming culture into which she had been born. Her acquaintances included George Bernard Shaw, Rudyard Kipling, and H.G. Wells. Her thinking was progressive – she advocated the Montessori Method for the education of her children, and supported the suffrage movement. Yet throughout her life, her expectations of those close to her were high, even impossibly high, so that her marriage to Ellis eventually failed and she became estranged from her own children. All of this suggests that The Woman Who Mapped Labrador was an extraordinarily complex person, and it is therefore appropriate that the book itself is equally complex. Though the contextual essays by Roberta Buchanan and Bryan Greene appear first, a case could be made to...

Mina’s Song and the Inventing of Mina Benson Hubbard

It is the 28th of June 2005, roughly 6:30 p.m. as we take our seats at tables set, with wine glasses, for a special dinner. The room is full of cheerful greetings, earnest debates, discussions, whispers and children’s laughter — in short, noise of a kind that always accompanies a community gathering on a celebratory occasion. The community that I have joined — indeed, been warmly welcomed by — is North West River, Labrador, familiarly known as North West. The gathering of which I am a part is a symposium on Labrador exploration. But the celebratory occasion? Ah well, that is the point and why we are all here, those of us from North West, Happy Valley and St John’s, and those of us from away — as Jar away as Vancouver in Canada, and from the United States, England and Ireland.

Landcare and private conservation trusts: Fertile common ground?

Landcare and private conservation trusts: Fertile common ground?

Static stress change from the 8 October, 2005 M = 7.6 Kashmir earthquake

We calculated static stress changes from the devastating M = 7.6 earthquake that shook Kashmir on 8 October, 2005. We mapped Coulomb stress change on target fault planes oriented by assuming a regional compressional stress regime with greatest principal stress directed orthogonally to the mainshock strike. We tested calculation sensitivity by varying assumed stress orientations, target‐fault friction, and depth. Our results showed no impact on the active Salt Range thrust southwest of the rupture. Active faults north of the Main Boundary thrust near Peshawar fall in a calculated stress‐decreased zone, as does the Raikot fault zone to the northeast. We calculated increased stress near the rupture where most aftershocks occurred. The greatest increase to seismic hazard is in the Indus‐Kohistan seismic zone near the Indus River northwest of the rupture termination, and southeast of the rupture termination near the Kashmir basin.

ASSESSING SATELLITE-BASED AND AIRCRAFT-BASED THERMAL INFRARED REMOTE SENSING FOR MONITORING PACIFIC NORTHWEST RIVER TEMPERATURE

One central issue affecting the health of native fish species in the Pacific Northwest is water temperature. In situ observation methods monitor point temperatures, while thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing captures spatial variations. Satellite-based TIR sensors have the ability to view large regions in an instant. Four Pacific Northwest river reaches were selected to test the ability of both satellite-based and moderate resolution aircraft-based TIR remote sensing products to measure river temperatures. Images with resolutions of 5, 15, and 90 meters were compared with instream temperature observations to assess how along stream radiant temperatures are affected by resolution, reach width, and sensor platform. Where the stream reach can be resolved by the sensor, all sensors obtain water temperatures within ±2°C of instream observations. Along stream temperature variations of up to ±5°C were also observed. Trends were similar between two sets of TIR images taken several hours apart, indicating that the sensors are observing actual temperature patterns from the river surface. If sensor resolution is sufficient to obtain fully resolved water pixels in the river reach, accurate temperatures and spatial patterns can be observed. The current generation of satellite-based TIR sensors is, however, only able to resolve about 6 percent of all Washington reaches listed as thermally impaired.

