North-central Idaho Research Articles

Epiphyllous fungi from the Miocene of Clarkia, Idaho: reproductive structures

The excellent preservation of fossil remains from the Miocene Clarkia locality in north central Idaho has provided for many investigations of the floral components, including their chemical and ultrastructural constituents and reconstructions of the paleoecosystem. Although fungal hyphae, reproductive structures, and spores were noted in a number of early studies, a concerted examination of the plant fossils indicated that epiphyllous fungi were rare, partially contradicting other evidence of a warm and humid environment. Recent collections indicate that epiphyllous fungi are in fact abundant at the locality. These include Phragmothyrites Edwards, previously noted in the literature, Stomiopeltites Alvin and Muir and a number of other fungi, predominantly in the Dothideales. The thyrothecia of Phragmothyrites were found mainly on Persea, Lithocarpus, Betula, and Magnolia and are uniquely characterized by concentric cell divisions. Stomiopeltites perithecia are non-radiate and ostiolate and were found on Betula, Smilax, and Zizyphoides. Other fungi present include non-radiate, non-ostiolate cleistothecia and hyphae similar to the Chaetomiaceae on the leaves of almost all plant genera. These findings support interpretations that the environment was warm and humid and also indicate that a thriving epiphyllous fungal community was present in this paleoecosystem.

Habitat Restoration Across Large Areas: Assessing Wildlife Responses in the Clearwater Basin, Idaho

Abstract Over the past century, fire suppression and prevention have altered disturbance regimes across the Pacific Northwest, resulting in a significant divergence of historical and current conditions in forested habitats. To address this continuing trend in habitat changes and begin restoring historical patterns of disturbance, the Clearwater Basin Elk Habitat Initiative (CEI) proposes relatively extensive management actions in the Clearwater basin of north-central Idaho. We attempted to evaluate potential effects of such management actions on selected wildlife species using extant data sets and suggest ways to improve such projects with respect to a multispecies and adaptive management approach. Although there is increased interest in ecosystem management over large areas, the increased scale of analysis and implementation require a substantial increase in the level of species information beyond what currently exists. We conclude that baseline information required for an effective multispecies land-management policy in the Clearwater basin does not exist for many terrestrial wildlife species. To implement a true multispecies or ecosystem approach, wildlife and land managers should cooperate to increase existing population data and modeling efforts for wildlife species in the basin and develop a sustainable monitoring program to evaluate habitat management changes and their influence on wildlife populations within the context of adaptive management theory. Management actions to restore disturbance patterns should attempt spatial and temporal scales that are biologically relevant to the population ecology of species being affected. West. J. Appl. For. 19(2): 123–132.

Predicting the likelihood of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) occurrence using landscape characteristics

Abstract Yellow starthistle is an invasive plant species common in the semiarid climate of central Idaho and other western states. Early detection of yellow starthistle and estimation of its infestation potential in semiarid grasslands have important scientific and managerial implications. Weed detection and delineation of infestations are often carried out by using ground survey techniques. However, such methods can be inefficient and expensive in detecting sparse infestations. The distribution of yellow starthistle over a large region may be affected by various landscape variables such as elevation, slope, and aspect. These exogenous variables may be used to develop prediction models to estimate the potential for yellow starthistle invasion into new areas. A nonlinear prediction model has been developed using a polar coordinate transformation of landscape characteristics to predict the likelihood of yellow starthistle occurrence in north-central Idaho. The study region included the lower Snake River and...

AN APPROACH FOR POPULATION ASSESSMENT IN THE ABSENCE OF ABUNDANCE INDICES

Population assessment models give managers insight into both the current status of a given population and how that population may respond to management measures. Nearly all of the techniques in both terrestrial and aquatic wildlife management require either an independent estimate of absolute abundance or an index that is consistently proportional to abundance. When neither of these exists, some information can still be mined from the changes in the sex and age ratios within the population over time. When harvesting is highly skewed toward a single sex or age class, the change in these ratios provides information about the exploitation rate and, when combined with absolute numbers removed, also provides information on absolute abundance. Traditional change-in-ratio techniques require independent estimates of other variables in order to be used in a predictive sense for open populations. This paper proposes a new method that combines the synthetic approach of fisheries stock assessment with the information contained in sex and age ratios to allow for the assessment of populations when no estimate of absolute abundance or reliable index of abundance exists. Although estimates of population parameters such as survival rates and fecundity are produced, the primary output of the estimation routine is the current population size and structure and the potential population sizes and structures that may result from future management options. The approach is validated using simulated data and is then applied to data for an elk population in north-central Idaho. Corresponding Editor: B. A. Maurer

