North Melbourne Research Articles

Refugees and Rebels: Indonesian Exiles in Wartime Australia. By Jan Lingard. North Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2008. 312 pp. A$39.95 (paper).

Refugees and Rebels: Indonesian Exiles in Wartime Australia. By Jan Lingard. North Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2008. 312 pp. A$39.95 (paper).

Indeterminate Interferon-γ Release Assay Results in Children

Indeterminate Interferon-γ Release Assay Results in Children

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Whose War Was It Anyway? Some Australian Historians and the Great War

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Whose War Was It Anyway? Some Australian Historians and the Great War

Soil Not Oil: Climate Change, Peak Oil and Food Insecurity. Vandana Shiva. North Melbourne: Spinifex Press (by arrangement with Zed Books), 2009, 144 pp. ISBN: 9781848133150

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Letters to the Editor

1 March 2007 Dear Editor, POLIOMYELITIS – ACUTE FLACCID PARALYSIS AND STOOL VIROLOGY I write on behalf of the Poliomyelitis Expert Committee of the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, to stress the importance of submitting stool specimens for virological analysis, in cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), and particularly in those cases where poliomyelitis, however, unlikely, must be included in the differential diagnosis. The last case of wild-type poliomyelitis occurred in Australia in the early 1970s, and the last case of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis occurred in 1996. Since that time, Australia has been poliomyelitis-free. Nevertheless, every year there have been cluster outbreaks of poliomyelitis in countries that Australians visit and from which Australians return. The 2005/6 outbreak of clinical poliomyelitis in Indonesia was of significant concern to all monitoring bodies. Currently, almost three million Australians travel overseas each year and almost six million overseas visitors come here. The current immunisation-completion rate for poliomyelitis, for Australians, is 86% after the age of 6 years. There is obviously great need for meticulous surveillance, early diagnosis in the event of any clinical case occurring in Australia, and continued promotion of immunisation. The poliomyelitis virus remains viable and potentially infectious outside the body for some 8 weeks in faecal-contaminated soil or water. If poliomyelitis were reintroduced into Australia, the personal, logistic and administrative costs of eradication would be great, and have huge repercussions. Such would be further exacerbated by delayed diagnosis. The national Poliomyelitis Expert Committee, a committee of the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, functions executively from the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory based in Melbourne. The Poliomyelitis Expert Committee monitors every case of AFP reported to it from multiple sources of case finding, principally through reports from the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit. Approximately 70 cases of AFP are reviewed in detail each year with final diagnoses ranging from Guillaine–Barré syndrome to tick paralysis. The ‘gold standard’, by which children with various forms of paralysis can be certified not to have poliomyelitis, is by negative culture of two stool-specimens submitted for virological culture, collected 24 h apart and within 14 days of onset of paralysis. Currently, the rate of submission of such stool specimens is only 16%. It is essential, in any newly presenting child with AFP, in which acute poliomyelitis or other neurotropic viruses must be considered in the differential diagnosis, to have such stool specimens submitted for culturing. This is done through one’s own local hospital pathology laboratory, to be forwarded to the National Polio Reference Laboratory located at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn Street, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia (Tel: 03 9342 2600; Fax: 03 9342 2665; email: polio@mh.org.au). In the context of the ongoing ever-present risk of a poliomyelitis case occurring in Australia, may I join with many colleagues in promoting the strongest advocacy for the submission of stool specimens for virological analysis in all non-traumatic patients with AFP.

