North-West Delhi Research Articles

WATER SECURITY THROUGH CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: A CASE STUDY OF RO WATER PLANTS BY TATA POWER DDL

Water security is one of the most pressing issues in urban India especially for the poor. The purpose of this research is to examine the CSR approach to water security focusing on Tata Power DDL’s RO Water Plants in North and North-West Delhi. In this research, I follow the ethnographic method to analyze the effects of Tata Power DDL’s CSR program on JJ colonies’ access to clean drinking water for the targeted beneficiaries. Questionnaires, interviews, and observation were used to measure the social, economic and environmental impacts of the initiative. According to the result, there were changes in health, hygiene, and satisfactions of the community because of safe drinking water source. However, the following was noted as comprising the challenges that CfPTs face: technological barriers; and difficulty in engaging with the community. The study also underlines the significance of public private partnership in water security and provides an insight into how such other CSR programs could be expanded. The study offers important information about the role of CSR in supporting sustainable development and water management in large cities.

Interior Design Patterns and Sustainable Housing Solutions: Insights from a Slum Community in North-West Delhi, India

This scholarly investigation embarks on an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted and complex realm of urban informality, with a particular focus on the intricacies involved in the construction of residential spaces within informal settlements. At the heart of this study lies the transformative urban phenomenon predominantly witnessed in the developing world during the early 21st century. This era has marked a paradigm shift in urban informality, transcending its previous association exclusively with impoverished communities. Informality has now emerged as a predominant and influential model in the landscape of metropolitan urbanization. Significantly, informal settlements have burgeoned into pivotal residential areas, accommodating an ever-increasing portion of the urban populace. These settlements are primarily inhabited by individuals migrating from rural areas in pursuit of enhanced life prospects, thus contributing to a marked population shift. According to the United Nations, approximately one billion people, or nearly a quarter of the world's urban population, reside in informal settlements, highlighting the urgency and scale of this global issue. The ongoing trend of urbanization places immense strain on urban infrastructure and resources. One of the most pressing challenges is ensuring the availability of adequate space and affordable housing for these migrants. Many rural migrants, constrained by limited financial resources and often possessing insufficient savings, are unable to afford housing within formally planned and developed areas. Consequently, they resort to residing in informal settlements, which have become vital components of the urban economic fabric. This research project delves into the nuanced and formidable challenges encountered by these poor migrants as they endeavour to create homes in urban settings. The study aims to provide a thorough understanding of the process involved in acquiring and constructing a home within these informal environments. It also seeks to shed light on the myriad struggles and complexities that are intertwined with this endeavor. An essential element of this inquiry is the examination of the residents' remarkable ingenuity in managing and adapting their living spaces. This includes innovative approaches to space optimization, strategic arrangement of furnishings and furniture, and the adept use of everyday utility items to enhance their living conditions. To ground this research in tangible experiences, Ekta Camp has been chosen as a focal case study. This informal settlement, designated as a notified slum in the 2010 census, offers its residents access to basic services, though they lack formal land rights. By conducting a detailed exploration of the living conditions, experiences, and adaptive practices of the inhabitants of Ekta Camp, this study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of informal settlements. The insights gleaned from this research are poised to influence broader discussions on sustainable and inclusive housing strategies. Moreover, the findings hold the potential to inform future policies and planning in formal housing and urban development, offering innovative and practical solutions that can be applied to similar contexts globally. This research underscores the importance of re-evaluating and re-envisioning housing policies to better accommodate and integrate the growing population in informal settlements, thereby contributing to the creation of more equitable and sustainable urban landscapes.