WATERSHED AND INSTREAM IMPACTS ON THE FISH POPULATION IN THE SOUTH FORK OF THE CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a statistical analysis performed for the watershed and stream corridor in the South Fork of the Clearwater River (SFCR) basin, in north central Idaho. The analysis was performed for 61 six‐field hydrological unit codes (HUCs) of the SFCR basin using an extensive record (up to 100 years) for 50 watershed and in‐stream parameters, including hydrologic, flow, fish, anthropogenic, and natural activity data. The objective of this research was twofold: first, the development of quantitative relations that describe the Index of Fish Density (IFD) of particular fish species as a function of watershed and instream parameters; and second, to provide a robust confirmation for the effects of some of these parameters, previously recorded by the fisheries profession, by using well established statistical techniques. The uniqueness of this work is the compilation and statistical analysis of large data sets to quantitatively describe the impacts of watershed and instream parameters on the IFD of all salmonids and specific fish species. Factor analysis was employed to regroup parameters that are highly correlated to each other into a set of single factors and to relate the IFD to these factors. Using factor extraction, 12 factors were developed from the 50 watershed and instream parameters. Multiple regression diagnostic tests indicated that only 7 of the 12 factors are strong predictors offish indicators. The strongest predictors are longitude, latitude, elevation, watershed gradient, and water temperature. The analysis indicated that the present model has reasonable predictive power, considering the uncertainty involved in estimating the interdependence of IFD with watershed parameters.

USING LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS AS PRIOR INFORMATION FOR BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION OF REMOTELY SENSED IMAGERY

Yellow starthistle is a dominant weed of north-central Idaho canyon grasslands. The distribution of yellow starthistle can be affected by general landscape characteristics, such as land use, as well as specific terrain related features such as elevation, slope, and aspect. Slope and aspect can be considered as indicators of plant community composition and distribution. Hence, these variables may be incorporated into prediction models to estimate the likelihood of yellow starthistle occurrence. An empirically derived nonlinear model based on landscape characteristics was developed to predict the likelihood of yellow starthistle occurrence in north central Idaho (Shafii, et al. 1999). While the model was employed to predict the invasion potential of yellow starthistle into new areas, it could also be used as auxiliary data for classifying this weed species in remotely sensed imagery. To accomplish this, the predicted values of the model are regarded as prior information on the presence of yellow starthistle. A Bayesian image classification algorithm using this prior information is then applied to a corresponding set of remotely sensed data. The end result is a map indicating the posterior probabilities of yellow starthistle occurrence given the landscape characteristics. This technique is demonstrated considering the presence and absence of prior information and is shown to result in lower omissional and commissional error rates when the landscape characteristics are utilized.

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND SURVIVAL IN A POPULATION OF CROTALUS VIRIDIS OREGANUS IN NORTH CENTRAL IDAHO

Abstract We conducted a nine-year mark-recapture study of a population of Crotalus viridis oreganus at a hibernaculum in north central Idaho from 1982 to 1990. Snakes were captured by hand and drift fence traps and individually marked. We made 627 recaptures from 319 marked snakes (176 males, 143 females). The primary sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1. Males were not significantly different in length or mass from females at birth. Estimated average individual growth rates in length beginning at birth (18.2 and 20.5 cm/yr for females and males, respectively) were not significantly different between sexes. However, males grew to a significantly longer estimated average asymptotic length (88.8 cm) than females (69.2 cm). The average annual growth rate in mass did not differ significantly between males and females (49 and 43 g/yr, respectively). The maximum snout– vent lengths of males and females in this study were 96.0 and 79.5 cm, respectively. Snakes underwent ecdysis two to three times duri...