Extra Ear: Ear on the Arm Blender

Extra Ear:Ear on the Arm Blender Stelarc Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Blender. Teknikunst—Meat Market, Melbourne 2005. Photograph: Stelarc. Collaborator Nina Sellars stands with the Blender during an installation photograph. Text credit: K. Conden and A. Douglas. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 2. Blender (3D Model). Teknikunst—Meat Market, Melbourne 2005. Image: Adam Fiannaca. The installation itself stands at just over 1.6 meters high and is anthropomorphic in scale and structure. Text credit: K. Conden and A. Douglas. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 3. Blender. Teknikunst—Meat Market, Melbourne 2005. Photograph: Stelarc. Every few minutes the Blender automatically circulates or "blends" its contents via a system of compressed air pumps and a pneumatic actuator. Text credit: K. Conden and A. Douglas. [End Page 117] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 4. Ear Scaffold. Los Angeles, Melbourne 2006. Photographer: Nina Sellars. The preoperative scaffolding that was surgically placed below the skin's surface of performance artist Stelarc. Text credit: R. Ferro. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 5. Blender (Biomaterial). Teknikunst—Meat Market, Melbourne 2005. Photograph: Cameron Jones. Both artists, Stelarc and Nina Sellars, undertook liposuction operations specifically for the purpose of this new work and have succeeded in securing the sanitized isolation and, most importantly, the legal ownership of the remnants of the procedures. Text credit: K. Conden and A. Douglas. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 6. Hole Hooks Forceps. As a guest at Cornell University's conference "Digital Bodies" in 2001, Stelarc spoke of his desire to implant an ear that could pick up sound. His plans become a reality in the photograph taken during surgery. Text credit: R. Ferro. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 7. Extra Ear: Ear on the Arm. Los Angeles, Melbourne 2006. Photographer: Nina Sellars. Stelarc's future plans are to implant Bluetooth technology into the Ear on the Arm in a subsequent surgery so that the ear will pick up sound which will be transmitted via the Internet. Text credit: R. Ferro. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 8. Blender (Sterile Hood). Teknikunst—Meat Market, Melbourne 2005. Photograph: Stelarc. The biomaterials are now housed within the Blender's industrial casing, on exhibition at the Meat Market Gallery B in North Melbourne until August 18. Text credit: K. Conden and A. Douglas. [End Page 118] Stelarc- Biographical Notes Stelarc is an Australian artist who has performed extensively in Japan, Europe, and the USA—including new music, dance festivals, and experimental theater. He has used medical instruments, prosthetics, robotics, Virtual Reality systems, and the Internet to explore alternate, intimate, and involuntary interfaces with the body. He has performed with a THIRD HAND, a VIRTUAL ARM, a VIRTUAL BODY and a STOMACH SCULPTURE. He has acoustically and visually probed the body—having amplified brainwaves, blood-flow and muscle signals and filmed the inside of his lungs, stomach, and colon, approximately two meters of internal space. He has done twenty-five body SUSPENSIONS with insertions into the skin, in different positions and varying situations in private gallery spaces and in remote locations. For FRACTAL FLESH, as part of Telepolis in 1995, he developed a touch-screen interfaced Muscle Stimulation System, enabling remote access, actuation, and choreography of the body. Performances such as PING BODY and PARASITE (1996, 1997) probe notions of telematic scaling and the engineering of external, extended, and virtual nervous systems for the body using the Internet. In 1998 for Kampnagel, he completed EXOSKELETON—a pneumatically powered six-legged walking machine actuated by arm gestures. During 2000, he completed an EXTENDED ARM—a manipulator with eleven degrees-of-freedom that extends his arm to primate proportions and a MOTION PROSTHESIS—an intelligent, compliant servo-mechanism that enables the performance of precise, repetitive, and accelerated prompting or programming of the arms in real time. In 2002, with the collaboration of the Evolutionary and Adaptive Systems Group, COGs, University of Sussex, and TNTU, the HEXAPOD robot prototype was developed. The six-legged MUSCLE MACHINE was constructed with the assistance of The Nottingham Trent University Engineering team, using fluidic rubber muscle actuators. The PROSTHETIC...

Strengthening Australia?s WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza

During the coming year, the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza (the Centre) will relocate to new facilities at the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory?s (VIDRL) North Melbourne site. There it will expand both in size and in the scope of its activities. This is an exciting opportunity to bring together and build on the complementary strengths of two leading laboratories. A strong revitalised Centre will be key to the management of seasonal and potential pandemic influenza, as well as other emerging respiratory viruses. The Asia-Pacific region seems, disproportionately frequently, to have been the location of such emergences, of which the current global highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A H5N1 outbreak has threatened to be the greatest.