SKILL DEVELOPMENT AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT: ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING CENTERS AND WOMEN LITERACY CENTERS BY TATA POWER DDL

This research assesses the impact of Tata Power DDL’s CSR programs for women employment through vocational training centers and women literacy centers. The study is based on an ethnographic survey of 12 districts in North and North-West Delhi. The data was collected by questionnaires, interviews and participant observation with the help of purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. The studies show that rendering vocational training and opening the literacy centers has led positive changes in the women economic and social statuses and played a role in enhancing skills, employment, and literacy levels among the women. However the following challenges were noted; poor infrastructure, low participation in some areas, and lack of resources. These CSR initiatives are very important in the transformation of women’s self-reliance hence the need for the expansion of the programs and enhancement of the current implementation. Further, the study highlights the need to have policy intervention to deal with existing barriers to enhance the participation and achieve sustainable results.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FOSSIL FUEL CO2 IN MEGACITY DELHI DETERMINED USING RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS IN PEEPAL (FICUS RELIGIOSA) TREE LEAVES

ABSTRACTThe quantification of fossil-fuel derived carbon dioxide (CO2ff) emissions is critical for regional carbon budgets. Radiocarbon (14C) is an effective tool to estimate the contribution of CO2ff to the total atmospheric CO2. In the present study, we have determined the spatial distribution of fossil fuel derived CO2 across Delhi using 14C measurements in Peepal tree leaves from April 2016 to March 2017 at city scale. Our analysis results show that the Δ14C values vary between –67.78‰ to 5.61‰ and corresponding CO2ff values are varying from 1.63 ppm to 33.34 ppm. CO2ff values from campus sites vary between 6.99 ppm to 16.38 ppm with an average value of 10.22 ± 3.20 ppm, while CO2ff values vary from 2.41 ppm to 33.34 ppm with an average value of 13.32 ± 9.40 ppm for sites located in the parks. Further, we observed the higher contributions of fossil fuels in the CO2 from northwest Delhi, central Delhi, and some parts of east and southwest Delhi. In the absence of real-time CO2 monitoring, the results of this study provide a potential method for analyzing the contribution of CO2ff values over the urban landscape to total CO2 over the study region.

Spectrum of parasitic infections on fine-needle aspiration cytology presenting as superficial nodules: A retrospective study of 5 years in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Parasitic infestations are very common in a developing nation like India. They may present as superficial nodules and are often either missed or misdiagnosed as other soft-tissue lesions. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an easy, minimally invasive technique to detect, and diagnose these lesions. Parasitic infections are present in every age group with cysticercosis being the most common parasitic infestation. The present study highlights the role of cytology in diagnosing parasitic lesions and also analyzes the spectrum of these lesions in a tertiary care hospital. Aims and Objectives: This study was carried out to assess the spectrum of parasitic infestations in a tertiary care hospital of North West Delhi over 5 years (2015–2019). This was a retrospective and descriptive study done in the Department of Pathology, Dr. BSA Hospital, Delhi. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six cases out of a total of 15094 FNACs performed over 5 years (2015–2019) that were diagnosed as parasitic lesions on FNAC were included in our study. The records were retrieved, analyzed, and recorded. Clinical details were obtained from the FNAC requisition slips. Results: A total of 66/15094 FNACs conducted over 5 years were diagnosed as parasitic lesions. Fifty-seven cases of cysticercosis, six cases of filariasis, two cases of echinococcosis, and one case of toxoplasmosis were identified. Conclusion: As parasitic infections pose a problem in a developing country like ours; hence, early detection is always helpful and reduces the morbidity associated with it. Careful assessment of cytological material aspirated from superficial nodules can be very helpful in detecting parasites.

Assessment of groundwater quality and human health risks of nitrate and fluoride contamination in a rapidly urbanizing region of India

Groundwater contamination studies are important to understand the risks to public health. In this study, groundwater quality, major ion chemistry, sources of contaminants, and related health risks were evaluated for North-West Delhi, India, a region with a rapidly growing urban population. Groundwater samples collected from the study area were analysed for physicochemical parameters - pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, total alkalinity, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, fluoride, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Investigation of hydrochemical facies revealed that bicarbonate was the dominant anion while magnesium was the dominant cation. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis and Pearson correlation matrix indicated that major ion chemistry in the aquifer under study is primarily due to mineral dissolution, rock-water interactions and anthropogenic factors. Water quality index values showed that only 20% of the samples were acceptable for drinking. Due to high salinity, 54% of the samples were unfit for irrigation purposes. Nitrate and fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 380.19 mg/land 0.05 to 7.90mg/l, respectively due to fertilizer use, wastewater infiltration and geogenic processes. The health risks from high levels of nitrate and fluoride were calculated for males, females, and children. It was found that health risk from nitrate is more than fluoride in the study region. However, the spatial extent of risk from fluoride is more indicating that more people suffer from fluoride pollution in the study area. The total hazard index for children was found to be more than adults. Continuous monitoring of groundwater and application of remedial measures are recommended to improve the water quality and public health in the region.