Oregon Voices: Indian Views of the Stevens-Palmer Treaties Today

Oregon Voices Clark Hansen Indian Views of the Stevens-Palmer Treaties Today The starting point fordiscussion ofmany current issues in theCo lumbia River Basin is the treaty relationship between Indian tribes and the U.S. government, often established before the states were formed. The foundational treaties between theU.S. govern ment and the Indian nations of the lower Columbia Basin are the so-called Stevens-Palmer Treaties, negotiated in 1854-1855 on behalf of theUnited States by Isaac Stevens with tribes in Washington and by Joel Palmer with tribes inOregon. "The bad thing about history," Yakama leader Ted Strong says, "is that those who write it are those who are going to be believed, and Indians did not write theAmerican history as it is currently documented." Oral history collections can help to bring in the often underrepresented per spectives ofAmerican Indians. Excerpts from three oral histories ? one from a Yakama Nation leader and two from leaders of the Confederated Tribes of theUmatilla Nation ? offer some Indians' perspectives on the treaties and the issues they raise for the relationship between the tribes and theU.S. government. In 1999,Jeff Van Pelt participated in theCCRH project "Columbia Communities," which exploredthehistoriesof eightcommunitiesinthe Columbia River Basin since the building ofmajor dams on the river and itstributaries beginning in the1930s. One of thecommunitiesincluded ? 2005 Oregon Historical Society Hansen, Indian Views of the Treaties Today 475 National Archives,RGu, Ratified IndianTreaty#293 Firstsignature page ofthe Treaty with the Tribesof Middle Oregon,signed June 25,1855 was Umatilla, Oregon, a town on the river north west of the Confederated Tribes of theUmatilla Indian Reservation where Van Pelt grew up. In 2000, Ted Strong and Antone Minthorn participated in oral history interviews for "Managing theColumbia," a project conducted by theCenter forColumbia RiverHistory (CCRH) in conjunction with the Or egon Historical Society. This project's intent was to document the con temporary history of the Columbia River Basin. The oralhistoriesincludedthe voices ofmen and women who disagreed with the way the Columbia River system has been man aged and used at various times.More than sixtyoral histories were conducted with narrators frommany fields, agencies, and tribes, including snort and com mercial fishers, former U.S. Forest Service employees, formers, environ mentalists, university educators, business leaders, and Indians inOregon, Washington, and British Columbia. In all three oral histories included here, the narrators offered their views on the Stevens-Palmer treaties and their influence in the region today/ *The entire interview with Jeff Van Pelt and other interviews from the "Columbia Communities" project are available online at theCenter forColumbia River History Web site,www.ccrh.org/comm/ umatilla/oralarc.htm (accessed August 22, 2005). The full textof Ted Strong's and Antone Minthorn's oral histories are available at theCCRH offices at Portland State University and theResearch Library at theOregon Historical Society, Portland. 476 OHQ vol. 106, no. 3 Jeff Van Pelt On March 16,1999, oral historian Donna Sinclair interviewed Jeff Van Pelt, a descendant of the Cayuse, Pitt River, Siletz, and Umatilla Tribes and enrolled member of theConfederatedTribesof the Umatilla Indian Reservation (CTUIR). He served as Cultural Resource Protection Program Manager within the Department of Natural Resources of the CTUIR for many years and isnow a consultant. Donna Sinclair: Can you talk about the reserved treaty rights? What those mean to the tribes? Jeff Van Pelt: The treaty of 1855.To understand treaty rights is a very com plex issue. And I'm not an attorney, I'm not a judge, but I'm going to talk about how I personally think treaty rights are by what I've been taught. Treaty rights can't be interpreted by the treaty language or the articles they were written under. The Supreme Court in looking at treaty rights had a verydifficult time,so they developed guidingprinciplescalled thecanons of constructions, and the canons of construction, basically in a layman's kind of a summary as I understand it is, if Iwas going to contract with you, I'm aman. I'm stronger than you. You're awoman. You're physically weaker. So if Iwas going to go into an agreement with you, if Iwas to grab your arm and pull itbehind your back...

Exposure and effects of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting along the Woonasquatucket River, Rhode Island, USA

Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) nesting along the Woonasquatucket River northwest of Providence (RI, USA) in 2000 and 2001 were some of the highest ever reported in avian tissues. Mean concentrations in eggs ranged from 300 to >1,000 pg/g wet weight at the two most contaminated ponds, Allendale and Lyman. Mean egg concentrations at Greystone, the upstream reference pond, were 12 and 29 pg/g. Positive accumulation rates and concentrations in diet samples from 12-day-old nestlings indicated that the contamination was accumulated locally. Concentrations in diet of between 71 and 219 pg/g wet weight were more than 6 and 18 times higher than concentrations considered safe for birds (10-12 pg/g). Hatching success was negatively associated with concentration of TCDD in eggs. Only about half the eggs hatched at Allendale compared with >77% at Greystone. The national average for hatching success in successful nests is 85%. No other contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury, were present in any sample at concentrations known to affect avian reproduction. Three bioindicators, half-peak coefficient of geometric variation, ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity, and brain asymmetry were assessed relative to TCDD contamination.

