Northwest German Research Articles

Paläoböden im obersten Westfal bis Stefan des nordwestdeutschen Oberkarbon-Beckens

Paläoböden im obersten Westfal bis Stefan des nordwestdeutschen Oberkarbon-Beckens

Application of fluorescence spectroscopy to geochemical correlation problems

Oils and rock extracts contain molecules with aromatic ring structures which are easiky excitable to characteristic fluorescence. On this basis a procedure for correlation analysis has been developed, including measurement of fluorescence as a function of excitation and emission wavelength and data processing for display of spectra, calculation of correlation coefficients and evaluation of a series of samples with factor analysis methods. Basic investigations concerning the relation between molecular structure and fluorescence spectrum and the influence of maturation and biodegradation of oils on their fluorescence characteristics are outlined. The method is applied to a series of rock extracts from the Northwest German Posidonian Shale and a series of oils from Italy. The differentiation achieved by correlation of fluorescence spectra is in accordance with results based on other geochemical analyses, e.g. determination of gross composition, vitrinite reflectance measurements and biomarker analysis.

The Struggle for Identity in the Clerical Estate: Northwest German Protestant Opposition to Absolutist Policy in the Eighteenth Century. John Stroup

<i>The Struggle for Identity in the Clerical Estate: Northwest German Protestant Opposition to Absolutist Policy in the Eighteenth Century</i>. John Stroup

Heat flow during the carboniferous and mesozoic of the Northwest German Basin

The temperature history of the Northwest German Basin has been reconstructed using a one-dimensional computer model that accounts for compaction-related changes of physical rock properties, depth, temperature and maturity of organic matter. Maturity has been modelled by empirically relating vitrinite reflectance to time-temperature history. Heat flow values for the Mesozoic and Carboniferous have been obtained by matching measured and computed vitrinite reflectance. For Mesozoic samples agreement between measured and computed maturity can be achieved with a heat flow between 37 and 50 mW/m2 (0.9 and 1.2 hfu). There is no systematic areal variation. Carboniferous samples are matched best at heat flows between 70 and 96 mW/m2 (1.7 and 2.3 hfu), corresponding to geothermal gradients between 50 and 80 °C/km depending on lithology and compaction. Areal variation follows patterns subparallel to the structural grain of the Variscan orogeny. Mesozoic heat flow is compatible with heat flow in stable platform areas. Carboniferous heat flow and its geotectonic setting are best in agreement with present-day back-arc areas underlain by continental crust.

&lt;sc&gt;john stroup&lt;/sc&gt;. &lt;italic&gt;The Struggle for Identity in the Clerical Estate: Northwest German Protestant Opposition to Absolutist Policy in the Eighteenth Century&lt;/italic&gt;. (Studies in the History of Christian Thought, number 33.) Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1984. Pp. xii, 266. f 88

john stroup. The Struggle for Identity in the Clerical Estate: Northwest German Protestant Opposition to Absolutist Policy in the Eighteenth Century. (Studies in the History of Christian Thought, number 33.) Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1984. Pp. xii, 266. f 88 Get access Stroup John. The Struggle for Identity in the Clerical Estate: Northwest German Protestant Opposition to Absolutist Policy in the Eighteenth Century. (Studies in the History of Christian Thought, number 33.) Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1984. Pp. xii, 266. f 88. Helen Liebel-Weckowicz Helen Liebel-Weckowicz University of Alberta Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 90, Issue 3, June 1985, Page 711, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/90.3.711 Published: 01 June 1985

The Struggle for Identity in the Clerical Estate: Northwest German Protestant Opposition to Absolutist Policy in the Eighteenth Century

The Struggle for Identity in the Clerical Estate: Northwest German Protestant Opposition to Absolutist Policy in the Eighteenth Century

Structural outline and development

The Central Graben is a broad, complex trough with a long history of differential subsidence. It was probably initiated in the Permian and was controlled by major rifting during the Mesozoic. To the south in the Dutch sector the trough is divided into two parts. From here it passes northwards and divides the southern North Sea Basin into the Anglo-Dutch Basin and the Northwest German Basin. It also separates the Mid North Sea High from the Ringkøbing-Fyn High. These highs form broad, east-west trending, relative stable ridges. The further continuation of the Central Graben is to the northwest, towards the centre of the North Sea, where it passes into the Viking Graben and the Moray Firth Basin at about 58° N. Where the Central Graben divides the two major highs, there is an elongate central narrow horst, the Dogger High, which is the southernmost of a row of mid-Graben highs. Both sides of the Graben are clearly defined by normal rotational faults that were intermittently active from Triassic to Early Cretaceous times.

