Northern Hemisphere Research Articles

Assessment of solar energy potential for Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia.

The world's energy consumption is being replaced by renewable energies in large part because of the depletion of fossil fuels and the acceleration of environmental change. This study reports the amount of inward solar radiation in the date range from January 2018 to December 2022 in the Gregorian Calendar for certain areas in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: 37°E and 11.6°N. On the horizontal surface of the case area, the month with the highest global radiation (monthly average daily) is March, at approximately 42.56 MJ/m2. day; June has the lowest diffuse radiation, at 16.2 MJ/m2.day. Furthermore, April had the most global radiation (monthly average hourly) on the horizontal surface, measuring 9.09MJ/m2.hour, while June had the lowest diffuse radiation, measuring 2.3MJ/m2.hour. In addition, this study predicts the beam, diffuse, and total radiation on the tilted collector using the total available horizontal radiation on a monthly and hourly basis. According to the research, the output of the radiation on the tilted surface towards the equator in the northern hemisphere, azimuth angle, γ = 0°, shows that the highest possible total radiation (monthly average daily) is 48.3 MJ/m2. day (January) and the highest possible total radiation (monthly average hourly) in February, 9.14 MJ/m2.hour at 1:00 p.m.

Development of the Chinese Dual Auroral Radar Network and Preliminary Results

AbstractLed by the National Space Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, we have built a Chinese dual auroral radar network in northern China, which is called the CN‐DARN. The CN‐DARN consists of three pairs of high‐frequency coherent scattering radar facilities and is one of the key parts of the Chinese Meridian Project Phase II. It has been fully constructed and started trial operations at the end of 2023. The detection range of the radar network extends longitudinally over approximately 9 hr of local times and covers the middle to high latitudes of the entire Asia region above 40. In this paper, we present the basic design of the CN‐DARN and its preliminary observations of ionospheric irregularities, subauroral polarization streams (SAPSs) and traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). We also investigate its contribution to the ionospheric convection pattern of the Northern Hemisphere derived from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) observations. The results indicate that the CN‐DARN provides excellent measurements and better specifications of flows in the Asian sector, improving our understanding of the global‐scale ionospheric convection pattern in the Northern Hemisphere. These encouraging results lead us to believe that the CN‐DARN will play an important role in studies on the evolution of ionospheric irregularities, the characteristics and evolution of SAPSs, the propagation of TIDs, and global‐scale ionospheric convection dynamics.

Trends of the Vertical Component of the Wave Activity Flux in the Northern Hemisphere

Trends of the Vertical Component of the Wave Activity Flux in the Northern Hemisphere

Bergmann’s rule in global terrestrial vertebrates

Abstract To date, whether Bergmann’s rule, initially developed for individual species or closely related taxa, can be applied to broader taxa remains elusive. Using global distribution data for birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, both species- and assemblage-based, we examined the role of species richness and related climate variables in shaping body size patterns across the globe and the Northern Hemisphere only and whether the temperature–body size relationship had a phylogenetic signal. The results show that when species in all four classes were combined, body size increased with latitude but declined with temperature, consistent with Bergmann’s rule. Each group showed somewhat unique patterns but was mostly consistent with Bergmann’s rule. The body size–temperature relationships were not constrained by phylogenetic relatedness. Warmer places had both large and many small-bodied species, whereas cold places had proportionally more large species. The temperature-dependent variations in body size have important implications for macroecology under climate change.