Variation in Emergence, Egress, and Ingress among Life-History Stages and Sexes of Crotalus viridis oreganus in Northern Idaho

We monitored emergence, egress, and ingress of a population of Crotalus viridis oreganus from 1982-1990 at a hibernaculum in north central Idaho. Snakes were captured by hand and by drift fence traps throughout their active season. We made 1071 field observations of snakes, of which 493 (235 males, 258 females) were individually identified and 578 were observed but their identity was not determined. Estimated median maximum period of activity was 206 days (1 April to 21 October). Mean date of first emergence was not significantly different for males and females, and there was no significant difference in mean spring emergence date among adult, immature, and newborn snakes. Hand captures of mature males occurred mostly in spring and fall. This pattern differed significantly from that of mature females, who had three peaks of captures: spring, summer, and fall. Captures of snakes in drift fence traps generally began a month later than the first hand captures in spring, but the last captures in fall occurred approximately at the same time for both methods. Most captures of mature males in drift fence traps occurred in summer. We suggest that the hibernaculum was located within the summer feeding range of this population of C. v. oreganus. In addition, we found a longer active season than might be expected based on latitude and altitude of the hibernaculum.

Reply [to “Comment on ‘Peak flow responses to clear‐cutting and roads in small and large basins, Western Cascades, Oregon: A Second Opinion’ by R. B. Thomas and W. F. Megahan”

Water Resources ResearchVolume 37, Issue 1 p. 181-183 CommentariesFree Access Reply [to “Comment on ‘Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, Western Cascades, Oregon: A Second Opinion’ by R. B. Thomas and W. F. Megahan”] R. B. Thomas, R. B. ThomasSearch for more papers by this authorW. F. Megahan, W. F. MegahanSearch for more papers by this author R. B. Thomas, R. B. ThomasSearch for more papers by this authorW. F. Megahan, W. F. MegahanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2001 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900277Citations: 16AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References Box, G. E. P., J. M. Wetz, Criteria for judging adequacy of estimation by an approximating response functionTech. Rep. 9, 99Dep. of Statistics, U. of Wisconsin, Madison, 1973. Draper, N. R., H. Smith, Applied Regression Analysis, 407, John Wiley, New York, 1966. Draper, N. R., H. Smith, Applied Regression Analysis 2, 709, John Wiley, New York, 1981. Jones, J. A., G. E. Grant, Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon, Water Resour. Res., 324, 959– 974, 1996. Jones, J. A., andG. E. Grant, Comment on “Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon: A second opinion” by R. B. Thomas and W. F. Megahan,Water Resour. Res., 1. King, J. G., L. C. Tennyson, Alteration of streamflow characteristics following road construction in north central Idaho, Water Resour. Res., 208, 1159– 1163, 1984. Springer, E. P., G. B. Coltharp, Effects of logging roads on storm hydrographs, Symposium on Watershed Management, 228– 239Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., New York, 1980. Thomas, R. B., W. F. Megahan, Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon: A second opinion, Water Resour. Res., 3412, 3393– 3403, 1998. Citing Literature Volume37, Issue1January 2001Pages 181-183 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Are Climate-Tree Growth Relationships Changing in North-Central Idaho, U.S.A.?

An 861-yr Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) tree-ring chronology has been recently developed for the Salmon River Valley, Challis National Forest, Idaho. Its potential for climatic reconstruction is investigated using monthly instrumental records of precipitation, temperature, and Palmer Drought Severity Index from 1895 to 1995. The temporal stability of climate-tree growth relationships is analyzed by means of evolutionary (backward and forward) and moving response functions. When precipitation and temperature are used as predictors, the strongest (and temporally stable) signal is a negative response to July temperature. Another relevant signal, albeit less temporally consistent, is a positive response to May precipitation. When the Palmer Drought Severity Index is used as an integrated predictor to highlight response to summer moisture stress, the strength of the association with tree growth increases in recent decades. This information can be used to maximize the reliability of dendroclimatic reconstructions, and has important implications for expanding the range of recent studies on altered climate-tree growth relationships during the 20th century.