Physicochemical Analysis of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Bhalswa Lake in North West Delhi, India

The different physicochemical parameters, including pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, chloride, total hardness, sulphate, and nitrate, were used to analyse ground water samples near Bhalswa Lake in the North West Delhi area of India. water samples were obtained from locations across Bhalswalake, such as: In order to determine the groundwater quality surrounding Bhalswa Lake, the concentration of pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate was measured in groundwater samples. Bhalswa Lake is both a residential neighbourhood and a trash dump. Effects of this analysis revealed that groundwater is heavily polluted and unsafe for drinking and household operations since it includes strong chemical contaminants. Water Quality Index of groundwater at various locations around Bhalswa Lake was also found to be unsuitable, reflecting extremely polluted groundwater status at almost all sampling sites.

A Comparative Analysis of Customer Satisfaction between Public and Private Sector Bank with Reference to New Delhi Area

Abstract: The Aim of this study is to compare the customer perception and customer satisfaction level between Private and Public sector Bank in North West Delhi area and to investigates and understands the relationship variable which leads to customer satisfaction and studies the differences in different perception and thinking of customers with respect to various services provided by 4 Indian banks. It begins with a brief overview of customer satisfaction and past history of the banking sector. This study analysis the details of the various research design is being used and the sampling technique is being also employed, various data collection methods to achieve the objectives of this study and the various tools and techniques used for analyzing the data. This study also elaborates upon the research instrument that is used. Finally, the different hypothesis to be tested during the course of the work has been presented later on. The contents bring out the aims and objectives of this research work. The scopes of the study have been mentioned and it includes the period cycle of study and volume of study carried out in the work. It also presents a detailed roadmap of how the research has been conducted in various stages. A questionnaire has been employed for collection of primary data through questionnaire responses collected from 100 responded and secondary data collected from books, magazine, research paper, journals, articles etc. In this study a detailed analysis of Customer Satisfaction between public and private Sector Banks has been achieved with the help of a survey study of customer of public and private sector Banks. The Analysis of this study of data was carried out using both MS Excel and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) and hypothesis is also designed to understand the satisfaction level at various banks.. This study reveals the different levels of satisfaction are high in Private Sector as compared to Public Sector. This study also helps identify the various variables factors (or relationship dimensions) which is responsible for satisfying the customer between various Banks.

Impact of High Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index on Pregnancy Outcome Among Women Residing in Urban North-West Delhi, India

ObjectivesThere is emerging evidence regarding the association of maternal overweight/obesity with an array of pregnancy-related complications and adverse pregnancy outcome. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of higher pre- pregnancy body mass index (BMI) on pregnancy outcomes of women belonging to the upper socio-economic strata of North West Delhi. MethodsAn observational longitudinal study was conducted among 312 pregnant women attending the private antenatal clinics in North-West, Delhi, India during July 2018 to March 2020. Only women with pre-pregnancy BMI: >18.5kg/m2 who belonged to upper socio-economic strata and with confirmed singleton pregnancies were included in study. All the eligible subjects were enrolled at ≤ 16th week of their pregnancies and further stratified on basis of pre-pregnancy BMI criteria for the Asian-Indians,2009 i.e.,: normal weight;18.5–22.9kg/m2 (n:90), overweight; 23–24.9 kg/m2 (n = 90) and obese; ≥25 kg/m2 (n = 132). The primary outcome of study was macrosomia (birth weight: >3.5kg). Secondary outcomes were gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypothyroid, pre-eclampsia (PE), pre-term birth (PTB), cesarean section (CS), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, miscarriage and still birth. Mixed and fixed-effects logistic regression analysis was performed with normal weight category women as a reference group. ResultsIncidence of adverse pregnancy outcome increased as pre-pregnancy BMI increases. Obese and overweight women had greater risk of undergoing CS (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.9–1.05) and delivering a macrosomic neonate (OR = 2.36, 95% CI: 0.38–14.81 and OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.18–5.82) than normal weight women. Neonates of obese (OR: 1.30, 95%, CI:0.67–2.52) and overweight (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 0.67–2.66) women had a higher risk of NICU admissions. ConclusionsData indicated detrimental effect of higher pre-pregnancy BMI for both mother and as well as the neonate. It would be prudent to strive for normal pre-pregnancy BMI to reduce the likelihood of adverse pregnancy outcome and lay a healthy foundation for an offspring. Funding SourcesThe financial assistance for present study was provided by the University Grant Commission (UGC), Government of India, under Junior/Senior Fellow Scheme.

