California North Research Articles

Local magnitude and sediment amplification observations from earthquakes in the northern Baja California-southern California region

Abstract The data set that is analyzed in this study consists of strong motion and digital velocity records obtained during the last 6 yr for earthquakes along faults in Baja California North and southern California. From this set, local magnitudes for 60 earthquakes recorded at stations on hard rock and sediments are calculated following the technique proposed by Kanamori and Jennings (1978). The calculated near-source motion magnitudes ( M LSM ) are then compared with reported local magnitude values ( M L ) which are in the range from 3 to 6.6. From these comparisons, it is found that for earthquakes with magnitude M L between 3 and 5.5, almost all the M LSM values estimated from data registered on sediments exceed the M L values by amounts which at the shorter distances (less than about 10 km) may be as high as an order of magnitude, or even higher for a few cases. The strong motion records associated with these high M LSM values have highly coherent pulse-like S -wave signals of very short period and large accelerations. Similar estimations of local magnitude from more limited data obtained on hard rock were comparable or lower than the standard M L values. We conclude that the high M LSM values are the result of a combination of high-frequency source spectra and a strong shear wave energy amplification due to the presence of sediments. A sediment amplification factor of 3.2 is inferred from the data and is in good agreement with a theoretical factor of 3.4 estimated on the basis of the McMechan and Mooney (1980) velocity model for the Imperial Valley. It is also found from the analyzed data that near-source local magnitude decreases between 0 and 10 km, indicating that for smaller earthquakes the attenuation function, -log A 0 (richter, 1958), used in local magnitude determinations, needs to be modified to take into account the characteristics of the seismic energy radiated at short distances. Near-source strong motion data for the 1979 Imperial Valley ( M L = 6.6) and 1980 Victoria ( M L = 6.1) events do not show the strong discrepancy between M LSM and M L observed for the smaller magnitude events. Factors that might be responsible for this include nonlinear sediment attenuation for larger amplitude waves, as well as complex near-source spreading out of the waveform resulting from larger source size (near-source magnitude saturation). We give a numerical example, using small earthquakes as Green9s functions, to show that for a complex source function represented as a superposition of smaller earthquakes, M LSM and M L for the 1980 Victoria earthquake can be explained by the magnitude saturation phenomenon.

Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting

130ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC COAST GEOGRAPHERS FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING Eureka, California September 22-25, 1983 The 46th annual meeting of the Association, with the Department of Geography at Humboldt State University as host, convened at the Eureka Inn in Eureka, California, September 22-25, 1983. The decision by the APCG Executive Committee to return to a fall meeting schedule was welcomed by a majority of the membership, and despite the relative isolation of California's north coast as convention site attendance was higher than anticipated. Altogether, there were 161 paid registrations, of which a record 58 were students. Ry noon on Thursday, September 22, some of the faithful had arrived. Much to the Humboldters' chagrin it was the first wet day of the month. As registration proceeded during the afternoon and evening, Humboldt geographer Hal Jackson presented two slide programs that revealed the character of the Humboldt Bay region. A popular diversion was a wine-and-cheese social in die crowded Board room. It provided an opportunity before the formalities of Friday's schedule for the members, young and old, to renew acquaintances, to exchange strategies for coping with declining enrollments, and to regale one another with tales of last summer's research on cryptogram endemics in Ngorongoro Crater or night people in the wasteland of the South Bronx. Friday morning combined the initial paper sessions at the Inn with Hal Jackson's bus excursion to view architectural styles of Victorian Eureka. All of us gathered at the Inn shortly after lunch for bus-lift some 50 miles north on U.S. Coast Highway 101 to exquisite Prairie Creek State Park, an enclave within Redwood National Park. An open-air plenary session convened there in the amphitheater beneath the shady canopy of giant sequoias. Clearing skies in the morning had provided a fine sunny day. Entitled "Geography and Public Policy," in anticipation of the same theme for the 1984 AAG meetings in Washington, the session consisted of remarks by James A. Roberts, Director, Office of Resources, Energy, and Permit Assistance, State of California; Richard G. Rayburn, Director, Northern California District, Coastal Commission; and Douglas G. Warnock, Superintendent, Redwood National Park, moderated by Roberts. After a healthy question-and-answer period, an hour for strolling on park trails was welcomed by all before boarding the buses to return part of the way to Eureka, to Merryman's Reachhouse restaurant at scenic Moonstone Reach. The remainder of the day can be described simply as blissful dissipation— Sam Merryman's always-popular salmon bake, a sumptuous meal, was preceded by 90 minutes of cheery discourse and drink in the pleasant sundown air at surfside. Humboldt's student Geographic Society hosted visiting students wanting less expensive fare with a cookout and keg on the beach, no more than a stone's throw from the throng on the beachhouse porch. When dinnertime arrived 108 YEARBOOK · VOLUME 46 · 1984131 places were occupied, and by 10 p.m. (time for the bus ride back to the Eureka Inn) all participants were adequately filled with good food, libation, and insights of the day. Saturday was spent at the Inn, in paper sessions, including a special session late in the day entitled "Geographic Education and International Studies," and in business meetings. Hal Jackson once again opened the day for a select few who toured rural Ferndale. That evening the annual banquet culminated 1983 proceedings. A good buffet dinner at the Eureka Inn was followed by remarks from Alistair W. McCrone, president of Humboldt State University; announcements from Earl W. Kersten, President-elect of APCG; and a stimulating address by retiring President Larry Ford entitled "Architecture and Geography: Toward a Mutual Concern for Space and Place." An invitation from the geographers at Eastern Washington University, site of the 47th annual convention in September 1984, was offered the gathering of nearly 80 persons. The Program and Local Arrangements committeemen, under the direction of General Chair John Harper, were Lowell Bennion, John Coleman, Mohammad Hemmasi, Hal Jackson, Joe Leeper, Bob Plank, and Ryan Rudnicki. Paper sessions were chaired by James W. Scott, Gordon R. Lewthwaite, Robert E. Frenkel, Donald R. Floyd, Christopher L. Salter, Donald G. Holtgrieve, Al Fishman, Daniel R. Luten...

The Early Cartography of the Bering Strait Region

... In its later phase, from the mid-seventeenth century on, the locale of this mythical strait was shifted eastward to a position between a legendary land of Jeso and America north of California, and became involved in the controversy over a Northwest Passage from Hudson's Bay to the Pacific. It was at this time that another cartography began to develop, based at first on a slim and tenuous knowledge of the facts, but nevertheless carrying with it the promise of a realistic cartography of the Bering Strait region. This was the Russian cartography of northeastern Siberia. Less is generally known about this cartography than about that of the Strait of Anian; yet, since World War II, Soviet scholars have greatly advanced our knowledge of it. This paper will focus on a selected group of maps from the Russian cartography. ...

Phanerozoic continental accretion and the metamorphic evolution of northern and central california