NWSRFS CALIBRATION PARAMETER SELECTION AND GEOLOGIC REASONING: PACIFIC NORTHWEST CASES1

ABSTRACT: The National Weather Service River Forecast System (NWSRFS) is the new hydrologic prediction model for the National Weather Service (NWS) and provides guidance to meteorologists who issue NWS Flood Warnings to the public. The primary submodel within NWSRFS is the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC‐SMA) model, which predicts surface runoff as a function of meteorological, geological, and soil data calibrated over a watershed. The research presented here focuses on a different approach to NWSRFS calibrations: greater utilization of geologic and soil data, in order to give the model better predictive capability. Geologic understanding can create better insights for the initial estimation and subsequent adjustment of SAC‐SMA parameters. Fifteen calibrated Pacific Northwest drainages reveal a variety of hydrogeologic responses. For example, results for the Mount Rainier drainages show the complex interaction between active glaciers, impermeable volcanic surfaces, and glacial sedimentary valleys. Unweathered volcanic terrains show flashy peak flows, fast flow recessions, and low baseflow. Sedimentary terrains display subdued peak flows, slow flow recessions, and higher baseflow. Operational implementation of these calibrations at the NWS's Northwest River Forecast Center has yielded more accurate predictive results since 1995. NWS hydrologic forecasters nationwide could benefit from using drainage basin geologic characteristics in understanding and improving model calibrations and real time forecasts.

Description and Evaluation of a Hydrometeorological Forecast System for Mountainous Watersheds

This paper describes and evaluates an automated riverflow forecasting system for the prediction of peak flows during the cool season of 1998–99 over six watersheds in western Washington. The forecast system is based on the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (Penn State–NCAR) fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the University of Washington Distributed-Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model (DHSVM). The control simulation used the forecasts produced by the University of Washington's real-time MM5 forecasts system as input to the hydrologic model. A second set of simulations applied a correction scheme that reduced the long-term precipitation bias identified in the MM5 precipitation field. A third set of simulations used only those observations that are available in real time for forcing the hydrologic model. The various MM5–DHSVM forecasts are also compared with those issued by the National Weather Service Northwest River Forecast Center. Results showed that the observations-based simulation produced the most accurate peak flow forecasts, although it was susceptible to inadequate input data and the overdependence on the few available observations. The control simulation performed remarkably well, although several poor synoptic (MM5) forecasts, in addition to a model wet bias, produced a significant overprediction of peak flows over one watershed. The bias correction scheme did not prove worthwhile for peak flow forecasting, but may be useful for longer-term modeling studies where the emphasis is on long-term discharge rather than peak flow forecasting. A real-time updating procedure that incorporated meteorologic observations in the creation of initial hydrologic states showed considerable promise for forecast peak streamflow error reduction.

The relationship of dissolved Pb to some dissolved trace metals (Al, Cr, Mn, and Zn) and to dissolved nitrate and phosphate in a freshwater aquatic system in Mauritius

The relationship of some dissolved trace metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Zn, and Pb) with one another and to dissolved phosphate and nitrate in a freshwater aquatic system at Flic en Flac and Grand River North West (GRNW) in Mauritius (1850 km 2, 20°S and 57°E, Western Indian ocean) is reported following trace metal determination using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dissolved Al (<200 ng ml −1), Cr (<50 ng ml −1), Mn (<50 ng ml −1), Zn (<100 ng ml −1), and Pb (<50 ng ml −1) upstream, downstream GRNW and in the marshes and rivulet at Flic en Flac were found to be below the recommended EEC maximum admissible concentrations and within the ambient drinking water quality standards in Mauritius. Dissolved Pb was significantly positively correlated to both dissolved Cr and Zn suggesting that the cycling for dissolved Pb is linked to the cycling of both dissolved Cr and Zn along GRNW. The common influential cycling of Pb and Zn was further reinforced as both dissolved Pb and Zn were significantly positively correlated to dissolved phosphate, which suggested a biological role in the cycling of Zn and Pb. The role of biological activity or adsorption to biological systems in Pb cycling along GRNW is further suggested as dissolved Pb was significantly correlated to dissolved nitrate. The apparent absence of the dissolved Al, Cr, and Mn with dissolved nitrate and phosphate could be attributed to factors such as the lower sensitivity of the GRNW to metal uptake during biological activity during the time frame considered. The cycling of dissolved Al and Mn was also not linked to the cycling of Cr, Zn, and Pb as no significant correlation was found along GRNW.