Impacts of Greenland Ice Sheet on Blocking in Idealized Simulations

Abstract As the only remaining ice sheet in the Northern Hemisphere, the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) plays a crucial role in influencing atmospheric circulations, particularly with its rapid melting under global warming. In this paper, the influences of GrIS topography and surface thermal conditions are investigated by a series of aquaplanet experiments. The results show that the GrIS topography induces stationary waves and favors more blocking events through the generation of negative potential vorticity (PV) anomalies, while it tends to suppress local storm activities through the induced stationary waves. The surface cooling center of the GrIS is found to strengthen the jet streams by enhancing the meridional temperature gradient and thermal wind, while it causes the PV and static stability to increase during near-Greenland blocking days, thereby disfavoring blocking onset. Altogether, the topography and surface thermal effects of GrIS appear to compete with each other so that the net effect would determine the final response. Nevertheless, nonlinearity is found in both GrIS-topography alone and GrIS-surface temperature alone experiments, where nonlinear responses of atmospheric circulation are detected when the GrIS topography height or surface temperature exceeds their critical values, respectively. Hence, through this study, the response of the blocking in the vicinity of Greenland to the combined effects of topography and surface thermal conditions may shed light on comprehending the underlying mechanism of blocking alteration in a changing climate. Significance Statement Although there have been numerous observation-based studies showing that the blocking around Greenland has increased over the past few decades, which is a predominant driver in accelerating the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) melting, the reasons for this change are still unclear. In addition, the impact of GrIS on blocking still needs investigation. Through idealized aquaplanet simulations, this study examines the effect of GrIS’s topography and surface thermal conditions upon blocking onset. It suggests the nonlinearity of the blocking response in the vicinity of Greenland to the combined effects in the variation of the height and surface temperature of GrIS. This study will enhance our understanding of possible changes in blocking due to global warming.

Detection of carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide on the stratified surface of Charon with JWST

Charon, Pluto’s largest moon, has been extensively studied, with research focusing on its primitive composition and changes due to radiation and photolysis. However, spectral data have so far been limited to wavelengths below 2.5 μm, leaving key aspects unresolved. Here we present the detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the surface of Charon’s northern hemisphere, using JWST data. These detections add to the known chemical inventory that includes crystalline water ice, ammonia-bearing species, and tholin-like darkening constituents previously revealed by ground- and space-based observations. The H2O2 presence indicates active radiolytic/photolytic processing of the water ice-rich surface by solar ultraviolet and interplanetary medium Lyman-α photons, solar wind, and galactic cosmic rays. Through spectral modeling of the surface, we show that the CO2 is present in pure crystalline form and, possibly, in intimately mixed states on the surface. Endogenically sourced subsurface CO2 exposed on the surface is likely the primary source of this component, with possible contributions from irradiation of hydrocarbons mixed with water ice, interfacial radiolysis between carbon deposits and water ice, and the implantation of energetic carbon ions from the solar wind and solar energetic particles.

Evaluation of Leaf Phenology of Different Vegetation Types From Local to Hemispheric Scale in CLM

AbstractAccurate simulation of plant phenology is important in Earth system models as phenology modulates land‐atmosphere coupling and the carbon cycle. Evaluations based on grid cell average leaf area index (LAI) can be misleading because multiple plant functional types (PFTs) may be present in one model grid cell and PFTs with different phenology schemes have different LAI seasonal cycles. Here we examined PFT‐specific LAI magnitudes and seasonal cycles in the Community Land Model versions 5.0 and 4.5 (CLM5.0 and CLM4.5) and their relationship with the onset of growing season triggers in the Northern Hemisphere. LAI seasonal cycle and spring onset in CLM show the best agreement with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for temperature‐dominated deciduous PFTs. Although the agreement in LAI magnitude between CLM5.0 and MODIS is better than CLM4.5, the agreement in seasonal cycles is worse in CLM5.0. Agreements between CLM and MODIS leaf phenology are primarily determined by the PFT and phenology scheme. While productivity depends on the environmental factors to which the plant is exposed during any given growing season, differences in phenology sensitivity to its environment necessitate a decoupling between the seasonality of LAI and GPP, which in turn could lead to biases in the carbon cycle as well as surface energy balance and hence land‐atmosphere interactions. Because the discrepancy not only depends on parameterizing phenology but phenology‐environment relationship, future improvements to other model components (e.g., soil moisture) could better align the seasonal cycle of LAI and GPP.