Basement deformation and basement structure in the Northwest German basin

Regional basement structure in Northwest-Germany consists of tensional horsts and grabens active since at least late Carboniferous (Stephanian) time, possibly since Cambrian time. The trends of these basement features in general are normal to the Variscan mobile belt (active continental margin) in the south and normal to the Caledonian passive continental margin in Denmark in the north. Exceptions in these general trend directions are caused by Kimmerian (Mesozoic) and Tertiary deformation. Thickness and facies distribution of Paleozoic to Tertiary units in Northwest-Germany are closely related to syn-sedimentary relative motions of basement blocks.

Mineralparagenesen als zusätzliche Hilfen bei der stratigraphischen Korrelation im Nordwestdeutschen Tertiärbecken

Mineralparagenesen als zusätzliche Hilfen bei der stratigraphischen Korrelation im Nordwestdeutschen Tertiärbecken

Petroleum Exploration and Production in Europe in 1969

In 1969 oil production in western Europe continued at about 383,000 b/d, due to lack of important recent oil discoveries. Gas production increased 39.2% to more than 5.77 Bcf/d because of increased outlets for gas from the Groningen field of The Netherlands, the British North Sea fields, and northwest German fields. The North Sea continued to be the most active exploration area. There were several unevaluated potentially important discoveries, including an oil discovery in the Norwegian sector near the median line of the sea, a gas discovery in the Triassic in Dutch waters, and a Triassic gas find in the deep, central part of the English basin. The offshore boundaries of Germany, The Netherlands, and Denmark remained unsettled except for short nearshore segments. There we e 6 discoveries of gas and 1 of oil in Austria. Exploratory drilling was unsuccessful in France, though a deep wildcat in the Aquitaine basin had favorable gas shows but was junked. Wells were drilled on the outer continental shelves of the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean Sea. In Germany exploratory drilling increased, and an oil discovery was made in the Lower Saxony basin and 3 gas discoveries in northwest Germany and 1 in the Alpine foreland. Italy awarded extensive new offshore exploration permits, and there was increased exploratory drilling in the Adriatic Sea. In The Netherlands there were 3 gas discoveries in the northeast. Attempts to extend gas fields in central Friesland Province were unsuccessful. Exploration in Spain declined, but for the first time large exploration blo ks were granted off northwestern Spain in the Bay of Biscay. There was an apparently significant oil discovery in the Drava basin of Yugoslavia. Offshore exploration blocks were granted between Scotland and the Outer Hebrides, and off the coasts of Ireland. Portugal invited bids for offshore rights. In the Soviet Union production of oil rose to 6,300,000 b/d and of gas to 17.7 Bcf/d. The Northern Lights pipeline was completed from the Vuktyl' gas field of the Timan-Pechora basin to between Moscow and Leningrad, providing the first access of Arctic gas to major markets. There was a sharp increase in oil production from the oil fields of the middle Ob valley in western Siberia, and the largest of these fields, Samotlor, went on production to the main pipeline system. The waxy crude of th Mangyshlak Peninsula was connected by pipeline with a refinery at the north end of the Caspian Sea. Significant gas discoveries were made in the West Siberian basin, Central Asia, north of the Caucasus, the eastern Ukraine, and in far northeastern Siberia. Important oil discoveries were in the West Siberian basin, north and east of the Caspian Sea, in the eastern Ukraine, and in Byelorussia. Oil production continued to decline in Romania, Hungary, Poland, and Bulgaria, but gas production increased.