The Changing Experience of Nature: Historical Encounters with a Northwest River

knowledge. Environmental historians have written about the abstraction and subsequent commodification of nature as the principal sources of environmental destruction.6 But the replacement of experiential modes of understanding with abstract representations has been uneven and incomplete. The direct sensory, subjective experience of individuals persists alongside the impulse toward abstraction. This has been true on the Skagit, where individuals-even scientists and engineersnever fully disavowed their personal experience of the river. While language and culture shape perception and dictate the possible forms of representation, we need to ask whether the experience of nature may nonetheless exceed such cultural limits. Of course, it is not only perceptions of the river that have changed but also the river's physical features. Most of the material changes on the Skagit have been similar to those studied in regard to other rivers. The contemporary river, while still considered wild in its upper reaches, is quite different from the river that European Americans encountered in the mid-nineteenth century. Upon settling the Skagit Valley, Americans began to clear the riparian forest and to dike the lower reaches of the river to curtail the flooding of potential farmland. The river's channel was cleared of downed trees and branches, and portions were dredged and straightened to facilitate navigation by steamships. Deforestation all along the river's banks altered its streamflow patterns, increased erosion, and decreased fish habitat. The installation of fish hatcheries on a tributary stream in 1912 and on the main channel in the 1940s further altered ecological relationships in the river. The most significant changes, however, took place between 1919 and 1949, when a series of dams and powerhouses were built on the upper river to supply electricity to the city of Seattle. The dams dramatically altered the river's flow and destroyed salmon-spawning grounds as they made Seattle's growth possible.7 5 See Edmund Husserl, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Constitution, trans. Richard Rozcewica and Andre Schuwer (Boston, 1989), 421. For a work on the history of science using this approach, see Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and theAir-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton, 1985). On the possible relationship between phenomenology and environmentalism, see David Abrams, The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than-Human World (New York, 1996). 6See, for example, Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the American West (New York, 1985); Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York, 1979); William Cronon, Natures Metropolis: Chicago and the Opening of the Great West (New York, 1991); William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York, 1983); Richard White, Land Use, Environment, and Social Change: The Shaping of Island County, Washington (Seattle, 1980); and Merchant, Death of Nature. 7 On environmental change along the Skagit River, see Envirosphere Company, Study of Skagit Dams Original Impacts on Wildlife and Fish and Populations: Final Report (Bellevue, Wash., 1988); United States Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Office of Hydropower Licensing, Final EIS for Eight Hydroelectric Projects Proposedfor Skagit River Basin, Washington, FERC/EIS-0083-F (Washington, 1998); Saul Weisberg and J. Reidel, From the Mountains to the Sea: Guide to the Skagit River Watershed (Sedro Woolley, Wash., 1991); Cindy L. Halbert, Historical Analysis of the Effects of Changing Land Use on Channel Morphology in the Skagit River Basin, Washington (USA), With Implications for Salmon Habitat (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1995); and Roland L. de Lorme, ed., Of Man, Time, and a River: The Skagit River, How Should It Be Used? (Bellingham, Wash., 1977). On the fish hatcheries, see E. Victor Smith and Melvin G. Anderson, A Preliminary Survey of the This content downloaded from 157.55.39.223 on Wed, 24 Aug 2016 05:13:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1604 The Journal of American History March 2000 These material changes unquestionably shaped human experience of the river, but the material changes themselves proceeded in part from changes in language and forms of mediation. For example, the development of the science of hydrology and its measuring techniques made possible the construction of dams and reservoirs. Cultural and material change were intertwined. My focus is primarily on language because so much of environmental history has ignored discourse as a subject of study. By focusing on the language that individuals have used to describe the Skagit, we can begin to chart the changing ways people experienced nature in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.8