Surface Properties of the Kalliope–Linus System from ALMA and VLA Data

The abundance and distribution of metal in asteroid surfaces can be constrained from thermal emission measurements at radio wavelengths, informing our understanding of planetesimal differentiation processes. We observed the M-type asteroid (22) Kalliope and its moon Linus in thermal emission at 1.3, 9, and 20 mm with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array and the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array over most of Kalliope's rotation period. The 1.3 mm data provide ∼30 km resolution on the surface of Kalliope, while both the 1.3 and 9 mm data resolve Linus from Kalliope. We find a thermal inertia for Kalliope of 116−91+326 J m−2 s−0.5 K−1 and emissivities of 0.65 ± 0.02 at 1.3 mm, 0.56 ± 0.03 at 9 mm, and 0.77 ± 0.02 at 20 mm. Kalliope's millimeter wavelength emission is suppressed compared to its centimeter wavelength emission, and is also depolarized. We measure emissivities for Linus of 0.73 ± 0.04 and 0.85 ± 0.17 at 1.3 and 9 mm, respectively, indicating a less metal-rich surface composition for Linus. Spatial variability in Kalliope’s emissivity reveals a region in the northern hemisphere with a high dielectric constant, suggestive of enhanced metal content. These results are together consistent with a scenario in which Linus formed from reaggregated ejecta from an impact onto a differentiated Kalliope, leaving Kalliope with a higher surface metal content than Linus, which is distributed heterogeneously across its surface. The low emissivity and lack of polarization suggest a reduced regolith composition where iron is in the form of metallic grains and constitutes ∼25% of the surface composition.

The Implications of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Fatty Acid Profiles for Their Thiamine Status.

Thiamine deficiency is an ongoing issue across the Northern Hemisphere, causing reproductive failure in multiple salmonid populations. In the Baltic Sea, a large brackish water system in northern Europe, previous research has suggested that this deficiency is associated with lipid-rich diets with a high proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). The mechanism proposed is that a diet abundant in highly unsaturated fatty acids, such as DHA, depletes thiamine as an antioxidant defense in adult salmonids, rather than allocating thiamine to the offspring. In light of this existing hypothesis, we here explore the relationship between diet history and the related fatty acid (FA), profiles, and thiamine status of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in three systems: the Baltic Sea, the North Atlantic Ocean, and Lake Vänern. Atlantic salmon inhabiting each system is known to have unique feeding histories and thiamine status. Our results showed that despite extensive sampling effort and distinct FA profiles, indicative of their diverse diets, there were no correlations between any FAs, including DHA, and the thiamine status of these populations. This finding does not support the above-mentioned hypothesis that diets rich in easily oxidized FAs would lead to lower thiamine concentrations in salmon tissues. Additionally, we found that changes in the salmon FA profiles throughout their life cycle are consistent for both low-thiamine populations from the Baltic Sea and medium-thiamine populations from North Atlantic Ocean, suggesting that these changes might not be involved in thiamine deficiency development.

Decadal variations in near-surface wind speed across the Northern Hemisphere on a centennial timescale and their possible causes

Decadal variations in near-surface wind speed across the Northern Hemisphere on a centennial timescale and their possible causes

New insights into the phylogeny and infrageneric taxonomy of Saussurea based on hybrid capture phylogenomics (Hyb-Seq)

Saussurea is one of the largest and most rapidly evolving genera within the Asteraceae, comprising approximately 520 species from the Northern Hemisphere. A comprehensive infrageneric classification, supported by robust phylogenetic trees and corroborated by morphological and other data, has not yet been published. For the first time, we recovered a well-resolved nuclear phylogeny of Saussurea consisting of four main clades, which was also supported by morphological data. Our analyses show that ancient hybridization is the most likely source of deep cytoplasmic-nuclear conflict in Saussurea, and a phylogeny based on nuclear data is more suitable than one based on chloroplast data for exploring the infrageneric classification of Saussurea. Based on the nuclear phylogeny obtained and morphological characters, we proposed a revised infrageneric taxonomy of Saussurea, which includes four subgenera and 13 sections. Specifically, 1) S. sect. Cincta, S. sect. Gymnocline, S. sect. Lagurostemon, and S. sect. Strictae were moved from S. subg. Saussurea to S. subg. Amphilaena, 2) S. sect. Pseudoeriocoryne was moved from S. subg. Eriocoryne to S. subg. Amphilaena, and 3) S. sect. Laguranthera was moved from S. subg. Saussurea to S. subg. Theodorea.