Petroleum Exploration and Production in Europe in 1968

In 1968 oil production in western Europe declined slightly to 381,880 b/d but natural gas production increased 42% to more than 4 Bcf/d, the greatest increase being from the Groningen field of The Netherlands. The Leman Bank gas field of the United Kingdom North Sea area and the Meillon field of southern France went on production. The major exploration results of the year were in the North Sea. A possible major gas-condensate discovery, Cod, was made in Norwegian waters near the median line of the sea. Another oil discovery, of questionable commercial importance, was made in the Danish sector. The Netherlands government granted prospecting licenses in the Dutch North Sea area. Drilling began soon after, and resulted in 2 gas discoveries before the end of 1968. A possibly ignificant gas discovery was made in the United Kingdom area about 18 mi off the Yorkshire coast. Activity in the German area remained suspended. In Austria there were 3 oil and 3 gas discoveries, including a gas reservoir in the Triassic below 15,861 ft in the Vienna basin. In France exploration was focused on the Aquitaine basin. A new-field gas discovery was made, and a new depth record for Europe, 21,812 ft, was attainted by a well in the Pyrenees border zone. Offshore drilling in the Bay of Biscay was suspended, but the first well in the Mediterranean Sea was spudded. In Germany there was an oil discovery in the midst of the old Hannover producing area, and 3 Upper Permian and 1 Upper Carboniferous new-gas fields were found in the northwest German basin. In Italy, offshore explorati n permits were granted in the mid-Adriatic zone, and 3 important gas discoveries were made in the northern Adriatic and 1 in the mid-Adriatic. In The Netherlands, onshore exploration increased as a result of issuance of drilling permits in late 1967 and in 1968, and several gas discoveries were made in the eastern and northeastern part of the country. In Spain the first offshore wells were drilled, 1 off the east cost and 2 in the Gulf of Cadiz; all were unsuccessful. In the Soviet Union production of oil rose to 5,920,000 b/d and of gas to 16,500 Bcf/d. Proved gas reserves were estimated at 333 Tcf, with 54.6% in the West Siberian basin. Delineation by extension wells increased reserves of the largest oil field of the West Siberian basin, Samot-Lor, to 2.9 billion bbl. Reserves of a new gas field in the southern Ural-Volga basin, Krasnyy Kholm, were increased to 23 Tcf. Important gas discoveries were made in Central Asia and in the Arctic part of the West Siberian basin, and oil discoveries were made on the east side of the Caspian Sea and on the Baltic coast. A new drilling depth record of 21,980 ft was made in westernmost Asiatic Russia. In southeastern Hungary there was a new oil discovery in the Szeged area, and in Czechoslovakia an oil find was made in the northern Vienna basin.

Petroleum Exploration and Production in Europe in 1966

In 1966 petroleum production in western Europe decreased 3% compared with 1965, with all countries except Yugoslavia and Spain having declining output. Natural gas production increased greatly, chiefly as a result of expansion of pipelines in The Netherlands and Germany, though much greater production from those countries is expected after completion of facilities under construction. In the southern part of the United Kingdom sector of the North Sea, a 1966 discovery, the Leman field, 30 mi offshore, was estimated to have reserves of 6 Tcf of gas in the Lower Permian sandstone. Another field, Hewett, found gas in 2 sandstone members of the Lower Triassic, and an oil discovery was made in a Permian dolomite on another structure. At least 2 other Lower Permian new-field gas discoveries were made. The West Sole gas field, discovered in 1965, was connected to shore by a pipeline. The first wells were completed in the Danish and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea, and drilling continued at a reduced rate in the German sector. No progress was made in enactment of North Sea oil and gas regulations by The Netherlands, and the boundaries between Germany and its neighbors, Denmark and The Netherlands, remained unsettled except for short segments near shore. In Austria a new deep oil discovery was made in Mesozoic limestone in the Vienna basin and other oil and gas discoveries were made in Miocene sandstones in that basin. Three deep wells were drilled through frontal Alpine nappes to total depths in crystalline basement. In France exploration activity declined exce t along the frontal zone of the Pyrenees, where several deep wells were drilled in search of gas. In this area the Meillon gas field was extended 6 mi west and there was also an oil discovery. A new depth record for Europe, 20,686 ft, was made by Meillon No. 2. The first wells were drilled off the French coast and one of these had significant but noncommercial oil shows. In Germany 2 gas discoveries were made. Gas high in nitrogen was found in Lower Permian sandstone in Wustrow, near the East German border. Schnaitsee field in southern Bavaria, was productive in the Oligocene. Important new-pool and extension wells were completed in northwest German gas fields. In Italy significant outpost and new-pool extension wells were completed in the continuation of the Po basin into the Adriatic S a. Several apparently minor gas discoveries were made in peninsular Italy. There was a great decrease in exploration in The Netherlands while new legislation was awaited. A gas discovery was made in Friesland. In Spain there were 2 minor oil discoveries and another exploratory well tested gas. In the United Kingdom an important gas discovery and a smaller one were made in Yorkshire. A gas field south of London found in 1965, was further developed. An oil discovery was made in the Drava Valley of Yugoslavia, and exploration interest in the Adriatic zone increased. A deep test in Spitsbergen was abandoned. In the Soviet Union, oil production increased to more than 5 million b/d and gas production to 14 Bcf/d. Plans were made to connect large gas fields found in recent years in northwestern Siberia to consuming areas in European Russia and possibly to Italy, by a large-diameter pipeline. The first offshore self-elevating drilling platform was placed in operation in the Caspian Sea. An important gas discovery, Achak, was made in Turkmenistan and there were significant oil discoveries in Crimea and in various parts of the Ural-Volga region.