Characterization of some trace metals from the export processing zone and a coastal tourist area in Mauritius using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

The concentrations of six trace metals - chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were determined in the freshwater system at Flic en Flac and upstream and downstream Grand River North West (GRNW) to assess the impact of hotel and industrial activities of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) in Mauritius during 1996–1997. The trace metals Cr and Pb exceeded the proposed revised pollution limit in either river or marsh at Flic en Flac and upstream and downstream GRNW. Cr, Zn, and Pb were significantly higher in rainwater compared to upstream GRNW values, indicating that airborne lead and zinc are significant from vehicle emissions. The concentration of Cr increased about two-fold downstream GRNW. For comparison purposes, Cr was about two-fold significantly higher downstream GRNW compared to downstream Flic en Flac, indicating the release of effluents containing chromates by the textile industries in the EPZ. The contamination of rainwater by airborne lead and zinc was significant and considered to arise from the heavy use of leaded petrol and lubricating oils containing zinc additives.

Pilot testing of reverse osmosis for salinity and organics control in a coastal supply source

The results of pilot testing demonstrate that RO can be used successfully on conventionally treated Northwest River water to control seasonal salinity increases and reduce disinfection by-products in the finished water to the more stringent levels anticipated under the forthcoming disinfectants/disinfection by-products (D/DBP) rule. Both cellulose acetate (CA) and thin-film composite (TFC) membranes can be operated satisfactorily on alumtreated river water. As anticipated, the CA membranes demonstrate lower levels of fouling; however, the TFC membrane provide greater organics removals. The membranes most appropriate for the future full-scale plant will be determined from a present-worth cost evaluation of CA and TFC membrane capital and operating costs.

Late Labradorian metamorphism and anorthosite–granitoid intrusion, Cape Caribou River allochthon, Grenville Province, Labrador: evidence from U–Pb geochronology

In the Cape Caribou River allochthon (CCRA), metaigneous and gneissic units occur as a shallowly plunging synform in the hanging wall of the Grand Lake thrust system (GLTS), a Grenvillian structure that forms the boundary between the Mealy Mountains and Groswater Bay terranes. The layered rocks of the CCRA are cut by a stockwork of monzonite dykes related to the Dome Mountain suite and by metadiabase–amphibolite dykes that probably form part of the ca. 1380 Ma Mealy swarm. The mafic dykes appear to postdate much of the development of subhorizontal metamorphic layering within the lower parts of the CCRA. The uppermost (least metamorphosed) units of the CCRA, the North West River anorthosite–metagabbro and the Dome Mountain monzonite suite, have been dated at 1625 ± 6 and 1626 ± 2 Ma, respectively. An amphibolite unit that concordantly underlies the anorthosite–metagabbro and is intruded discordantly by monzonite dykes has given metamorphic ages of 1660 ± 3 and 1631 ± 2 Ma. Granitoid gneisses that form the lowest level of the CCRA have given a migmatization age of 1622 ± 6 Ma. The effects of Grenvillian metamorphism become apparent in the lower levels of the allochthon where gneisses, amphibolite, and mafic dykes have given new generation zircon ages of 1008 ± 2, 1012 ± 3, and 1011 ± 3 Ma, respectively. A posttectonic pegmatite has also given zircon and monazite ages of [Formula: see text] and 1013 ± 3 Ma, respectively. Although these results indicate new growth of Grenvillian zircon, this process was generally not accompanied by penetrative deformation or melting. Thus, the formation of gneissic fabrics and the overall layered nature of the lower CCRA are a result primarily of Labradorian (1660–1620 Ma) tectonism and intrusion, and probably reflect early movement on an ancestral GLTS. Grenvillian heating and metamorphism (up to granulite facies) was strongly concentrated towards the base of the CCRA and probably occurred during northwestward thrusting of the allochthon over the Groswater Bay terrane.

