North American Literature Research Articles

5. Culinary Linguistics: The Chef’s Special

1. APERITIVO 2. Overview of the volume (by Frobenius, Maximiliane) 3. ANTIPASTI 4. Food and language - language and food (by Gerhardt, Cornelia) 5. PRIMI PIATTI Genres of food discourse 6. When making pie, all ingredients must be chilled. Including you: Lexical, syntactic and interactive features in online discourse - a synchronic study of food blogs (by Diemer, Stefan) 7. Passionate about food: Jamie and Nigella and the performance of food-talk (by Chiaro, Delia) 8. The addressee in the recipe: How Julia Child gets to join you in the kitchen (by Fischer, Kerstin) 9. Food for thought - or, what's (in) a recipe?: A diachronic analysis of cooking instructions (by Arendholz, Jenny) 10. Recipes and food discourse in English - a historical menu (by Diemer, Stefan) 11. The way to intercultural learning is through the stomach - Genre-based writing in the EFL classroom (by Bubel, Claudia) 12. SECONDI PIATTI Food and culture 13. How permeable is the formal-informal boundary at work?: An ethnographic account of the role of food in workplace discourse (by Holmes, Janet) 14. Comparing drinking toasts - Comparing contexts (by Kotthoff, Helga) 15. The flavors of multi-ethnic North American literatures: Language, ethnicity and culinary nostalgia (by Fellner, Astrid M.) 16. Men eat for muscle, women eat for weight loss: Discourses about food and gender in Men's Health and Women's Health magazines (by Fuller, Janet M.) 17. "Bon Appetit, Lion City": The use of French in naming restaurants in Singapore (by Serwe, Stefan) 18. Talking about taste: Starved for words (by Ankerstein, Carrie A.) 19. DOLCI 20. Bibliography 21. Index

Contact, Mediation, and Myth in Early Latin American Literatures

Contact, Mediation, and Myth in Early Latin American Literatures Joanne van der Woude (bio) Colonial Latin American Literature: A Very Short Introduction. Rolena Adorno. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. 148 pp. Indigenous Writings from the Convent: Negotiating Ethnic Autonomy in Colonial Mexico. Mónica Díaz. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 2010. 229 pp. On the Wings of Time: Rome, the Incas, Spain, and Peru. Sabine MacCormack. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. 320 pp. The Art of Being In-Between: Native Intermediaries, Indian Identity, and Local Rule in Colonial Oaxaca. Yanna Yannakakis. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. 290 pp. Michel de Certeau wrote: "By an art of being in-between, he draws unexpected results from his situation"—an intriguing expression that opens Yanna Yannakakis's book. In her work, the citation applies to Native intermediaries, but it seems just as pertinent to scholars and teachers who (seek to) work comparatively. They, too, must distance themselves from their monolingual training and expertise in order to tackle new fields in the hope of "unexpected," or even enlightening, "results." This is true not only for those who work across languages but also for anyone who cultivates [End Page 201] a transatlantic, transcultural, or transhistorical perspective on early America—and so, suddenly, nearly everyone can be called a comparativist, in some sense of the word. I make this point in order to argue for the importance of Latin American scholarship to North American studies. The flourishing field of Latin American literature and history should be taken into account not just out of a sense of duty but because it offers real methodological and theoretical advantages. For those who still wonder why they should care, this review begins by pointing out specific genres and themes that are shared across the colonial Americas, and that would benefit from comparative consideration in criticism as well as in the classroom. Teaching, to be honest, is still complicated: there are few, good, affordable editions and translations of Latin American sources that can be assigned to undergraduate classes and professors harbor an understandable reluctance to assign many texts in translation or are simply hesitant to change time-tested syllabi. Rather than add another voice to the extensive debate about whether early American culture is best taught transatlantically, hemispherically, or both—let alone try to convince or castigate anyone about the need to assign more diverse texts—this overview begins by delineating productive pairings of Spanish writings with more canonical (and therefore usually English) texts. The idea behind this arrangement, which is followed by brief summaries and reviews of the four listed books, is to spark interest instead of inducing guilt, stressing the relevance of Latin American texts to current perspectives on North American literature and history. Fictional dialogues are a popular genre across the American colonies. John Eliot's Indian Dialogues (1671) comes most immediately to mind, as well as its scholarly readings by Kristina Bross, David Murray, and Thomas Scanlan. Although this tract was purportedly written to aid future missionaries, Eliot uses the opportunity to stage wishful exchanges that speedily convert Native leaders while also assuaging the fears of "a colonial audience concerned about the outbreaks of violence with coastal Algonquians" (Bross 119). (For the sake of realism, this piece is perhaps best read alongside another less fictional Eliot tract, though its obvious fakery also, arguably, constitutes its charm.) Christoph Saur's A Dialogue between a Newcomer and a Settler in Pennsylvania (1751), translated from the German by Patrick Erben for Carla Mulford's Oxford anthology (735-44), is a promotional piece for the Middle Colonies, which contains a wealth of information [End Page 202] on colonial Pennsylvania as well as on eighteenth-century Europe. It includes a spirited defense of Pietism, alongside such endearingly honest questions as: "If it would happen to me as it has happened to many people in this country [Germany], and I could not pay everything in cash and had to go into debt, would that be a big issue?" (Mulford 739). Helpful additions to this pair might be Manuel da Nóbrega's Dialogue for the Conversion of the Indians (Castillo and Schweitzer 1556-57) and the dialogue written by Fray Bernardino de...