Über die Eignung nordwestdeutscher Böden für die Erdbestattung

Über die Eignung nordwestdeutscher Böden für die Erdbestattung

Petroleum Exploration and Production in Europe in 1965

In 1965 petroleum production in western Europe increased only 3% over 1964, to a rate of 396,560 b/d. Small increases in most of the countries were offset by a decline in Italy, where the production rate from Sicilian oil fields was cut back as a conservation measure. Natural gas production in The Netherlands increased by 150% to a rate of 176 MMCFD as market outlets for Groningen gas were developed, and German dry gas production rose 52.4% to 215 MMCFD. Gas production in Austria France, and Italy was practically unchanged from 1964. Prospects for increasing gas reserves in France were improved by completion of a large gas-discovery well below 16,000 ft. in the Aquitaine basin, and in Italy the decline of reserves of onshore gas fields in the Po valley was offset by incre sed reserves in fields being developed on the trend of the Po basin offshore in the Adriatic Sea. The first offshore gas field in Italy, Ravenna Mare, was put on production. In the North Sea, 13 wells were completed in British and German waters. At the end of the year an apparently commercial gas discovery was made 35 mi. off the English coast. Several wells off Germany had large flows of gas, but with a high percentage of nitrogen. Norway issued petroleum regulations and awarded hydrocarbon rights to 9 companies covering 78 offshore blocks in the North Sea, with an average size of 210 sq. mi. The United Kingdom granted additional offshore areas of about 10,000 sq. mi., including 500 sq. mi. in the Irish Sea. Dutch offshore petroleum legislation was still not enacted. Offshore boundaries of the North Sea nations were fixed by mutual agreements except for the greater part of the boundaries between Germany and its neighbors. In The Netherlands there was active onshore drilling by various companies in anticipation of award of concessions, and 17 of 40 exploratory and extension wells found gas. At the end of 1965 the Dutch government closed the non-concession areas to further drilling. A new drilling depth record for Europe was made by a well in southern France, drilled to 20,205 ft. In Germany exploratory drilling was directed primarily toward the finding of gas in Lower Triassic to Upper Carboniferous reservoirs in the Northwest German basin, and 3 gas discoveries were made. The Ayoluengo oil field of northern Spain was successfully extended and developed, but Stin had not been placed on commercial production. Attempts to extend the 1964 gas discovery in Switzerland were unsuccessful. The northernmost deep test for oil in the world was commenced in Spitsbergen. In the Soviet Union, oil production increased 9% to a rate of 4,660,000 b/d and gas production was up 17% to 12.5 BCFD. Some of the large oil and gas fields found in recent years in new producing regions of the U.S.S.R. were linked to consuming areas by pipelines. The first discovery of oil and gas in Latvia, near the Baltic coast, was announced. Offshore drilling in the Caspian Sea was accelerated, and the first self-elevating drilling platform in the Soviet Union was under construction. In the east European Communist countries, production of oil remained relatively unchanged, but that of gas incre sed considerably in Romania, Hungary, and Poland.

Conference of North‐West German Chemistry Lecturers

Angewandte Chemie International Edition in EnglishVolume 4, Issue 12 p. 1083-1096 Conference Report Conference of North-West German Chemistry Lecturers First published: December 1965 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.196510832AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume4, Issue12December 1965Pages 1083-1096 RelatedInformation

GEOPHYSICAL OPERATIONS IN THE NORTH SEA

During the last three years the discovery of the world’s second largest natural gas field at Groningen in the Netherlands has touched off in the North Sea one of the greatest competitive offshore geophysical operations in history. Before 1962, only minor amounts of geophysical work had been done there. Severe weather conditions were expected, but seismic operations have not been as much affected by weather as was originally anticipated. However, strong currents, making cable location uncertain, hampered reflection stacking and refraction operations. Location by radio was also a serious problem due to lack of sufficient available frequencies for a lane identification system. Seismic work was carried out safely in areas mapped as mine fields. Few problems with the fishing industry have so far been encountered. As a preliminary, the geophysics of the Groningen area are discussed. A gravity compilation of the North Sea shows that there are three major basins—the Northwest German Zechstein Basin, the British North Sea Basin, and the Norwegian North Sea Basin. The British Basin which contains Tertiary, Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, Carboniferous, and older sediments shows considerable salt movement with salt domes, walls, and pillows being in evidence to within 30 miles of the eastern coast of England. Some examples of seismic record sections show the quality of data and the kind of structures encountered. Water reverberations were satisfactorily reduced by means of anti‐ringing procedures. Multiple reflections were frequently observed and often interfered with or obscured simple reflections. Refraction studies indicate that two main refractors, the Upper Cretaceous Chalk and the Upper Magnesian Limestone of the Permian, are present over most of the British Basin. Mapping the key basal Permian reflector is made difficult by deterioration of the reflection under areas of salt growth. Stacking sometimes enhances this reflection. Also intrusions of Permian salt into the Mesozoic beds give rise to large and rapid changes in thickness of the overlying low‐velocity Tertiary and high‐velocity Cretaceous chalk sections. A correction system for these large lateral velocity changes is described.