The late Paleozoic and younger tectonic fabric of California north of the Transverse Ranges consists of accreted exotic and parautochthonous lithic belts which extend north-south and northwest-southeast, separated from one another by subvertical strike-slip faults and gently to steeply east-dipping thrust faults. Where recognizable, folds in general verge to the west and stratigraphic tops face east, a rough but systematic westward decrease in geologic age and metamorphic intensity may also be recognized. Exotic terranes of uncertain provenance include the central metamorphic belt of the Klamath Mountains, and the Salina-Sur-Obispo composite block of the central Coast Ranges. Pre-Permian sections of the eastern Klamath terrane and portions of the Sierran Calaveras-Melones complex may also represent far-traveled crustal entities. Allochthonous oceanic basement, seamounts, and pelagic sediments are additional transported materials widespread in most of the parautochthonous lithotectonic belts that make up much of the rest of northern and central California, ophiolitic assemblages are especially abundant along the fault zones which mark boundaries between these units. The parautochthonous lithotectonic belts appear to have been constructed in the vicinity of the continental margin and/or an offshore arc, judging from the nature and provenance of their constituent igneous and sedimentary rocks, intimately associated tholeiitic-calc-alkaline complexes indicate that, at least locally, ophiolite generation occurred nearby. The Salinia-Sur-Obispo amalgamated terrane exhibits the effects of fragmentation and removal of crust—now represented by the suture juxtaposing the two blocks. Other areas may have been subjected to similar truncations, but relationships are not as clear. Far-traveled terranes are characterized by ages of formation and recrystallization foreign to surrounding units, the nature of the protoliths and grades of metamorphism developed within them contrast with those of juxtaposed lithotectonic belts. On the other hand, essentially in situ growth of many Californian lithotectonic belts is suggested by a gradually decreasing age of formation and both monotonically decreasing times and grades of metamorphism proceeding towards the Pacific basin. Some parautochthonous units as well as exotic terranes are locally bounded by discontinuous blueschist belts, the latter attesting to at least episodic preservation of the effects of subduction, metamorphism and offloading into the accreting continental margin. Phanerozoic evolution of northern and central California thus apparently consisted of a more or less in situ seaward encroachment of the continental margin relative to the craton involving occasional truncation and loss of section, with a concomitant semi-continuous or episodic incorporation of allochthonous seamounts, oceanic crust, and deep-sea sediments and the less frequent arrival and juxtaposition of exotic microcontinental fragments of problematic but distant source.

Northern Sea Lion Population Decline in the Eastern Aleutian Islands

From June 1975 through June 1977, 6 aerial surveys were conducted along the eastern Aleutian Islands and north coast of the Alaska Peninsula to assess the distribution and abundance of northern sea lions (Eumetopiasjubatus). Site-specific counts of sea lions on rookeries and haulout places were compared to counts made in 1957, 1960, 1965, and 1968. Analysis of total counts from sites replicated among survey years since 1957 indicated that a significant population decline occurred. The 1977 population estimate was below 25,000, whereas in the late 1950's and early 1960's the population exceeded 50,000. The 1977 population level was 44.9-54.7% of the 1957 estimate, and it appeared that the population decline has been greatest since 1968. No cause for the decline was apparent, but several contributing factors are discussed. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 44(1):25-33 The northern or Steller sea lion is the most abundant sea lion in North America and ranges from California north into the Bering Sea, Alaska (Rice 1977). The recent population level in Alaska is estimated at 200,000 animals (Interagency Task Group 1978) with the greatest numbers occurring from the Gulf of Alaska to the western limits of the Aleutian Islands. However, reliable estimates of abundance are not available for much of Alaska. Population studies along the south side of the Alaska Peninsula into the Gulf of Alaska have been conducted by Alaska Department of Fish and Game biologists and others (Calkins et al. 1975, Fiscus et al. 1976), but no surveys have been conducted throughout the Aleutian Islands since the one by Kenyon and Rice (1961). This paper reports on a 1975-77 study of the distribution and abundance of northern sea lions in the eastern Aleutian Islands (Braham et al. 1977). Previous surveys in this area, specifically of the Fox Island group, were generally incomplete and conducted at different seasons (Kenyon and Rice 1961, Mathisen and Lopp 1963, Kenyon and King 1965, Fiscus and Johnson 1968). Resultant population estimates ranged from 45,000 to 50,000 in the late 1950's and early 1960's to 20,000 to 25,000 in the mid-1970's. Studies conducted by Braham et al. (1977) were designed to refine the identification of breeding and haulout sites and to estimate population size for comparison with previous surveys. O. Siebert, King Salmon, Alaska, flew the survey aircraft and provided guidance and knowledge of the area under study. C. Fiscus was instrumental in developing the surveys and provided field expertise during the 1975-76 surveys. Officers and crew of the NOAA research ship Surveyor and personnel at the U.S. Coast Guard Station at Cape Sarichef, Alaska, provided logistical support. Advice and assistance from D. Calkins, J. Faro, K. Pitcher, K. Schneider, and N. Steen, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, are appreciated. Assisting with research were T. Bray, B. Krogman, P. McGuire, R. Mercer, M. Nerini, C. Peterson, N. Severinghaus, and D. Withrow. Graphic arts and manuscript review were providJ. Wildl. Manage. 44(1):1980 25 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.28 on Tue, 30 Aug 2016 05:18:02 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 26 SEA LION POPULATION DECLINE* Braham et al. ed by the Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, NMFS, and typing by L. Hietala. The study was supported by the Bureau of Land Management through interagency agreement with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, under a multi-year program managed by the Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP) office. STUDY AREA AND METHODS The study area was the central portion of the range for northern sea lions in Alaska, and extended from the north side of the Alaska Peninsula at Amak Island and Sea Lion Rock west to Samalga Island (Fig. 1). Seven breeding locations were identified: Sea Lion Rock (#45, Fig. 1), Ugamak (#40) and Round (#41) islands, Cape Morgan (#24) on Akutan Island, Bogoslof Island (#10), Ogchul Island (#4), and Adugak Island (#2). Also, 23 haulout sites (non-pupping locations) with more than 45 animals per site during any 1 survey were identified; 19 were on the Fox Islands. The Aleutian Islands are typically of columnar basalt, having coastal substrate types including sandy beaches, cobblestone beaches, and rocky outcrops along vertical cliffs. The adjacent waters are used extensively by cetaceans and fur seals during migration and feeding, and the area is important for Soviet, Japanese, and U.S. commercial fishing. The islands are part of the Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge system. Oil and gas exploration has been proposed for the continental shelf north, south, and east of the Fox Islands. Methods.-Aerial surveys were conducted 17-20 June 1975, 9-13 August 1975, 15-20 June 1976, 19-21 August 1976, 21-25 October 1976, and 28-30 June 1977. The peak of the breeding pe46