Comparison of sequencing, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and line probe assays for detection of HBV mutants associated with lamivudine therapy: Daryl T Lau, Univ of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Angeline Bartholomeusz, Anna Ayres, Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Lab, North Melbourne Australia; Hongbao Ma, Univ of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Jay H Hoofnagle, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Lynn

Comparison of sequencing, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and line probe assays for detection of HBV mutants associated with lamivudine therapy: Daryl T Lau, Univ of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Angeline Bartholomeusz, Anna Ayres, Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Lab, North Melbourne Australia; Hongbao Ma, Univ of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Jay H Hoofnagle, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Lynn

New director for the international harm reduction association

New director for the international harm reduction association

News and Notes

News and Notes

Pre-emptive use of lamivudine in bone marrow transplantation with chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Deschenes et al. raise several important questions relating to the use of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive donor for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. First, the use of HBsAg positive donors, particularly those with a high pretransplant serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA level, has been associated with the development of post–bone marrow transplantat HBV-related hepatitis.1 To this end, it is highly justifiable to reduce the HBV viral load in the donor in an attempt to reduce the subsequent risk of posttransplant hepatitis. In addition, our center has adopted the policy of treating all bone marrow transplant recipients of HBsAg positive donors with preemptive lamivudine to prevent posttransplant HBV-related liver diseases, irrespective of the recipients' pretransplant HBV serological status. This has restricted us from studying the impact of the HBV DNA level in donor marrow and subsequent posttransplant HBV-related liver diseases. In our previous study, we did not test donor marrow samples for HBV DNA.2 In our ongoing study, we have tested 10 pairs of serum and mononuclear cells (derived from bone marrow) from the HBsAg positive donors for HBV DNA level, using our in-house quantitative assay based on polymerase chain reaction. Similar to the experience of Deschenes et al., we have found a positive correlation in HBV DNA level between serum and mononuclear cells. However, from the follow-up paired serum-peripheral blood mononuclear cells from these HBsAg positive donors treated with lamivudine, our preliminary results showed that the response to antiviral therapy is different in these 2 compartments, with a less well-defined response in the mononuclear cell compartment. Specifically, in 4 HBsAg positive donors treated with lamivudine for 12 weeks, despite the lowering of serum HBV DNA to more than 3 log, the HBV DNA level in the paired PBMC remain unchanged, suggesting that mononuclear cells from these treated HBsAg positive donor may still be infectious. Our study is investigating whether the HBV DNA level in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells will be lowered with prolonged lamivudine therapy. The discrepancy of the antiviral response observed in the serum and mononuclear cells' HBV DNA level might be related to the replication capacity of the HBV in the liver and mononuclear cells. Indeed, the biological behavior of HBV within the mononuclear cells compartment is still largely unknown. In keeping with this, the presence of covalently closed circular DNA molecules, the key replicative intermediate in the synthesis of the viral pregenome and transcripts during productive HBV infection, has not been convincingly demonstrated in peripheral mononuclear cells.3 Hence, it is not surprising to observe a discrepancy between the reduction of HBV DNA level in the serum, which reflects mainly active and productive HBV replication in the liver, and in the mononuclear cells compartment. George K.K. Lau* , Hai-Ying Zhang* , John M. Luk , Stephen Locarnini?, Raymond Liang , * Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China, Center for the Study of Liver Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China, ? Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

New targets and possible new therapeutic approaches in the chemotherapy of chronic hepatitis B

HepatologyVolume 38, Issue 3 p. 545-553 Perspectives In Clinical HepatologyFree Access New targets and possible new therapeutic approaches in the chemotherapy of chronic hepatitis B Jordan Feld, Jordan Feld Department of Medicine, The Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJia-yee Lee, Jia-yee Lee Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Locarnini M.D., Corresponding Author Stephen Locarnini M.D. stephenlocarnini@compuserve.com Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn St., North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia. fax: (61) 3-9342-2666===Search for more papers by this author Jordan Feld, Jordan Feld Department of Medicine, The Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaSearch for more papers by this authorJia-yee Lee, Jia-yee Lee Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorStephen Locarnini M.D., Corresponding Author Stephen Locarnini M.D. stephenlocarnini@compuserve.com Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaVictorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn St., North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia. fax: (61) 3-9342-2666===Search for more papers by this author First published: 30 December 2003 https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50389Citations: 38AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume38, Issue3September 2003Pages 545-553 ReferencesRelatedInformation