Artemisia pallens Wall. ex. DC: A comprehensive review

Davana (Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC) is a well-known and precious essential oil-bearing plant under the family Compositae (Asteraceae). It is an erectly grown herbaceous plant exclusively cultivated as a short-term crop in south India during winter. It is distributed in the northern hemisphere in subtropical Africa, South Africa, West America, and South America; however, it is indigenous to southern India. The yearly productivity of davana oil typically falls between 8 to 10 tones. Davana oil is mainly used to flavor pastries, cakes, tobacco, and some beverages. It consists of diverse phyto-molecules and is an important and unique commodity in the fragrance, flavor, and liquor industries. It has excellent biological potential and contains volatile and nonvolatile constituents such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which have high pharmacological values. Several investigations have focused on validating the importance of chemical constituents and the biological efficacy of essential oils and various extracts in multiple industries. The review focuses on the complete agronomic practices, botany, breeding, biotechnology, and chemistry of davana essential oil (DEO), viz, volatile and nonvolatile constituents, phytomedicinal and pharmacological properties, which may help researchers achieve their future goals for approaching its industrial or commercial viability as a natural product ingredient.

Linking the PETM and North Atlantic volcanism using tellurium in sediments

The Paleocene – Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a short period (~170 kyr) of global temperature rise starting at 55.93 Ma, which occurred during the breakup of the North Atlantic and the emplacement of the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP). Recently, mercury (Hg) concentrations in sediments have been used in an attempt to connect the eruptive history of the NAIP with environmental change during this period, at a higher resolution than possible using geochronology. Here we present sedimentary tellurium (Te) as a novel proxy to further reconstruct NAIP volcanism at high resolution. We measured 45 trace elements in 401 sediment samples from 3 sections across the PETM in the northern hemisphere. All study sites exhibit an increase in Te concentrations and Te/Th ratios close to the onset of the PETM and remain high until the end of the main North Atlantic ash phase about 1 Myr later. The trace element data indicate that changes in sediment lithology or in environmental conditions do not influence sedimentary Te concentrations suggesting a volcanic source instead. We used existing age models to remove the effect of changes in sedimentation rate and calculated volcanic Te fluxes. Our Te data suggest increased volcanism in the latest Paleocene and early Eocene. This fits existing radiometric ages of the NAIP, which demonstrate that a more than 5 km thickness of lava in eastern Greenland and the Faroes was erupted within about 1 Myr between ~56 to ~55 Ma. All our study sites show similar Te flux variations across the PETM. In contrast, sedimentary mercury (Hg) profiles from these and other sites are less consistent. Tellurium in sediments may represent a useful proxy to reconstruct NAIP volcanism.

Validity of Myobradypterygius hauthali von Huene, 1927 (Ichthyosauria: Ophthalmosauria) from the Early Cretaceous of Chile and Argentina

Abstract Early Cretaceous ichthyosaurs were globally distributed pelagic marine reptiles, but many remains are fragmentary, creating a Northern Hemisphere diversity bias. A rich Hauterivian locality near the Tyndall Glacier inside Torres del Paine National Park in southern Chile yields important new data regarding ichthyosaurian diversity along the Pacific margin of Gondwana. These new data will contribute to clarifying questions regarding ichthyosaur taxonomy and the palaeobiogeographical relationships between the southern Gondwanan and Northern Hemisphere ichthyosaur groups during the Early Cretaceous. Here, we describe three new ichthyosaur specimens from this locality. Two of them are referred to Myobradypterygius hauthali, expanding the distribution of this species from the Barremian of Argentina to the Hauterivian of the Chilean Patagonia. This material shows that M. hauthali differs from Platypterygius platydactylus in forefin construction and scapular morphology, supporting its classification as a separate genus within Platypterygiinae. The third specimen is a large-bodied indeterminate ophthalmosaurine ichthyosaur. This record represents the southernmost record of Ophthalmosaurinae and the first occurrence of this group from the Cretaceous of the Southern Hemisphere. These discoveries show that ophthalmosaurines and platypterygiines continued to occur sympatrically in southernmost Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, expanding the pattern documented in Europe to the Pacific region.