Relationships between n ‐Day Flood Volumes for Infrequent Large Floods

Design floods of specified frequency are used to consider relevant hydrologic and economic factors in the evaluation of operation, or changes in operation, of flood‐damage mitigation facilities. The design flood hydrograph is constructed using flood volumes, often extrapolated beyond observed records, from flood‐volume‐duration‐frequency curves. We examined the foundation of this approach using flood flow data from seven Pacific Northwest river catchments. Nested occurrence of large‐return‐period flood volumes (i.e., 1‐day and n‐day flood volumes occur concurrently), for flood durations important to decision making, held true for all seven basins. Coincidence of floods occurs when the 1‐day and n‐day flood volumes have the same return period. Flood volume‐frequency, and duration for the largest two or three flood volumes is strongly related (coincident) in three catchments and moderately related in three others. No apparent relationship was observed in the seventh. No link is apparent for any of the seven...

Performance of red alder seed sources in France

We report on a series of 7- and 8-year-old genetic trials of red alder (Alnusrubra Bong.) planted in France as an initial exploration of its growth potential and genetic needs. Red alder is native to the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. Seed for the French plantings was collected in four Pacific Northwest river drainages (Santiam, Nisqually, Nooksack, and Hoh), which cover a wide latitudinal and elevational range.Of the four sites at which the red alder seed was planted, the best growth was observed at Rouvray in northwestern France, a site with deep sandy soil and adequate summer precipitation. Growth here was above average for red alder in its native habitat. Poor soil drainage at the other three test sites resulted in much poorer performance. Trees from Santiam River seed sources were generally the poorest performers at all test sites; the source river(s) for the best performing trees, however, varied by test site. Comparing performance of trees from the same source drainage, elevation of seed collection location correlated at best only weakly with growth; the level of nonsys-tematic variation was high. Regression on principal components derived from seed collection location environmental variables indicated that the best growth performance was associated with seed sources from warmer areas with low moisture demands. In general, this combination of climate conditions exists in low-elevation coastal areas; in this study, all seed collection locations fitting this description were in northwestern Washington state.

Ethnicity, morbidity and health service utilization in two labrador communities

This paper compares total outpatient health care utilization of residents of the Labrador community of Sheshatshit, a predominantly native Innu settlement, with those for the adjacent and predominantly caucasian community of Northwest River for 1986. In lieu of a community survey, these data provide an approximation of the morbidity patterns within the populations. Findings indicate that the native population experiences proportionately more infectious diseases (39.3% of all visits compared to 12.5% of all visits for the non-native community). While residents of the Innu community utilize health services primarily for curative care, residents of Northwest River sought services for both curative and preventive care. It is concluded that inequalities in material wellbeing may underlie the morbidity in Sheshatshit. While desirable in light of the WHO Ottawa Charter, any modification of the health services on account of these morbidity patterns will have only modest effect until policy-based initiatives tp reduce material inequalities are implemented.

‘Leemos!’: Perceptions of ethnic identity among settlers in north west river, Labrador*’

‘Leemos!’: Perceptions of ethnic identity among settlers in north west river, Labrador*’

William Brooks Cabot (1858-1949)

Between 1899 and 1924, Indian hunters in the Quebec-Labrador peninsula regularly encountered a tattered gentleman from Boston, Massachusetts, wandering about their country. ... The beginning of what Cabot called his travels in the "Indian North" came during the winter of 1899, when he made a long overland trek from Lac Saint-Jean to the Hudson's Bay Company post at Mistassini. He was accompanied on the journey by two Indian companions, one of whom - John Bastian - had previously crisscrossed the Labrador peninsula in the service of A.P. Low, of the Geological Survey of Canada. It was from Bastian that Cabot heard at first hand tales of the Labrador plateau; a land of immense lakes and unchartered rivers, where vast herds of caribou roamed and where a shadowy, little-known group of Indians still lived for the most part beyond the ken of European eyes. Cabot's life-long fascination with wilderness travel and with Indians, which had smoldered while he erected his professional career, was reignited. With the avowed goal of learning the language and the way of life of the region's small bands of Indian hunters, he spent eight summers (1903-1910) in northern Labrador among the Naskapi ..., five summers ... along the Quebec North Shore with Indians who traded out of the St. Augustin post, three summers ... with Indian families who traded at Northwest River in Hamilton Inlet, and winter cross-country trips in the Chamouchouane-Mistassini region .... During the course of his life, he had seen the last of the empty spaces on the maps of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula filled in. His own geographical contributions were relatively minor ones, based in part on the maps he had had his Indian companions draw for him. One of these maps - the original had been over 70 feet long, drawn in the sand of a riverbank by an old Naskapi hunter - was part of the evidence presented in the Labrador Boundary Dispute. In recognition of his accomplishments, Cabot's name was given to the prominent lake along the Indian route from the George River to the Labrador coast, as well as to the subspecies of caribou from northern Labrador. Cabot was neither geographer, explorer, nor scientist, although he made contributions in all three arenas; rather, he preferred to think of himself as "a minor wanderer," a man with the means to pursue his own intensely personal quest in the North.