Trends in the Western Historiography of the United States’ Occupation of Germany

This article examines the historiography of the U.S. Army’s occupation of Germany after World War II and how historians have portrayed the event in North-American literature. It argues that the central question dividing American historians is whether the U.S. occupation was too lenient or too harsh. This split began at the end of the war with Allied leaders divided between a harsh occupation of the Reich and containing the Soviets. This historiographical essay traces this, and other trends, in how historians have viewed the occupation.

Literature of the Americas in the making: U.S. writers and translation in Sur, 1931-1944

This essay engages history of translation by examining one of its most important contributors: Sur, a literary journal that Victoria Ocampo ran for 45 years and 340 issues. The most celebrated Latin American writers of the 1960s ‘Boom’ unanimously recognized that their key literary influences were those that they had first read in translation in Sur. Specifically, the essay focuses on the translations of North American literature in Sur’s early years: E. Hemingway, M. Twain, L. Hughes, K. A. Porter, E. A. Poe, H. Melville, e. e. cummings, W. Whitman, H. James, and most prominently, W. Faulkner, are translated by J. L. Borges, E. Pezzoni, J. Bianco, R. Baeza, BioyCasares, and M. Acosta. While highlighting the task of translators as crucial cultural intermediaries, the essay analyzes the subsequent construction of inter-American relations and ways in which Sur (1931-1976) conceived a peculiar version of cosmopolitanism.

990 – Adolescent sexual abuse: from incest to hebephilia

Introduction On the eve of its entry into the DSM-V, hebephilia is a sexual deviance under debate. Few studies describe hebephiles, then who are these sex offenders? Objectives Assess the profile of adolescents sex offenders and their victims, and the characteristics of their penal treatment. Methods This is a retrospective study carried out from the court records of adolescents sex offenders followed by the State Department on the Enforcement of Sentences of Tours and Chateauroux (France). Results 31 offenders and 57 victims have been identified. - Concerning offenders: the average age was 37.8 ± 9.4 years. 71% had a job and 51.6% lived in couple. 87.1% had normal or borderline intellectual level. 38.7% had been victimized in childhood, of which 58.3% had experienced sexual violence. - Regarding penal treatment: 42% of subjects were judged by a correctional court, and 58% by a criminal court. 22.6% of subjects were in recidivism. The average length of imprisonment was 7.5 ± 4.2 years. 67.8% of subjects were sentenced to treatment with 48.4% imposed an injunction care. The average duration of treatment was 4.4 ± 3.1 years. - Concerning victims: 57 victims were identified of which 86% were female. The mean age was 14.1 ± 2.1 years. 58.1% of violences experienced were rapes in with 48.4% of intrafamilial. 67% of violence had repeated character. Conclusion This French study in which data are comparable to those of the North American literature, provides details on the characteristics of hebephiles that are passed to the act.

Femoral Head Dislodgement Complicating Use of a Dual Mobility Prosthesis for Recurrent Instability

The dual mobility cup is an unconstrained tripolar configuration newly introduced to the United States in February 2011. The dual mobility construct allows for a larger femoral head to improve motion and minimize the risk of dislocation. We present a case of a patient who received the dual mobility cup for the treatment of recurrent dislocation following total hip arthroplasty. Early in the patient's postoperative course, the implant failed at the articulation between the larger outer polyethylene head and inner smaller metal femoral head following an attempt at closed reduction. This implant specific complication has not been reported in the North American literature.