Are Climate-Tree Growth Relationships Changing in North-Central Idaho, U.S.A.?

An 861-yr Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) tree-ring chronology has been recently developed for the Salmon River Valley, Challis National Forest, Idaho. Its potential for climatic reconstruction is investigated using monthly instrumental records of precipitation, temperature, and Palmer Drought Severity Index from 1895 to 1995. The temporal stability of climate-tree growth relationships is analyzed by means of evolutionary (backward and forward) and moving response functions. When precipitation and temperature are used as predictors, the strongest (and temporally stable) signal is a negative response to July temperature. Another relevant signal, albeit less temporally consistent, is a positive response to May precipitation. When the Palmer Drought Severity Index is used as an integrated predictor to highlight response to summer moisture stress, the strength of the association with tree growth increases in recent decades. This information can be used to maximize the reliability of dendroclimatic reconstructions, and has important implications for expanding the range of recent studies on altered climate-tree growth relationships during the 20th century.

ESTIMATING THE LIKELIHOOD OF YELLOW STARTHISTLE OCCURRENCE USING AN EMPIRICALLY DERIVED NONLINEAR REGRESSION MODEL

Yellow starthistle is a noxious weed common in the semiarid climate of Central Idaho and other western states. Early detection of yellow starthistle and predicting its infestation potential have important scientific and managerial implications. Weed detection and delineation are often carried out by visual observation or survey techniques. However, such methods may be ineffective in detecting sparse infestations. The distribution of yellow starthistle over a large region may be affected by various exogenous variables such as elevation, slope and aspect. These landscape variables can be used to develop prediction models to estimate the potential invasion of yellow starthistle into new areas. A nonlinear prediction model has been developed based on a polar coordinate transformation to investigate the ability of landscape characteristics to predict the likelihood of yellow starthistle occurrence in North Central Idaho. The study region included the lower Snake river and parts of the Salmon and Clearwater basins encompassing various land use categories. The model provided accurate estimates of incidence of yellow starthistle within each specified land use category and performed well in subsequent statistical validations.

Elk Habitat Selection on the Clearwater National Forest, Idaho

Habitat management for bull and cow elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) may require different forest management standards because of likely sexual differences in distribution and habitat selection patterns. Current standards are based on the habitat use patterns of cow elk. Thus, we located 121 radiocollared elk (101 bulls, 20 cows) 4,527 times in the forested habitats of northcentral Idaho during 1986-90 to determine patterns of habitat selection. During winter, habitat selection patterns of ≥2-year-old and yearling bull elk were similar. but cow elk used more shrub habitats and less-open timber types. Cows typically used moderately steep areas on south-facing to west-facing aspects on the middle to lower elevational portions of the winter range. Bulls were more often found using small benches or ridgetop areas near the upper portion of hillsides. From spring through fall, elk shifted from using a high proportion of shrub and open timber habitats to use of timber habitats. In general, elk in areas with roads used habitats with greater canopy cover. This pattern was most pronounced for cow and ≥2-year-old bull elk. Yearling bulls tended to select habitats in proportion to availability, whereas cow and ≥2-year-old bull elk showed preference for open timber habitats during fall in non-roaded habitats and for timber habitat in areas with roads during summer and fall. Bulls tended to use higher proportions of lower slopes and stream bottoms than did cows during summer, and somewhat steeper areas during fall. Concern over forage production on summer range should be secondary to reducing disturbance and providing secure habitat during fall hunting seasons.