Petroleum Exploration and Production in Europe in 1964

Petroleum production in western Europe increased 7.2% over 1963, to a rate of 384,420 b/d. German oil production increased 3.9% to a rate of 149,200 b/d and gas production rose 52% to a rate of 190 million CFD. There was a 45% increase in Italian oil production as a result of putting the Gela low-gravity oil field on full production for the first time. Oil production increased by a small percentage in other west European countries. Oil was found for the first time in Spain with the discovery of the Ayoluengo field in the northern part of the country. Further drilling is required to evaluate its importance. In Austria there were 3 oil discoveries, and a new depth record for the country of 16,053 ft. was established. In France, 2 minor discoveries, one each of gas and oil, ere made. A large exploration permit was granted in the Bay of Biscay. In Germany exploratory drilling was directed primarily toward the finding of gas in Lower Triassic to Upper Carboniferous reservoirs in the Northwest German basin. Two significant new-field discoveries were made in the Lower Triassic near Bremen and there were important new-field and new-pool finds in the Triassic and Upper Carboniferous of the Emsland. In Italy 2 small gas discoveries were made in the Po Valley and 5 in the southeastern part of the peninsula. A test projected to the basal Mesozoic near the Adriatic coast was drilled to 19,392 ft. without reaching its objective. There was intense competitive drilling activity in The Netherlands, particularly in the provinces of Friesland and Noord Holland. Of 23 explo atory wells drilled, 5 were completed as shut-in gas discoveries and gas had been found in 2 additional wells that were deepening at the end of the year. The first possibly commercial hydrocarbon production in Switzerland was found by a well 40 km. northeast of Berne which tested wet gas in Tertiary sandstones. In the United Kingdom a small oil discovery was completed in the Jurassic in Dorset near the south coast, and another field was found in Carboniferous sediments in the Midlands. In Yugoslavia an important oil discovery was made in the Drava Valley. The United Kingdom opened its portion of the North Sea to filing for hydrocarbon rights, and 348 blocks of 77-100 sq. mi.were awarded to 23 applicants, mostly comprising groups of companies. The greatest interest was in the area between 53° and 55° N. Lat., where a deep Permian salt basin is believed to be present. Seismic exploration by various companies continued in the North Sea. The first drilling far from the coast commenced in 1964, with 3 wells in German waters and one in a U.K. block on the Dogger Banks near the center of the sea. One of the German wells found nitrogen gas under high pressure and was abandoned. In the Soviet Union oil and gas production continued to increase. The COMECON oil pipe-line to the satellite nations on the west was completed, as was the Trans-Siberian oil pipe-line as far as the Anagarsk refinery. The first oil discovery in Byelorussia was made in the Devonian. There were 2 further discoveries on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, and a gas find in the Cheleken area, both on the easte n coast of the Caspian Sea. Work evidently continued on the deep test at Aral Sor north of the Caspian Sea, with a depth of 19,800 ft. reported. In East Germany, commercial production began in fields in Pomerania, and a new discovery was reported in the area.

Hjulgraven fra Storehøj ved Tobøl i Ribe Amt

Hjulgraven fra Storehøj ved Tobøl i Ribe Amt

Frequency of Meteorite Falls throughout the Ages

A DETAILED investigation of Lower Triassic mud and core samples from north-west German oil wells which I have carried out has revealed the presence of cosmic spherules in considerable numbers. Although magnetic and vitreous spherules originate also from various industrial processes, there seems to be little doubt that the spherules referred to represent genuine cosmic matter, as their main components are magnetite and an iron–magnesium silicate (olivine or bronzite). Thus they have the same composition as the Sikhote-Alin spherules extracted from the soil after the fall of that meteorite. Spherules from deep-sea sediments show the same composition.

Broadcasting in the North-West German Area

Broadcasting in the North-West German Area