Some Economic Aspects of Vineyard Site Preplant Soil Fumigation Under California North Coast Conditions

A vineyard trial was conducted in Sonoma County near Glen Ellen, California, to determine whether fumigating soil before vines were planted would increase yields in economically significant amounts. The trial was carried on under replant conditions where an old vineyard infected with <i>Armillaria mellea</i> was removed. Preplant fumigation was with carbon bisulfide, and grafted Cabernet Sauvignon vines were planted. Four replications of the fumigation treatments were split by using two phylloxera-resistant rootstocks, Rupestris St. George and Ganzin 1. During the first three crop years, vine yield and growth on the fumigated soils were sufficiently superior that a profit was realized above the fumigation costs. The Cabernet Sauvignon scions yielded better on rootstock Ganzin 1 than on Rupestris St. George at both fumigated and untreated sites.

Some Economic Aspects of Vineyard Site Preplant Soil Fumigation Under California North Coast Conditions

A vineyard trial was conducted in Sonoma County near Glen Ellen, California, to determine whether fumigating soil before vines were planted would increase yields in economically significant amounts. The trial was carried on under replant conditions where an old vineyard infected with <i>Armillaria mellea</i> was removed. Preplant fumigation was with carbon bisulfide, and grafted Cabernet Sauvignon vines were planted. Four replications of the fumigation treatments were split by using two phylloxera-resistant rootstocks, Rupestris St. George and Ganzin 1. During the first three crop years, vine yield and growth on the fumigated soils were sufficiently superior that a profit was realized above the fumigation costs. The Cabernet Sauvignon scions yielded better on rootstock Ganzin 1 than on Rupestris St. George at both fumigated and untreated sites.