Fingerprints of El Niño Southern Oscillation on global and regional oceanic chlorophyll-a timeseries (1997–2022)

With the advancement of present-day ocean color satellites, the spatiotemporal variations of oceanic Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, a proxy for phytoplankton population, can be monitored at regional and global scales. Estimating long-term changes in Chl-a concentration, however, is mainly constrained by the limited availability of ocean color data and the significant influence of climate oscillations like the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this study, we investigate the influence of ENSO on regional and global Chl-a timeseries using two ocean color datasets spanning from September 1997 to December 2022. Our analysis found that global Chl-a concentration exhibits a significant increasing trend over the study period. Most of the increasing trends are detected in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and high-latitudinal regions, including the Southern Ocean. In light-limited regions like the Southern Ocean, enhanced Chl-a concentration shows a strong positive correlation with warming sea surface temperature (SST). Conversely, most oceans in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) exhibit decreasing trends, which are highly correlated with warming SST and ENSO phases. Additionally, we identify distinctive fingerprints of four extreme ENSO events: two extreme El Niño events (1997–1998 and 2015–2016) and two triple La Niña events (1998–2001 and 2020–2022) in these timeseries. Furthermore, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis reveals that the dominant mode of interannual Chl-a variability is associated with an ENSO-like pattern, accounting for about 13 % of the total variability. Intriguingly, this principal mode is highly correlated with the phases of ENSO (R = -0.87) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) (R = −0.90) on an interannual scale. This study provides insights into assessing the impacts of ENSO on long-term Chl-a trend estimation.

Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Dominates the Reproduction of Circumglobal Teleconnection Pattern: A Comparison of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models

Abstract The zonal wavenumber-5 circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) pattern is one of the most critical atmospheric teleconnection patterns during boreal summer over the Northern Hemisphere (NH). CGT can exert significant climatic impact across NH including Europe, East Asia, and North America, but how reliable coupled climate models simulate the characteristics of CGT is poorly understood. Here, 20 coupled models with their respective versions in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and CMIP6 are selected to evaluate their performance on CGT simulation. We find that while both CMIP5 and CMIP6 models are able to capture the basic features of CGT in multimodel mean (MMM), there are large intermodel discrepancies in the simulation of CGT pattern among CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. High-skill models exhibit strong action center over west-central Asia, coinciding with the pattern derived from reanalysis, while the corresponding action center in low-skill models is weaker. Further analyses demonstrate that high-skill models are capable of simulating more realistic Indian summer monsoon (ISM) precipitation anomalies related to CGT. The resultant anomalous upper-tropospheric divergence over west-central Asia, acting as a Rossby wave source, can therefore excite the abovementioned action center. This high- and low-skill model difference on CGT–ISM relationship is consistent in both CMIP5 and CMIP6. It is also found that high-skill models tend to simulate more realistic CGT–ENSO relationship. The relationship between simulation skills of CGT–ENSO correlation and CGT spatial pattern is attributed to the remote impact of ENSO on CGT wave train through affecting ISM precipitation anomalies.

Detection of Dominant Rainfall Patterns in Indonesian Regions Using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and Its Relation with ENSO and IOD Events

Several studies indicate that Indonesia’s position on the equator, where winds from the northern and southern hemispheres converge, leads to year-round rainfall in Indonesia. Previous studies have also shown the presence of monsoon winds over Indonesia, which causes rain in Indonesia to follow the Asian and Australian monsoon wind patterns. Recently, variations in rainfall patterns and intensity in Indonesia have been highly volatile and difficult to predict. This study uses gridded data analysis of ocean-atmospheric rainfall for 69 years (1948–2016) to detect monsoonal, equatorial, and local signals and relate them to ENSO and IOD events. Rainfall analysis reveals that the first mode accounts for 38.57%, the second 13.92%, and the third 8.93% of the total variance. These results show that these variants are very variable, both in space and time. Monsoonal patterns were detected in the southern region of Indonesia, equatorial patterns in northern Sumatra and western Kalimantan, while local patterns were detected in Maluku and the Maluku Islands. Furthermore, the monsoonal and local rainfall patterns are strongly correlated (> 0.85) with local SST, but the equatorial rainfall pattern is weakly correlated (< 0.5) with local SST. Note that the equatorial pattern is associated with the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) phase. The varied vector correlation map illustrates the asymmetric fluctuations in sea surface temperature and the simultaneous existence of winds coming from the west from the Indian Ocean and winds coming from the east from the Pacific Ocean during the period of heavy precipitation.