Elk Mortality in the Clearwater Drainage of Northcentral Idaho

Habitat condition and hunter density may affect mortality rates of elk (Cervus elaphus), and therefore, the amount of recreational opportunity offered hunters. Thus, we radio-monitored 121 elk in the forested habitats of northcentral Idaho during 1986-91 to determine cause-specific mortality. Sixty-nine deaths recorded during this period included: 43 recovered rifle kills, 8 rifle wounding losses, 4 archery wounding losses, 2 recovered archery kills, 3 poaching kills, and 9 other mortalities. Eighty-six percent of all elk deaths occurred during September and October and were associated with hunting. Annual survival rate of cow elk was 0.886 (SE = 0.094). Annual survival rate of bull elk was 0.600 (SE = 0.063)

Paleomagnetic evidence for en echelon crustal extension and crustal rotations in western Montana and Idaho

The Bitterroot metamorphic core complex is one of many Eocene core complexes in the northern Cordillera. A middle Eocene dike swarm cuts the Bitterroot metamorphic core complex and its hanging wall, the Skalkaho slab. A 26° change in strike of the dikes across the core complex suggests either a refracted stress field or rotation during Eocene or younger extension. The nearby Bitterroot Valley and Big Hole Basin also indicate tectonic rotation. To distinguish between the hypotheses of refracted stress and tectonic rotation, we collected paleomagnetic data from 28 dikes. Nineteen sites provide reliable results. Eight sites from the hanging wall east of the mylonite zone give Dec = 46°, Inc = 69°, α95 = 13°; 11 dikes to the west yield Dec = 334°, Inc = 64°, α95 = 6°. The declinations diverge from the expected direction; the inclinations do not. The hanging wall rocks are rotated 58° ± 32° clockwise at the 95 % confidence level. The footwall shows 14° ± 11° of counterclockwise rotation. Both normal and reversed polarity dikes are present in each area, indicating that the dike swarms may adequately average paleosecular variation. Vertical contacts reveal that the dikes have not tilted since emplacement. These paleomagnetic results and available geochronologic data show that the Bitterroot dome was pulled from beneath the Skalkaho slab in the Eocene. As the dome slid toward the northwest, it experienced a slight counterclockwise rotation, while the upper plate moved clockwise around a vertical axis near its northern edge. Rotation of the Skalkaho slab occurs because the slab lies between en echelon extensional detachments of the core complex and the next basin to the east, the Big Hole Basin. The Boehls Butte area, north central Idaho, occupies a step in the Lewis and Clark fault zone and is probably a core complex related to right‐lateral motion on the fault system. Similarities in both the style and timing of extension suggest that Eocene ductile/brittle extension occupies a swath from British Columbia, past the Bitterroot metamorphic core complex, to the Pioneer core complex in south central Idaho.

Self-care and illness response behaviors in a frontier area.

Self-care and illness response to a recent medical event were examined based on a mailed questionnaire to a random sample of 416 adults in a frontier area in north-central Idaho. A total of 494 questionnaires were returned (45% response rate), and 78 were eliminated. Self-care behaviors were classified as: (1) waiting to see what would happen, (2) purchasing or taking a nonprescription medication, (3) taking a prescription medication that was on hand, (4) taking both a prescription and a nonprescription medication, (5) contacting a physician, and (6) going to a hospital. These six variables were classified into three intervention constructs of no intervention (waiting), informal intervention (self-medicating), and formal intervention (contacting a health care professional). Fifty-six percent of the respondents reported self-medicating behaviors. Correlation analysis indicated that initial self-care and illness response behaviors in this frontier area were generally appropriate. Three multiple discriminant models were tested to differentiate those people who waited, self-medicated, and contacted formal providers from those who did not. A significant model could not discriminate between those who waited and those who did not. Models for self-medicating and contacting formal providers correctly classified cases 60 to 70 percent of the time. The analyses indicate that self-medicating was more likely to be reported by younger individuals, by those who lived further from the hospital, who perceived their health status to be better, who reported less satisfaction with community health care services, and that the self-medicating was appropriate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Estimation of Wildlife Population Ratios Incorporating Survey Design and Visibility Bias

Age and sex ratio statistics are often a key component of the evaluation and management of wildlife populations. These statistics are determined from counts of animals that are commonly plagued by errors associated with either survey design or visibility bias. We present age and sex ratio estimators that incorporate both these sources of error and include the typical situation that animals are sampled in groups. Aerial surveys of elk (Cervus elaphus) in northcentral Idaho illustrate that differential visibility of age or sex classes can produce biased ratio estimates. Visibility models may be used to provide corrected estimates of ratios and their variability that incorporates errors due to sampling, visibility bias, and visibility estimation