A comparison of zooplankton patterns in the California Current and North Pacific Central Gyre

This study compares the small-scale (100's to 1000's of meters) horizontal spatial distribution of zooplankton from stations in the California Current (29°N; 118°W) and in the North Pacific Central Gyre (31°N; 155°W). Patterns were inferred from the spacing of vertical tows and the variability in abundance of 15 taxonomic categories caught in these tows. In the California Current, 4 tows were taken at random positions within 2000 m of a drogue or fixed geographic position and 4 replicate tows were taken at the drougue or the fixed point. Four series of these 8 tows were taken around noon and midnight during two days. At the Central Gyre station, two similar series (one day and one night) were taken while following a drogue. Estimates of the scale of structure based on comparisons of replicate and random tow variability suggest that aggregated patterns in the Central Gyre are larger than a few hundred meters, while the California Current structures may be less than 100 m in size. Day-night changes in patch size were not apparent in either area. Evidence for multispecies patches was found only for the Central Gyre station. Replication samples in both areas gave more consistent measures of community structure (relative proportions of species) than the random tows. Similarity of community structure decreased with increasing distance between tows being compared. The decrease was much greater for the California Current station, a further indication of smaller patch size in this area. Diurnal changes in community structure occurred in both areas.

Some observations on the ecology of Galeus piperatus Springer and Wagner, a little known shark endemic to the Northern Gulf of California*

Galeus piperatus Springer &amp; Wagner, the peppered shark, is a dwarf shark found in the Gulf of California north of the City of Guaymas, Sonora. It has been taken in June and August 1971 and in February and March 1972, and is found from 130–550 m with maximum abundances from 170–420 m deep. Numbers are higher in June and August (up to 110 individuals/ha) than in February and March. In June and August 1971 the area of distribution included all the waters north of Isla Tiburón and Isla Angel de la Guarda, and below the 130 m isobath. During these months Galeus piperatus was found at 12 and 33 stations respectively, but was taken at only one station in the same area during February and March 1972. The fishing effort expended during these periods was 16, 42 and 60 units respectively. It seems likely that a strong migratory movement causes these differences in abundance and distribution. Galeus piperatus has been taken from 50–100 m off the bottom in mid‐water trawls at night and is clearly a mid‐water and demersal form. Sexually mature females carrying olive green egg cases were taken in large numbers in June 1971 and were also present in reduced numbers in August 1971. Only females 18 cm or more in total length carried egg cases. The migration of Galeus piperatus into the North Gulf of California appears to coincide with sexual maturity.

Planning the Tehachapi Crossing

Planning the California Aqueduct crossing of the Tehachapi Mountains in California north of Los Angeles involved 10 yrs of intensive research and study in the United States and Europe to design a 4,100-cfs (116,112 l/s), 2,000-ft (610m) high-head pump lift, the largest in the United States. Engineering examination of alternate aqueduct routes over the high mountain ranges ended in selection of a crossing at El. 3100 (945.5m). Study of the number of pump lifts was resolved in favor of a single-lift on the Ridge Route. Model tests of various types of European and American pump designs identified as most suitable a vertical four-stage single-flow centrifugal pump 33 ft (10.065m) in height, 16 ft (4.88m) in diameters. Ten miles of 23.5-ft (7.18m) diam tunnel convey the pumped water through the mountain range. The Tehacapi Crossing has been in operation since October, 1971.

Kelvin wave propagation along an irregular coastline

We discuss the theory of Kelvin wave propagation along an infinitely long coast-line which is straight except for small deviations which are treated as a stationary random function of distance along the coast. An operator expansion technique is used to derive the dispersion relation for the coherent Kelvin wave field. For the subinertial case σ = ω/f &lt; 1 (ω = wave frequency, f = Coriolis parameter), it is shown that the wave speed is always decreased by the coastal irregularities. Moreover, while the coherent wave amplitude is unaltered, the energy flux along the coast is decreased by the irregularities. For the case σ &gt; 1, however, we show that in the direction of propagation the wave is attenuated (with the energy being scattered into the random Poincaré and Kelvin wave modes) and that the wave speed is again decreased. Applications of the theory are made to the California coast and North Siberian coast to determine the decrease in phase velocity due to small coastal irregularities. For the California coast the percentage decrease is only about 1%. For the Siberian coast, however, the percentage decrease is about 25% for the K1 tide, and a minimum of 25% for the M2 tide. The attenuation of a Kelvin wave, however, appears to be due to very large scale irregularities. An estimate of the actual attenuation rate is not possible, though, because of the relatively short extent of coastal contours available for spectral analysis.Although attention in this paper has been focused on Kelvin wave propagation, the method developed could readily be used to study the behaviour of other classes of waves trapped against a randomly perturbed boundary.