Cosmos and colonialism: Alexander von Humboldt in cultural criticism

Alexander von Humboldt explored the Spanish Empire on the verge of its collapse (1799–1804). He is the most significant German travel writer and the most important mediator between Europe and the Americas of the nineteenth century. His works integrated knowledge from two dozen domains. Today, he is at the center of debates on imperial discourse, postcolonialism, and globalization. This collection of fifty essays brings together a range of responses, many presented here for the first time in English. Authors from Schiller, Chateaubriand, Sarmiento, and Nietzsche, to Robert Musil, Kurt Tucholsky, Ernst Bloch, and Alejo Carpentier paint the historical background. Essays by contemporary travel writers and recent critics outline the current controversies on Humboldt. The source materials collected here will be indispensable to scholars of German, French, and Latin and North American literature as well as cultural and postcolonial studies, history, art history, and the history of science.

Briefing: Dowel fasteners: a simple design method

The solution to the problem of designing dowel fasteners, such as nails, bolts or lag screws, in wooden shear connections depends upon relating the embedment length of the dowel to the compression stress on the wood and the bending strength of the dowel. This paper presents a simple means of doing this. Two equations are presented; these contain only yield stress of the dowel, compression stress on the wood and diameter of the dowel, together with coefficients depending upon joint configuration. The characteristics used are taken from the North American literature.

How do we manage venous thromboembolism in pregnancy? A retrospective review of the practice of diagnosing and managing pregnancy‐related venous thromboembolism at two major hospitals in Australia and New Zealand

North American and European literature suggest that the incidence rate for pregnancy-related thromboembolism (VTE) ranges from 0.5 to 2 per 1000 pregnancies. However, there is a paucity of data regarding pregnancy-related VTE in Australia and New Zealand. To define the epidemiology, management and adverse effects of pregnancy-related VTE in Australia and New Zealand. Retrospective chart review of pregnant patients with objectively diagnosed pregnancy-related VTE at Monash Medical Centre and the North Shore Hospital from January 2007 to March 2011. Sixty women with VTE were identified, 31 and 29 in the antepartum and post-partum period respectively. VTE occurred as early as 8 weeks of gestation. There was a trend towards higher proportion of PE in the postpartum period. Most antenatal patients were started on enoxaparin and dosed according to weight at diagnosis. A wide variability in maintenance dosing strategies was observed. Three (5%, 95% CI: 1% to 14%) patients suffered major bleeds, all occurring post-partum. Recurrences occurred in two post-partum patients who received a truncated course of enoxaparin for distal deep-vein thrombosis. Although more women had an induction of labour, this did not translate into an increased Caesarean section rate. The epidemiology of pregnancy-related VTE is similar to that of other developed countries. All three bleeding events occurred in the immediate post-partum setting, highlighting the need for caution at this critical time. VTE recurrences occurred in those women with post-partum distal deep-vein thrombosis treated with an abbreviated course of enoxaparin.

Robotic Transaxillary Central Neck Dissection

Although various groups have described their experiences with robotic transaxillary thyroidectomy, to our knowledge, robotic central neck dissection has not been described in the North American literature. We here demonstrate the technique of robotic central neck dissection at the time of transaxillary total thyroidectomy. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia through a 6-cm right axillary incision. The robotic camera and 2 working robotic arms were used for the procedure.

A case of pervasive refusal syndrome: A diagnostic conundrum

A case is presented of an 11-year-old girl with pervasive refusal syndrome (PRS) who ultimately recovered acutely and completely after an 18-month paediatric hospitalisation. There was an apparent absence of previously proposed important aetiological factors in PRS, such as family pathology and markedly traumatic or abusive experiences, and her recovery was sudden and complete. The authors consider the differential diagnoses of PRS paying particular attention to the possibility of a conversion disorder or catatonia, given the absence of PRS in the North American literature. Consideration of catatonia is important as it has a diagnostic test and responds rapidly to appropriate treatment, in contrast to conventional treatment for PRS and conversion disorder.

The emergence of the foetus: discourses on foetal alcohol syndrome prevention and compulsory treatment in Finland

The scientific discovery of foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in the early 1970s made pregnant women's heavy alcohol consumption problematic. A growing concern over prenatal alcohol intake has made FAS a major public health issue in the developed western countries and led to the proliferation of practices that aim to prevent it. This article provides a Nordic perspective on the existing and largely North American literature on the politics of FAS prevention. This article analyses how the proposal to use the compulsory treatment of pregnant women as an FAS prevention tool emerged and became a disputed political issue in Finland. The analysis is qualitative and the data consists of medical journals and political documents between the end of the 1970s and the 1990s. This article depicts how the foetus was constructed as a subject needing protection and how the prominence of the foetus served as justification for the demands for compulsory measures. This article argues that the strong professional status of the medical advocates of compulsory measures and the position of the foetus as an ‘ideal victim’ gave weight to demands for compulsory treatment. However, it is suggested that the public health approach that characterised Finnish alcohol and welfare policy made the compulsory care of pregnant women a controversial issue. This article concludes that during the study period, the Finnish FAS prevention discourse became increasingly individualised and focused on the foetus.