News and Notes: 2

News and Notes: 2

Formats and options

Journal contact details The contact details for the administration and production of the Journal have reverted to: Mail: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, PO Box 351, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051. Street deliveries: c/Substitution Pty Ltd, 1st Floor, 484 William Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3003. Phone: (03) 9329 3535 Fax: (03) 9329 3550 E-mail: anzjph@substitution.com.au Formats and options

DUE-An Essential Tool to Achieve QUM

The Australian Journal of Hospital PharmacyVolume 30, Issue 6 p. 251-252 EditorialFree Access DUE-An Essential Tool to Achieve QUM Jonathan GA Dartnell BPharm, MPS, PhD, Jonathan GA Dartnell BPharm, MPS, PhD Convenor, Production Manager jdartnell@tg.com.au ASCEPT DUE Network Therapeutic Guidelines Limited Level 2, 55 Flemington Rd, North Melbourne Vic. 3051Search for more papers by this authorSue W Kirsa BPharm, Sue W Kirsa BPharm Grad Dip Hosp Pharm Chair, Chair, Victorian Drug Usage Evaluation Group Senior DUE Pharmacist sue.kirsa@armc.org.au Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084Search for more papers by this author Jonathan GA Dartnell BPharm, MPS, PhD, Jonathan GA Dartnell BPharm, MPS, PhD Convenor, Production Manager jdartnell@tg.com.au ASCEPT DUE Network Therapeutic Guidelines Limited Level 2, 55 Flemington Rd, North Melbourne Vic. 3051Search for more papers by this authorSue W Kirsa BPharm, Sue W Kirsa BPharm Grad Dip Hosp Pharm Chair, Chair, Victorian Drug Usage Evaluation Group Senior DUE Pharmacist sue.kirsa@armc.org.au Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 2000 https://doi.org/10.1002/jppr2000306251Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References 1Campbell M, Fitzpatrick R, Haines A, Kinmonth AL, Sandercock P, Spiegelhalter D. et al. Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health. BMJ 2000; 321: 694– 6. 2Fellows L, Hughes JD. A survey of drug audit practices and promotion of quality prescribing in Australian hospitals with a focus on psychotropic drugs. Aust J Hosp Pharm 2000; 30: 196– 201. 3Bowman L. Drug use evaluation is DUE: healthcare utilization evaluation is over-DUE. Hosp Pharm 1996; 31: 347– 53. 4Kaye KI. DUE: arose by any other name… Aust J Hosp Pharm 2000; 30: 27982. 5Robertson MB, Dartnell JGA, Korman TM, on behalf of the Victorian Drug Usage Evaluation Group. Vancomycin and teicoplanin use in Victorian hospitals. Med J Aust 1999; 171: 127– 31. 6Lyon D, Millar JA. Improvement in antibiotic prescribing at a regional hospital in Western Australia after implementation of national guidelines and external review [abstract]. Proc Aust Soc Clin Exp Pharmacol Toxicol 1999; 6: 22. 7 The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia Committee of Specialty Practice in Drug Usage Evaluation. SHPA standards of practice for drug usage evaluation in Australian hospitals. Aust J Hosp Pharm 1996; 26: 240– 6. 8 The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia Committee of Specialty Practice in DUE. Australian drug usage evaluation starter kit. South Melbourne: SHPA; 1998. 9Nolan AM, Norquay CA, Dartnell JG, Harvey KJ. Electronic prescribing and computer-assisted decision support systems. Med J Aust 1999; 171: 541– 3. 10Misan G. Hospital pharmacy data. In: D Walker, editor. Australian national pharmacoepidemiological database seminar, 1997. Adelaide: Australian Pre-scriber; 1997: 18– 20. 11Harvey K. Therapeutic guidelines - the way ahead. Australian Prescriber 1993; 16 (suppl. 3): 13– 16. Citing Literature Volume30, Issue6December 2000Pages 251-252 ReferencesRelatedInformation

97 The recombinant HBV baculovirus as an improved model for the in vitro assessment of antihepadnaviral compounds : W. Delaney IV 1, D. Colledge 1, R. Edwards 1, J. Torresi 1, R. Chin 1, T. Shaw 1, T.Miller 2, H. Isom 2, T. Bock 3, M. Manns 3, C. Trautwein 3, and S. Locarnini 1. 1Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory,