The Perceived Effects of Drug Messages on Use Patterns in Adolescents

Following a survey of over 5,000 students in north central Idaho and southeast Washington, an interviewing strategy was implemented with 223 adolescents randomly selected by their principals. The strategy was designed to learn: 1) which sources have utility and credibility with youth in providing drug information; 2) whether different message content and delivery style have differential effects upon that group; and 3) whether widely held perceptions voiced by parents and teachers about their ineffectiveness as information sources were accurate. Double-blind interviews, arranged to protect respondent anonymity, were conducted by trained interviewers from a research methods class. No interview was held when either an interviewer or respondent knew the other. Among the important findings of the study were that: 1) parents and teachers are trusted, credible sources of drug information; 2) doctors, nurses, law officers, and clergy are also credible but not visible to youth; 3) the evil media and celebrity fears of parents and teachers are largely ungrounded in adolescent perception; and 4) factual information from credible sources emphasizing the range of types of negative consequences associated with drug use can exert powerful effects upon adolescents' reported personal use of drugs.

Visibility Bias during Aerial Surveys of Elk in Northcentral Idaho

Visibility Bias during Aerial Surveys of Elk in Northcentral Idaho

Comments on “Alteration of Streamflow Characteristics Following Road Construction in North Central Idaho” by John G. King and Larry C. Tennyson

Water Resources ResearchVolume 22, Issue 5 p. 829-830 CommentariesFree Access Comments on “Alteration of Streamflow Characteristics Following Road Construction in North Central Idaho” by John G. King and Larry C. Tennyson Patrick Teti, Patrick TetiSearch for more papers by this authorSteven Northway, Steven NorthwaySearch for more papers by this author Patrick Teti, Patrick TetiSearch for more papers by this authorSteven Northway, Steven NorthwaySearch for more papers by this author First published: May 1986 https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i005p00829Citations: 1AboutReferencesRelatedInformationPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessClose modalShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. References Bosch, J. M., J. D. Hewlett, A review of catchment experiments to determine the effects of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration, J. Hydrol. Amsterdam, 55, 3– 23, 1982. Dixon, W. J., M. B. Brown, L. Engelman, J. W. Frame, M. A. Hill, R. I. Jennrich, J. D. Toporek, BMDP Statistical Software, 725, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1981. Harr, R. D., W. C. Harper, J. T. Krygier, Changes in storm hydrographs after road building and clear-cutting in the Oregon Coast Range, Water Resour. Res., 113, 436– 444, 1975. King, J. G., L. C. Tennyson, Alteration of streamflow characteristics following road construction in north central Idaho, Water Resour. Res., 208, 1159– 1163, 1984. Lyons, J. K., R. L. Beschta, Land use, floods, and channel changes: Upper Middle Fork Willamette River, Oregon (1936–1980), Water Resour. Res., 19, 463– 471, 1983. Milhous, R. T., Effects of sediment transport and flow regulation on the ecology of gravel-bed rivers, Gravel-Bed Rivers R. D. Hey, J. C. Bathurst, C. R. Thorne, 819– 842, John Wiley, New York, 1982. Ostle, B., R. W. Mensing, Statistics in Research 3, 596, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1975. Steel, R. G. D., J. H. Torrie, Principles and Procedures in Statistics, 481, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960. Citing Literature Volume22, Issue5May 1986Pages 829-830 ReferencesRelatedInformation RecommendedReply [to “Comments on ‘Alteration of Streamflow Characteristics Following Road Construction in North Central Idaho’ by John G. King and Larry C. Tennyson”]John G. King, Water Resources ResearchThe Influence of Urban Development Patterns on Streamflow Characteristics in the Charlanta MegaregionNeil Debbage, J. M. Shepherd, Water Resources ResearchStreamflow characteristics of physiographic units in the northeastWilliam E. Sopper, Howard W. Lull, Water Resources ResearchAnalysis of subsurface storage and streamflow generation in urban watershedsAditi S. Bhaskar, Claire Welty, Water Resources ResearchA monthly streamflow modelOmid Mohseni, Heinz G. Stefan, Water Resources Research