Coastal California Evapotranspiration Frequencies

Evapotranspiration rates in coastal valleys are influenced to some degree by maritime conditions. Summertime rates especially are reduced by advective cooling, fog, and clouds along the Pacific coast of California north of Point Conception. This reduction probably is also significant north of the CaliforniaOregon boundary.

Commercial Production and Management of Wild Bees-A New Entomological Industry

As early as 1940, agronomist H. M. Tysdal emphasized the importance of wild bees for alfalfa seed production. He noted the particular value of native species of leafcutting bees in the Great Plains and alkali bees, Nomia melanderi Cockerell, in the Intermountain West, and recommended research on these and other wild bees. Apiculturists G. H. Vansell and F. E. Todd in 1945 demonstrated the value of honey bees for alfalfa pollination in central Utah and at the same time mentioned the effectiveness of alkali bees as alfalfa pollinators where they were abundant. By 1950 California seed growers were renting honey bees for alfalfa pollination and obtaining thereby some outstanding seed yields (up to 1400 pounds per acre). Unfortunately, honey bees collected very little pollen from alfalfa in areas north of southern California and, as a result, their usefulness was somewhat limited. In the early 1950's, after alkali bees were touted as pollinators by the pollination laboratory at Logan, Utah, by W. P. Stephen at Corvallis, Oreg. and by H. F. Menke at Wapato, Wash., farmers of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming (in areas where alkali bees were abundant) began growing alfalfa seed more extensively and intensively than previously. At first, management of the pollinators was limited to exercising some care in the use of insecticides, a few efforts to fence off known nesting areas, and attempts to increase the size of the sites by expanding the zones of seepage in which the bees were nesting.

Occurrence of the European Polypodium australe Fee on San Clemente Island, California

These include Polypodium virginianum L., with diploid and tetraploid races, occurring from the eastern seaboard to British Columbia; P. hesperium Maxon, a species also with diploid and tetraploid races, found from British Columbia south to Arizona; P. glycyrrhiza D. C. Eaton, a diploid species, distributed from central California north to Alaska; P. scouleri Hook. & Grev., a diploid coastal species which is the most distinct of the complex, occurring only on Guadalupe Island, Santa Cruz Island, Morro Rock in the southern portion of its range and on the mainland 56

International Rivalry for California and the Establishment of the British Consulate

Ever since Francis Drake entered the Pacific Ocean in the Golden Hind in 1578-1579, the Pacific Ocean has never been what its name implies?Pacific. That was the beginning of changing the Pacific Ocean from a 'Spanish LakeJ into an area of international rivalry. In turn nearly all the great European Powers contested for that vast area. In fact the contest finally resulted in a swirl of the nations until, the swirling ended, there remained just England and the United States which still hold the area. But that is chiefly the area north of California. California, which generally represents the northwestern effective frontier of Spanish ownership, however, played a less important role in that greater story of expansion and international rivalry for the Pa cific until the latter part of the colonial regime. In itself, California was effectively occupied by the Spanish only after heavy pressure of international rivalry. Basically claims had been established to California. Drake had taken possession of the California area in the name of Her Majesty, Good Queen Bess. Spain, of course, claimed all the area as its own by virtue of Papal decree, but that dictate neither France, Holland nor England