George Elson (ca. 1875-ca. 1950)

... We know little of Elson's childhood. His father, a Scot, worked for the Hudson's Bay Company and, as was often the custom of the country, married a Cree. George grew up nurtured by both cultures, yet in some respects caught between them, like so many children of mixed parentage. In his mid-twenties, having worked for a survey crew of the Grand Trunk Railroad, he found himself in Missanabie, Ontario, when fate struck. A journalist from New York by the name of Leonidas Hubbard, Jr., had written the Hudson's Bay post, seeking a reliable outdoorsman for an expedition to Labrador on behalf of Outing magazine. When two other candidates did not pan out, Elson was chosen. Hubbard proved to be friendly and generous - full of an almost boyish enthusiasm. But he had never travelled the bush for an extended period, nor had his companion, Dillon Wallace, a New York attorney. Elson felt at home in the woods, but could not help wondering about the expedition's outfit. It included two rifles and pistols, but no shotgun, which would make winging birds much more difficult. Nor was Hubbard able to purchase a gill net in Labrador, as he had hoped. On July 15, 1903, the trio set off down Grand Lake from Northwest River Post, seeking to ascend the Naskapi River into central Labrador and witness the autumn caribou hunt of the Naskapi Indians. Anxious to make up for lost time, Hubbard missed the Naskapi River and instead headed up the tiny Susan Brook, which soon dwindled into a rock-filled obstacle course. As conditions worsened, Elson saw the threat of starvation looming. ... For the next month the men retraced their steps in raw weather. Elson, with remarkable skill, bagged an occasional goose, but with no shotgun and no gill net, the expedition's plight was desperate. Finally Hubbard collapsed, unable to proceed. Making him as comfortable as possible in a tent, Wallace and Elson continued down Susan Brook on October 18; three days later they parted in the midst of the season's first blizzard, Wallace to return to Hubbard with some moldy flour they had retrieved (left behind earlier in the expedition), Elson to go for help on Grand Lake. For five days, he stumbled through snowdrifts, his trousers in tatters, his feet wrapped in scraps of blanket. ... Reaching a trapper's cabin, he sped rescuers upstream, but Hubbard was beyond help. He had died the day of the parting. Wallace was only barely alive - a hardly recognizable skeleton. Over that winter he and Elson recovered at Northwest River Post and returned home in May 1904. ... Devastated by the loss of her husband, Mina Hubbard turned from grief to anger. Why had her husband perished, when the other men had not? ... When Wallace, still loyal to the memory of his friend, announced he was returning to Labrador to finish Hubbard's work, Mina secretly organized an expedition of her own. ... Thus when Wallace headed north in June 1905, he was surprised to find a female rival determined to upstage him - with an able woodsman in charge of the task. Under Elson's leadership, Mina Hubbard completed her expedition nearly flawlessly. The party visited the Naskapi, witnessed the caribou migration, and arrived at George River Post in Ungava Bay on August 29. Wallace, who became lost pioneering an alternate route, did not arrive until mid-October. But the most poignant aspect of the tale was that Elson, struck by Mina Hubbard's kindness and spirited humor, seems to have fallen in love. ... Little has been uncovered of Elson's later years. He married relatively late, to a Cree woman. Working for Revillon Fur Company, he settled at Moose Factory. Only once, in 1936, did he see Mina Hubbard again, when she visited him in her sixties. ...