North Oregon Research Articles

Discovery of Timbers of Oregon’s Manila Galleon and New Light on the Early Beeswax Controversy

This Research Note reports on two items, one archaeological and one historical, on Oregon’s Manila galleon. The first item summarizes the find of timbers on the north Oregon coast, which initial testing indicates date from the time of the Santo Cristo de Burgos, the Manila galleon thought to have wrecked in the area in 1693-94. The second item traces the controversy that raged in the early 20th century over the masses of wax found in the Nehalem Spit area. There was heated disagreement between those who thought it was beeswax, and therefore from a shipwreck, and those who thought it was ozokerite, a mineral wax indicative of possible presence of oil. This brief drama played out in lurid newspaper ads and an oil drilling outfit operating on Nehalem Spit.

Views Across the Pacific: The Galleon Trade and Its Traces in Oregon

From 1565 to 1815, Manila galleons such as the Santo Cristo de Burgos — the ship now thought to be the seventeenth century “Beeswax Wreck” that sank or ran aground near Nehalem Spit in Oregon — followed a 12,000-mile route from the Philippines through the stormy North Pacific, sometimes passing parallel to what is now the north Oregon coast, before reaching their destination in Acapulco, Mexico. The galleons were a central part of Spain's complex international commerce system, transporting people and Asian goods around the world. In this article, Cameron La Follette and Douglas Deur discuss the Spanish empire and the Manila galleon trade; tempestuous seas and hazardous weather conditions that likely led to the ship's demise; oral traditions of the Native peoples who encountered the shipwreck and its survivors; and the Euro-American interpretations of that oral tradition that fueled treasure-hunters' speculations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Views Across the Pacific: The Galleon Trade and Its Traces in Oregon

From 1565 to 1815, Manila galleons such as the Santo Cristo de Burgos — the ship now thought to be the seventeenth century “Beeswax Wreck” that sank or ran aground near Nehalem Spit in Oregon — followed a 12,000-mile route from the Philippines through the stormy North Pacific, sometimes passing parallel to what is now the north Oregon coast, before reaching their destination in Acapulco, Mexico. The galleons were a central part of Spain's complex international commerce system, transporting people and Asian goods around the world. In this article, Cameron La Follette and Douglas Deur discuss the Spanish empire and the Manila galleon trade; tempestuous seas and hazardous weather conditions that likely led to the ship's demise; oral traditions of the Native peoples who encountered the shipwreck and its survivors; and the Euro-American interpretations of that oral tradition that fueled treasure-hunters' speculations in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Global climate analogues for winegrowing regions in future periods: projections of temperature and precipitation

Background and Aims Climate is a key consideration for winegrowers, so information regarding projected climate change and the relative global impacts are of great interest. Methods and Results This climate analogue approach compares and contrasts future to current climate among the regions. Warming was projected for all regions, with greater warming in Northern Hemisphere continental regions and less for Southern Hemisphere and coastal regions. Projections of annual precipitation varied, with the median result from the range of models indicating a wetter climate for higher latitude regions, such as New Zealand, Mosel Valley and North Oregon, and the Chinese region in this study, while Southern European, Australian and South African winegrowing regions had a projected drier climate. The median model result for winter precipitation indicated a projected decrease for sites in Chile, Greece, Australia and Spain, with other European and American sites experiencing a slight increase in winter precipitation. Shandong, China, was the only region in this study projected to experience increased summer precipitation. Conclusion Future temperature and precipitation projections were made for 23 winegrowing regions worldwide and compared using a climate analogue approach. Significance of the Study An estimated future temperature and precipitation climatology centred on 2030 and 2070 for 23 winegrowing regions worldwide is made using results from 23 global climate models. Using these climatologies, along with consideration of length of the planning horizon, legal limitations and inter-regional climate variability, climate analogues can be described. For future planning, winegrape cultivars better suited to the projected climate may then be selected from the range currently growing in identified analogue regions. Alternatively, climatically optimum sites can be identified for growing particular cultivars in future conditions.

Heritabilities, Intertrait Genetic Correlations, G x E Interaction and Predicted Genetic Gains for Acoustic Velocity in Mid-rotation Coastal Douglas fir