Calophyllum L.: An important tropical element in the monsoon-influenced ancient Siwalik Forest of eastern Himalaya

Calophyllum vegetative (leaves and woods) fossil remains have been widely reported from the Cenozoic sedimentary strata across the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. However, until now, no reproductive megafossil remains have been discovered. Here, we report and describe Calophyllum fossil fruits from the Siwalik (middle Miocene–Pliocene) sediments of Darjeeling foothills, eastern Himalaya for the first time. In addition, we also provide fossil materials of isolated leaves in appreciable numbers recovered from the same stratigraphic level. Our Siwalik fossils and extant members of Calophyllum are closely related morphologically by stalked, ball-shaped (spherical to ovoid) drupe with a thin, dark brown, smooth surfaced outer layer and a hard endocarp; and symmetrical, oblong-elliptic shaped entire margined lamina with numerous close parallel secondary veins, and obscure tertiary veins. Based upon morphology and epidermal anatomy, the fossil fruits are recognized as a new fossil-species Calophyllum ramthiensis sp. nov. The present Calophyllum leaf and fruit fossils, along with previous reports suggest that Calophyllum was an important forest element throughout the eastern Himalaya during the period of Siwalik sedimentation (Mio-Pleistocene time). We briefly discuss the fossil history of Calophyllum and palaeobiogeography in India and palaeoclimatic implications regarding the distribution and habitat of fossil and modern members of Calophyllum.

One-step ahead short-term hourly global solar radiation forecasting with a dynamical system based on classification of days

The data-driven method is a common approach to solar irradiation prediction. However, its weakness is that it is highly dependent on the characteristics of the prior data, which leads to a lag delay in forecasting. Therefore, this paper proposes a prediction model that considers data-driven, data-cycle variations, and statistical information for solving such problems. Firstly, the periodicity of the data is removed using the Fourier transform. Secondly, monthly daily characterization matrices are constructed to predict from a global perspective without including information from previous time series. Finally, the coupled autoregressive and dynamical system (CARDS) model is improved using the identity matrix. Comparing the model proposed in this paper with seven other popular prediction models, the error can be reduced by 30.2 % on average at four locations in the northern and southern hemispheres. Moreover, the proposed model does not increase the computational burden of existing models.

Evolution process of chemical weathering and sediment sources in the Makran Continental margin since the Younger Dryas

The chemical weathering processes and sedimentary source evolution since the Younger Dryas (YD) in the low-latitude arid continental margin have been investigated. Two sediment cores, MK07G and MK09G, were retrieved from the Makran continental margin in the northern Arabian Sea and subjected to analyses of major and trace elements, along with AMS14C dating. The results show that since the YD, the weathered parent rocks of Makran sediments have remained relatively stable, predominantly consisting of felsic rocks, with some contributions from mafic rocks. The Makran sediments exhibit initial to moderate weathering, with no discernible effects from grain size sorting or disturbances from sediment recycling, indicating primary deposition. Significant contributions of terrigenous eolian dust from surrounding continents (e.g., the Indian subcontinent, Arabian Peninsula, and northeastern Africa) were identified, along with riverine inputs from the Dasht River and fine-grained components from the Late Pleistocene Indus delta sediment, as well as proximal basin sedimentation. The evolution of sediment sources in the study area is significantly influenced by the Indian Monsoon and westerly wind systems, with intensified monsoon phases and westerly conditions correlating with increased fluvial input. Furthermore, chemical weathering processes since the YD are closely linked to local precipitation patterns, where intensified rainfall enhances weathering intensity. Records from the Makran continental margin indicate a teleconnection between chemical weathering and sedimentary processes in the Arabian Sea and Bond events in the North Atlantic, highlighting the extensive influence of Northern Hemisphere climate fluctuations.