Coccidia in Hereford Calves on Summer and Winter Ranges and in Feedlots in Utah

Field experiments were conducted to study the incidence of coccidia in young Hereford calves during two grazing and feeding seasons. Oocysts of Eimeria auburnensis, E. bovis, E. canadensis, E. cylindrica, E. ellipsoidalis, E. subspherica, and E. zurnii were identified. Eimeria zurnii appeared to be the causative agent of winter coccidiosis although E. bovis was frequently present in small numbers. The incidence of infection, as determined by periodic fecal examination, increased from zero after birth to 100 per cent approximately 2 months after weaning. The incidence rate did not always include the more pathogenic E. zurnii and E. bovis; however, there was a marked increase in the incidence of infections caused by E. zurnii and E. bovis during the fall and winter. Tranquilizers were used in one experiment, and some calves were weaned slowly in attempts to alleviate the of weaning and to prevent outbreaks of winter coccidiosis. Nevertheless, outbreaks occurred during each of the study years. The estimated loss from coccidiosis in cattle in the United States is approximately $10 million annually (Agricultural Research Service, 1954). Of the estimated $37.4 million loss in cattle attributed to internal parasitism, more than one-fourth is due to coccidiosis. The major portion of this loss probably occurs in animals of less than 1 year of age, which are in feedlots being prepared for market. A condition known as winter coccidiosis has been known to occur in commercial feedlots and on ranches of the western United States north of central Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California for several years. The infections usually occur during the winter, when cold or sloppy weather is common, most frequently affecting calves in their first winter. The principal symptom is a diarrhea, which typically becomes bloody. In severely affected animals, tenesmus occasionally results in prolapse of the rectum. There is rapid loss of condition, lack of appetite, and sometimes convulsions. Death losses as high as 25 per cent have been observed in weanling calves in severe outbreaks. Recovery is usually slow, and frequently animals recovering from severe attacks do not grow well. The pattern of coccidial infections in Hereford calves on ranges has not been reported and little is known of the rate at which infections are acquired and the species that are involved. Stress is often suggested as a factor conReceived for publication 6 November 1961. tributing to outbreaks of winter coccidiosis. The present investigation was undertaken to secure information relative to the pattern of coccidial infections acquired on the range, the rate of build-up in the herd, and the influence of some stress factors.

Notes on Megabothris asio (Baker) and M. calcarifer (Wagner) with the Description of a New Subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae)

Aside from M. acerbus (Jordan), which is apparently a breeding parasite of Tamias striatus (L.), a chipmunk, the holarctic genus Megabothris Jordan 1933 appears to be truly associated with the Microtinae, some of the species showing special affinities for particular species of these mice, others infesting several species, or even genera, within a geographical region.The nearctic Megabothris asio (Baker) favours the common meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), and occurs throughout most of the range of that mouse. The writer recognizes two valid subspecies, M. asio asio, which is restricted to eastern North America, and M. asio megacolpus (Jordan), of western North America. The nominate race ranges from Labrador to Delaware. M. asio megacolpus (=M. asio orectus Jord.) ranges from western Quebec, western Ontario, and Michigan westward to the Coast Range, and from California north at least to the 60th parallel.

New Records of Marine West Coast Fishes

1. Squatina californica Ayres The angel shark is a rare visitor north of California, but occasionally this species is taken north of its usual range. A specimen was reported (Evermann and Goldsborough, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 26, 1906 (1907): 222 and 228) from southeastern Alaska. Since Squatina californica has not been recorded from Puget Sound, the capture of a female, about 3Y2 feet long, near Seattle, on October 9, 1931, by William Jankus, may be of interest. This specimen is preserved in the Department of Fisheries Collection of Fishes, University of Washington.

A Flora of Northwest America, Containing Brief Descriptions of all Known Indigenous and Naturalized Plants Growing without Cultivation North of California, West of Utah, and South of British Columbia. Thomas Howell

<i>A Flora of Northwest America, Containing Brief Descriptions of all Known Indigenous and Naturalized Plants Growing without Cultivation North of California, West of Utah, and South of British Columbia</i>. Thomas Howell