Association between high pre-pregnancy body mass index and antenatal depression: A study among pregnant women of upper socio-economic strata in North-West Delhi, India

BackgroundMagnitude of antenatal depression (AD) remains underexplored especially in the Indian population despite the growing body of research regarding the benefits of healthy pregnancy. Further, National Family Health Survey (NFHS- 3 and NFHS-4) data indicate that there is an escalating rise in the proportion of overweight/obese women of reproductive age from 26.4% to 34.9% residing in Delhi. Synergistic impact of high pre-pregnancy weight and AD can adversely affect obstetric outcome. Hence, the present study aimed to assess and compare the prevalence of AD among normal weight, overweight and obese pregnant women. MethodsPresent data is a part of an ongoing longitudinal study among pregnant women belonging to upper socio-economic strata residing in Delhi, India. A total of 186 subjects attending private antenatal clinics in North-West Delhi were enrolled at ≤16 week of gestation. The subjects were screened for AD using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, regularly at baseline (≤16th week), midterm (18th-20th week) and end-line (≥32nd week) of their pregnancies. Additional socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements and obstetric history were recorded and analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 25. ResultsMore than one-third of subjects screened positive for depression throughout pregnancy. Prevalence of AD was highest among obese subjects (50%,48.3%,51%) as compared to normal weight (36.7%,30.4%,37.5%) and overweight (27.6%,32%,29.2%) subjects during baseline, midterm and end-line respectively. ConclusionPrevalence of AD was high irrespective of weight category. Obese women were likely to have more symptoms of depression compared to normal weight and overweight women throughout pregnancy. A holistic approach needs to be adopted by health care professionals including regular screening of AD and provide healthy lifestyle related advice to pregnant women.

An investigation into awareness and usage of lead acid batteries in E-rickshaws: A field survey in New Delhi

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the reasons which contributed to the premature failure of the e-rickshaw battery that puts the e-rickshaw operator (ERO) in financial stress. Methods: A field survey was conducted from 1st October 2019 to 30th October 2019, in the North-West Delhi suburbs to extrapolate the shortcomings. Different EROs, charging station operators (CSOs), and battery vendors were interviewed with an administered questionnaire. The simple random sample consisted of 50 EROs, 20 CSOs, and 40 battery vendors. The quantitative data procured was scrutinized through descriptive as well as inferential analysis. Findings: Constant Current (CC) based chargers were found to be the major reason for the shortened life of the battery. These chargers along with other erroneous practices are preventing both the ERO and the CSO to get the full profitability that they could. It was found during the field survey that the e-rickshaw ecosystem is in a dire need of a fast-charging algorithm. This study investigates the technical concepts which are absent in the e-rickshaw technology like modern fast charging techniques such as Constant Current-Constant Voltage (CC-CV), Pulse-Current, Superimposed Pulse Frequency, Intermittent- Current Charing, and Interrupted Charge-Control Techniques (ICCT) and the Hybrid Energy Systems.Novelty/Benefit: The study succinctly points to the technological dots that remain unconnected in the e-rickshaw and shows how the CC-CV based fast charging algorithm and the hybrid energy systems could fill those technological gaps, increase the efficiency and profitability of the e-rickshaw ecosystem. Keywords: E-rickshaw battery life; battery chargers; charging techniques; pulse current; superimposed pulse frequency; interrupted charge-control

Correction to: Assessment of rainwater harvesting sites in a part of North-West Delhi, India using geomatic tools

The original article has been published inadvertently with some errors in Table 6—the last sentence of the abstract and the last sentence after Eq. (2) (581 mm). The corrected Table 6 is given below.