Abstract Acoustic velocity (AV) data from 7,423 coastal Douglas-fir trees drawn from 347 wind-pollinated families on 14 sites, from four first-generation testing programs in the north Oregon Cascades, were analyzed. Families were measured on two or four sites at ages 23 to 41 years from seed using the Fakopp TreeSonic standingtree tool. Height (HT) and DBH data collected at ages 15 and 16 from seed, from all trees in the four programs (95,795 trees, 955 families), were used to calculate volume index (VOL = HT*DBH2) and stem taper (TAP = DBH/HT). All traits were analyzed using multivariate mixed model analyses. Across-site individual narrow-sense heritabilities for AV2 ranged from 0.24 to 0.40 among first-generation programs, compared to 0.12 to 0.23 for HT, 0.10 to 0.16 for DBH, 0.11 to 0.20 for VOL and 0.14 to 0.17 for TAP. Across-site type B correlations for AV2 ranged from 0.85 to 0.95, compared to 0.62 to 0.83 for HT, 0.60 to 0.74 for DBH, 0.67 to 0.78 for VOL and 0.66 to 0.79 for TAP. AV2 was negatively correlated with HT in three programs (rA = 0.17 to −0.28), and negatively correlated with DBH (−0.12 to −0.46), VOL (−0.05 to −0.44) and TAP (−0.09 to −0.40) in all four programs. Selecting the top 10% of the families sampled based on AV2 gave predicted gains of 4.4% to 9.6% for AV2 and −9.3% to 10.6% for VOL. The adverse genetic correlations between AV2 and growth, and the losses in gain in AV2 from selection based on growth, may be overestimated by suppression of slower-growing families in these older tests.

Erratum: Correction for Summary of Birds Killed by a Harmful Algal Bloom along the South Washington and North Oregon Coasts During October 2009, Volume 92, Number 2

Erratum: Correction for Summary of Birds Killed by a Harmful Algal Bloom along the South Washington and North Oregon Coasts During October 2009, Volume 92, Number 2

Summary of Birds Killed by a Harmful Algal Bloom along the South Washington and North Oregon Coasts During October 20091

Seabirds are known to be vulnerable to biotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs). The ingestion of prey contaminated with biotoxins such as domoic acid can cause disorientation, seizures, morbidity, and mortality (Work and others 1993). During November 2007 in Monterey Bay, California, an unprecedented stranding of live and dead seabirds highlighted plumage fouling as an emerging mortality factor during harmful algal bloom (HAB) events. The fouling agent was a proteinaceous foam derived from the cellular breakdown of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea. This foam coated seabird plumage in a manner similar to fouling by petroleum oil (Hartung 1967; McEwan and Koelink 1973; National Research Council 1985), causing waterlogging, hypothermia, morbidity, and mortality in the California birds (Jessup and others 2009). During late October 2009 along the southern Washington and northern Oregon State coasts, algal blooms caused another seabird plumage fouling event, where several bird species were coated in a foam surfactant. Water and feather samples confirmed that this dinoflagellate bloom was also A. sanguinea (Dr. Raphael Kudela, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, pers. comm.). Du and others (in press) describe the conditions that facilitated the A. sanguinea bloom off the Oregon coast and propose that the source of the bloom was southward transport of cells from a massive September bloom that first occurred off the Washington coast. Similar to the 2007 California event, the foam produced by the WashingtonOregon bloom reduced the waterproofing of birds’ plumage, causing hypothermia in individual birds and leading to the stranding of hundreds of debilitated live and dying seabirds on public beaches. During this event, volunteers and federal, state, and local resource management agencies collected as many birds as possible for rescue and rehabilitation from the Long Beach Peninsula, WA; Fort Stevens State Beach, OR; and Cannon Beach, OR. Most of the birds collected were initially delivered to the Wildlife Center of the North Coast (WCNC) rehabilitation facility in Astoria, OR, where volunteers observed that birds were cold, weak, stressed, and starving. Due to the magnitude of this event, the WCNC facility was quickly overwhelmed by hundreds of collected seabirds, which included Common Loons (Gavia immer), Common Murres (Uria aalge), Pacific Loons (G. pacifica), Red-throated Loons (G. stellata), Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata), and Western and Clark’s Grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis and A. clarkii). Birds were subsequently transferred to facilities that were better equipped to handle large numbers of seabirds for rehabilitation, including the International Bird Rescue Research Center (IBRRC) in Cordelia, CA (n 5 479 birds), and Progressive Animal Welfare Society (PAWS) in Lynnwood, WA (n 5 125). Some birds responded well to supportive care and were eventually 1 We dedicate this manuscript to the men and women at US Coast Guard Air Station Sacramento, who donated their time and use of the C-130 Hercules aircraft to transport seabirds. This same Coast Guard aircraft crashed off the coast of San Diego, CA on 30 October 2009, within days of responding to the HAB event documented in this manuscript. All hands on board that aircraft were lost. We honor their memory and service. GENERAL NOTES

Effects of seed origin and site on the amenability of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) grown in Britain to preservative treatment in longitudinal and radial directions

Variations in longitudinal and radial permeability were investigated in eight seed origins of Sitka spruce (Alaska (AL), British Columbia (BC), Queen Charlotte Islands (QCI), North Washington (NW), South Washington (SW), North Oregon (NO), South Oregon (SO) and California (CA)) grown at two sites in Britain (Dalby, Eastern England and Rhondda, South Wales). Five trees of each seed origin at each site were sampled at three heights (1, 2 and 3 m above ground level). Permeability of timber grown at the two sites showed an inverse relationship between longitudinal and radial permeability. The general trend showed that, although they were less treated longitudinally, the trees on the Rhondda site were more treated radially as compared with those at Dalby. Results obtained in this study generally show that, of the seed origins, QCI and NW had the greatest permeability in either direction. This is in contrast to NO and SO which had the lowest permeability longitudinally (NO) and radially (SO). Therefore, it is suggested that to optimize the permeability in either flow direction, QCI and NW should be selected for plantation use. The seed origins NO and SO should be avoided in future plantations as they were resistant to treatment with liquid preservative. It appears that there are reasonable explanations for differences in longitudinal permeability and that the differences are linked to wood density which is a selection criterion in current breeding programmes.