97 The recombinant HBV baculovirus as an improved model for the in vitro assessment of antihepadnaviral compounds : W. Delaney IV 1, D. Colledge 1, R. Edwards 1, J. Torresi 1, R. Chin 1, T. Shaw 1, T.Miller 2, H. Isom 2, T. Bock 3, M. Manns 3, C. Trautwein 3, and S. Locarnini 1. 1Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory,

Hindmarsh Revisited: Review Article

A review of two books: Diane Bell's Ngarrindjeri Wurruwarrin: a world that is, was, and will be. North Melbourne: Spinifex 1998. Dulcie Wilson's The cost of crossing bridges. Mitcham: Small Poppies Publishing 1998

Reviews

Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics (Polity Press) Cambridge, 1992. Sneja Gunew and Anna Yeatman (eds), Feminism and the Politics of Difference (Allen & Unwin) Sydney, 1993. Joyce Trebilcot, Dyke Ideas: Process, Politics, Daily Life (State University of New York Press) New York, 1994. Paulina Palmer, Contemporary Lesbian Writing: Dreams, Desire, Difference (Open University Press) Buckingham & Philadelphia, 1993. Catriona Moore, Indecent Exposures: Twenty Years of Australian Feminist Photography (Allen & Unwin) St Leonards, 1994. Jeanette Hoorn (ed.), Strange Women: Essays in Art and Gender (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1994. Sharon Ouditt, Fighting Forces, Writing Women: Identity and Ideology in the First World War (Routledge) London, 1994. Penny Russell (ed.), For Richer, For Poorer: Early Colonial Marriages (Melbourne University Press) Melbourne, 1994. Jacqueline J. Goodnow and Jennifer M. Bowes, Men, Women and Household Work (Oxford University Press) Melbourne, 1994. Janeen Baxter, Work at Home: The Domestic Division of Labour (University of Queensland Press) St Lucia, 1993. Patricia Easteal, Voices of the Survivors (Spinifex Press) North Melbourne, 1994. Lynette Finch, The Classing Gaze: Sexuality, Class and Surveillance (Allen & Unwin) St. Leonards, 1993. Renate Howe (ed.), Women and the State: Australian Perspectives, A special edition of Journal of Australian Studies (La Trobe University Press) Bundoora, 1993. Barbara Einhorn, Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender and Women's Movements in East Central Europe (Verso) London & New York, 1993. Loulou Brown, Helen Collins, Pat Green, Maggie Humm & Mel Landells (eds), The International Handbook of Women's Studies (Harvester Wheatsheaf) Brighton, 1994.

Congenital rubella in a mother and son

Australian and New Zealand Journal of OphthalmologyVolume 19, Issue 4 p. 367-367 Free Access Congenital rubella in a mother and son C. Gregory Keith FRCS, FRACS, FRACO, C. Gregory Keith FRCS, FRACS, FRACO 231 Flemington Road, North Melbourne, Victoria, 3051.Search for more papers by this author C. Gregory Keith FRCS, FRACS, FRACO, C. Gregory Keith FRCS, FRACS, FRACO 231 Flemington Road, North Melbourne, Victoria, 3051.Search for more papers by this author First published: November 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.1991.tb00689.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. References Menser MA, Slinn RF, Dods L, Hertzbert R, Harley JD. Congenital rubella in a mother and son: Aust Paediat J 1968; 4: 200– 202. Volume19, Issue4November 1991Pages 367-367 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Coming in From the Margin

Des English was a person of great charm, innovation, and inner strength. His early death at the age of 44 in 1977 came as a bitter blow not only for his family but for the many teachers and parents he had influenced and guided in respectively providing and in seeking educational opportunities for children with disabilities. Des grew up in a small town in Victoria called Donnybrook, north of Melbourne. He was educated by the Marist Brothers at Kilmore College, and in the 50’s trained as a primary teacher at Geelong Teachers College, from which he gained an extension of one year to study as a Special Teacher at Melbourne Teachers College. His first appointment was as an Opportunity Grade teacher at North Melbourne State School. His talent for leadership surfaced early and in his second appointment he became Principal of Footscray Special School for children and adolescents with intellectual disability. Throughout the rest of his career he gained one promotion after another to the Principal positions at Ormond, Travencore and St. Alban’s Special schools. I was fortunate to work as a deputy principal with him throughout his last two appointments.