Level of Vitamin D in hypothyroid subjects: a study on the suburban population of North-West Delhi

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a global health concern. Previous studies have shown significant deficiency of vitamin D in hypothyroid subjects compared to euthyroid subjects with higher deficiency in the female population compared to males. A total of 70 adult females aged 41-65 years were enrolled in the study after obtaining their informed written consent. They were categorized into 2 groups consisting 35 Hypothyroid cases and 35 Euthyroid controls respectively. Serum vitamin D, TSH, fT3 and fT4 levels were assessed by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). VDD was designated at levels lower than 20 ng /ml and Vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) at level between 20 ng /ml - 30 ng /ml. Levels > 30 ng /ml were stated as vitamin D sufficiency state. Level <4.2 ng/ml was stated as severe vitamin D deficiency state. The study shows significantly reduced levels of Vitamin D in hypothyroid female subjects compared to age and gender matched euthyroid controls. Majority of hypothyroid subjects and euthyroid controls were falling in VDD range rather than VDI range. We also observe that hypothyroid subjects were more in VDD category as compared to euthyroid subjects.

Matters of the Heart: Romance, Courtship, and Conjugality in Contemporary Delhi

AbstractThis article explores narratives of heterosexual romance and conjugality in Wazirpur, a neighbourhood in north west Delhi, dominated by the steel industry and populated by a largely migrant workforce. Focusing primarily on two generations of women, it considers how the relationship between romantic love and marriage is articulated, performed and imagined. The oral accounts presented here suggest a multidirectional pattern of marital mobility, which is grounded in social conventions of conjugality. Familial tensions and social fault lines appear over marital decisions, crystallizing especially when elopements or ‘court marriages’ take place. The romantic relationships and forms of courtship in Wazirpur have to discursively and spatially negotiate the tensions between social approval and individual choice. While increasingly, a considerable degree of significance is accorded to the emotional bond between the couple, parental support and the public performance of respectability remain central to marital formations. The article suggests that the intimate and the emotional are not only located in the interior of the individual but are forged by intersecting and often competing registers of social regulation.

Vegetation and Pollution in Delhi-Frequency, Abundance and Density of Plants and Pollutant Levels: An Analysis

The present study endeavours to explore the role of vegetation in air quality improvement at selected sites of Delhi. The study was conducted at four sites of Delhi-Pusa in Central Delhi, ITO in East Delhi, Dwarka in South West Delhi and Rohini in North West Delhi. To monitor and quantify the abundance, frequency and density of vegetation of the sites,belt transect method (with 500m transect and 30 quadrats of 0.5 x 0.5m) was used. Results of the study indicate that Pusa had highest abundance(6.7), frequency(86%) and density(6.2) of vegetation as compared to Dwarka, Rohini and ITO. ITO site has minimum abundance (2.0), frequency (50%) and density (1.9) of vegetation. There was a statistically negative correlation between the abundance, frequency and density of vegetation and ambient levels of chemical air pollutants. Physical pollutant (PM 2.5 ), doesn’t seem to get affected by vegetation. The study indicates that the contribution of vegetation is significant in improving air quality of urban areas.

Assessment of rainwater harvesting sites in a part of North-West Delhi, India using geomatic tools

The study was conducted with an aim to provide practical solution for the groundwater management in three villages namely Singhola, Ghoga and Dhirpur of the North-West Delhi, India. LANDSAT remote-sensing datasets for the last four decades (1977–2018) were assessed to determine changes in vegetation cover at the selected sites. The Google Earth Engine was used to determine how values of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were found to have varied spatially and over time for the selected sites. Strong correlations were found between the NDVI values of surface features including waterbodies, forest land, agricultural land and urban areas in Singhola, Ghoga and Dhirpur, respectively. The relative infiltration capacity of soils was highest (92.9%) and lowest (57%) for Singhola and Dhirpur, respectively, due to spatial differences in soil texture. In each village, locations exhibiting a higher soil infiltration capacity could be used for implementing managed aquifer recharge schemes using rainwater harvested from rooftops in the villages. This assessment indicated that the village of Ghoga has the highest potential (3,76,98,013.08 m3) for aquifer recharge through rooftop rainwater harvesting as compared to the other two villages.