A comparison of meristic and morphometric characters of green sturgeon Acipencer medirostris

Journal of Applied IchthyologyVolume 18, Issue 4-6 p. 234-239 A comparison of meristic and morphometric characters of green sturgeon Acipencer medirostris J. A. North, J. A. North Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; University of Guelph, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorR. A. Farr, R. A. Farr Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; University of Guelph, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Vescei, P. Vescei Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; University of Guelph, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author J. A. North, J. A. North Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; University of Guelph, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorR. A. Farr, R. A. Farr Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; University of Guelph, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorP. Vescei, P. Vescei Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Clackamas, OR, USA; University of Guelph, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 17 December 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00373.xCitations: 16AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume18, Issue4-6December 2002Pages 234-239 RelatedInformation

(Musci, Grimmiaceae), a new hydrophilous species from the Pacific Northwest with comments on in North America

Racomitrium ryszardii Bedn.-Ochyra from western North America is described and illustrated. It belongs to subg. Cataracta Vilh. sect. Stenotrichum (Chev.) Bedn.-Ochyra and is closely related to R. aquaticum (Schrad.) Brid. with which it constitutes subsect. Hydmphilum Bedn.-Ochyra. It differs from R. aquaticum in its keeled, linear-lanceolate leaves, the absence of a basal marginal row of pellucid cells, a cristate leaf apex, long costa extending almost to the apex, an anatomical structure of the costa and longer peristome teeth. It is a hydrophytic moss growing from sea-level to subalpine elevations on outcrops and boulders near streams through the coastal coniferous forest from north Oregon to south-eastern Alaska. All collections of R. ryszardii have formerly been reported from the Pacific Northwest as R. aquaticum and the only exception is the specimen from Montana which has not been available for examination. The only record of the latter species from eastern North America is also based on misidentification, and the voucher specimen actually belongs to R. sudeticum (Funck) Bruch & Schimp. Accordingly, R. aquaticum must apparently be withdrawn from the moss flora of North America, unless the specimen from Montana represents this species,

Forest engineering implication of storm-induced mass wasting in the Oregon Coast Range, USA

Abstract A severe winter storm, under conditions of high antecedent moisture and a substantial snow pack at higher elevations, in February of 1996 resulted in rapid flooding and a large number of precipitation-induced landslides. The number of mass wasting events greatly exceeded the expectations of many land managers, given the magnitude (50-year return interval ) of the storm event. Both ground and aerial surveys were used to characterize the nature of these events and relate the occurrence of mass wasting activity to the topography, geology, and land management activities of the region. This paper is based upon an aerial videography transect of the north Oregon Coast Range and explores the potential of this technique, with special reference to storm damage assessment in commercial forestry areas. Given the efforts to enhance and protect anadromous fish-rearing habitat in the region's perennial streams, this survey explores the implications of current and past forest engineering practices, and suggests that engineering efforts to ‘de-construct’ the legacy of old roads and culvert systems may be appropriate in the drainage basins with the highest potential habitat values.

CHANGES DUE TO JETTIES AT TILLAMOOK BAY, OREGON

Bayocean Spit, separating Tillamook Bay from the Pacific Ocean on the north Oregon coast, underwent severe erosion following construction of a north jetty at the bay entrance in 1914-17. This erosion ultimately led to the complete breaching of the spit in 1952. Simultaneous to the spit erosion south of the entrance, the shoreline north of the north jetty advanced seaward by some 600 m (2000 ft). This pattern of erosion and deposition following jetty construction has generally been interpreted as the jetty blocking a large north to south net littoral drift in the area, estimated by a previous study at 620,000 m3/yr (800,000 yd3/yr). Our reexamination of the shoreline changes and patterns of erosion and deposition following jetty construction disagrees with this interpretation, and instead we conclude that all of the changes resulted from local rearrangements of the beach due to the disrupted equilibrium following jetty construction, but at the same time maintaining an overall condition of zero net littoral drift. This interpretation is supported by other evidence that indicates a near-zero net drift on this portion of the Oregon coast. Thus severe coastal erosion can result from jetty construction even in areas of zero net littoral drift. A new south jetty has been recently completed (1974). The result has been further realignments of the shoreline with accretion and shore-: line advance immediately south of the south jetty. This provides further confirmation that a zero net littoral drift exists in the area. This study also demonstrates the effects of building only a single jetty rather than a pair of jetties. Following construction of the north jetty, the outer bar or ebb-tide delta at the Tillamook Bay inlet grew appreciably in size.