Parameter Tuning in MACO for Actual Road Conditions

With the increase in traffic volume day by day, cities are facing the problem of extreme congestion in most of the developing countries. The congestion on the road leads to increase in travel time and travel cost as well as having a significant impact on the health of people. This paper aims to provide the parameter tuning in the existing modified ant colony optimization (MACO) algorithm using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to handle the congestion for actual road conditions. The performance of the MACO algorithm depends on the value of its parameters. Having a very large combination of these parameter values, a selection of the optimal values for these parameters is done using trial and error method. Therefore, we have proposed an algorithm based on PSO algorithm to find an optimal combination of the parameters of MACO under actual road conditions. MACO algorithm works under the assumption that all roads are in working condition, whereas the proposed work finds the best path even when the roads are temporarily blocked may be due to an accident or permanently blocked due to road construction. The experiments have been done for the network of North-West Delhi, India. It was found that the travel time is reduced significantly after using the optimal combination of values of parameters.

An improved hybrid ant particle optimization (IHAPO) algorithm for reducing travel time in VANETs

With the increase in traffic volume day by day, cities are facing the problem of extreme congestion in most of the developing countries. The congestion on the road leads to increase in travel time and travel cost as well as having a significant impact on the health of people. This paper proposes a novel Improved Hybrid Ant Particle Optimization (IHAPO) algorithm for reducing the travel time for enabling smart transportation. The aim of the proposed algorithm is to select a best path in peak hours by avoiding the optimal path, if congested and resuming the optimal path when congestion eases. This algorithm is an improvement of the existing Modified Ant Colony Optimization (MACO) algorithm. It combines both MACO and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms using the global best exchange method. Initially, both algorithms work separately and produce their best solutions. Then a comparison has been made between both the solutions and a new global best solution found for the whole network. According to the best solution obtained, the position of both ants and particles are changed for the next iterations. MACO algorithm works under the assumption that all roads are in working condition, whereas the proposed IHAPO algorithm works under normal road conditions. Another difference between these algorithms is the pheromone update process that makes the new algorithm more effective. The proposed algorithm is tested on a map of North-West Delhi, India using Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) for traffic simulation. It was found that the travel time is reduced significantly by using the proposed IHAPO algorithm over the existing algorithms in consideration.

Assessment of the spatial and temporal hydrochemical facies variation in the flood plains of North-West Delhi using integrated approach

Assessment of change in major ion chemistry of groundwater, manifested by hydrochemical facies, is a necessity for sustainable use of the groundwater resources. In this perspective, this article estimates spatial and temporal hydrochemical facies variation in the study area using an integrated approach. The geochemical, isotopic and sedimentary data from the North West Delhi has been used to achieve the objective of the study. It is seen that the spatial groundwater facies variation in the study area correlates with the change in geomorphologic units. Distinct hydrochemical facies for younger and older alluvial plains has been observed. It is seen that geomorphic features such as palaeochannels also influence the groundwater quality of the study area. Further, the temporal hydrochemical facies variations indicate that with time, anthropogenic factors have also impacted the evolution of facies in the study area .

An analysis of the marketing effectiveness of the farmers

This research was aimed at assessing the effectiveness of marketing services. The study was conducted in Faridabad from Haryana, Hapur from Uttar Pradesh and North-West Delhi from Delhi selected purposively to explore the marketing extension system as they adequately represent the periurban agriculture. 90 farmers, 30 rice, wheat and tomato grower farmers from each district were selected to constitute the total sample size. Interview schedule were used in eliciting information from the farmers. Effectiveness were analysed using indicators specifically marketable surplus, producer share in consumer prices, middlemen share in consumer prices, marketing cost, marketing margin, price spread and marketing efficiency using Shepherd’s equation. The study found that marketing cost is high when more intermediaries are involved in marketing of produce. Producer’s share in consumer’s price is high when produce is directly sold to consumer by producer. Marketing efficiency of cereals is high than vegetable crop because of heavy transport and post harvest losses occur in vegetables.