Liberating Blackness: The Theme of Whitening in Two Colombian Short Stories

Liberating BlacknessThe Theme of Whitening in Two Colombian Short Stories Laurence E. Prescott (bio) Hablaré del físico de los negros, casi como de carrera. Tienen dos cosas repugnantes para no gustar, el color negro y el mal olor. . . . —Pbro. Felipe Salvador Gilij1 The convert may have found spiritual salvation in the White Man’s faith; he may have acquired the White Man’s culture and learnt to speak his language with the tongue of an angel; he may have become adept in the White Man’s economic technique, and yet it profits him nothing if he has not changed his skin. —Arnold Toynbee The premium placed by many Negroes on a light shade of skin, straight hair, and Caucasian features, are all indicative of severely injured self-esteem and of the inferiority assumed in things Negro. —Peter Loewenberg And above all, the author must believe in black folk, and in the beauty of black as a color of human skin. —W. E. B. Du Bois In Black Skin, White Masks, a probing psychological exploration of the dynamics of racism and its effects on both Blacks and Whites, psychiatrist Frantz Fanon writes: “In the white world the man of color encounters difficulties in the development of his body schema. Consciousness of the body is solely a negating activity. The body is surrounded by an atmosphere of certain uncertainty” (110–111). As Fanon goes on to say, the equating of blackness with evil and ugliness stimulated white scientists to seek a means of removing “the burden of that corporeal malediction” (111).2 Simultaneously, that same malevolent identification prompted black people to go to extraordinary lengths to free themselves from their blackness, the alleged source of their discontent. Skin lighteners, hair straighteners, miscegenation, and “passing” are some of the more common methods that have been tried over the years. These preoccupations have not gone unnoticed by creative writers. In 1931 African American journalist and writer George S. Schuyler (1895–1977) published [End Page 475] the humorously satirical novel Black No More, in which a black doctor discovers a process that changes black skin to white and transforms Negroid features to Caucasian in a matter of hours, thereby disrupting the racial status quo, bolstering the defenders of white racial purity and supremacy, and ruining black businesses and civil rights organizations. Schuyler’s novel is probably the best-known African American work of fiction that deals with a physical transformation of black people to bring about group liberation and a “happy” resolution of “the race problem.” The theme and pursuit of whitening, however, is not confined to North American society and literature. It is also present in the cultures and literary and non-literary works of Latin America.3 Indeed, in the nation of Colombia, South America, whose citizens of African descent constitute a significant portion of the total population,4 both journalists and creative writers have shown a continuing interest in the physical whitening of black peoples. As early as 1883, for example, there appeared in the “Folletines” supplement of the Bogotá newspaper La Luz, a notice titled “No más negros” ‘No more Blacks,’ which reported on a doctor in South Carolina who was experimenting with “una agua milagrosa que da á la piel de los negros la blancura de la nieve” ‘a miraculous water which gives to Negroes’ skin the whiteness of snow.’ Lacking official confirmation of the extraordinary liquid, the authors of the note, associating the word “anti-negro” with “antidote,” wryly concluded: “Hasta que así sea y sepamos á qué atenernos, confesamos que el anti-negro nos parece un white lie” ‘Until it is so and we know on what to rely, we confess that the anti-black seems to us a white lie.’5 Noteworthy, too, is the presence in both nineteenth- and twentieth-century publications of advertisements directed at women for products that lighten—and (thus) allegedly beautify—the skin, which confirms a constant interest on the part of certain elements of the Colombian populace in maintaining or achieving a fair-skinned complexion generally identified with the (white) elite or moneyed class.6 Decades later, journalist Ramón Manrique, reporting on another chance discovery in the United...

C. North American and Canadian literatures and cultures

C. North American and Canadian literatures and cultures

Medicine Food: Critical Environmental Justice Studies, Native North American Literature, and the Movement for Food Sovereignty

Abstract The notion that people have a sovereign “right to food” is affirmed in an array of international instruments including the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Indigenous peoples throughout the Americas began formally organizing around the concept of food sovereignty thirty years before the adoption of UNDRIP by convening meetings and summits that called attention to the ideologies and external forces that have been threatening indigenous food systems for hundreds of years. Aware of these hemispheric organizational activities, a number of Native North American poets and novelists began writing poetry and novels that illustrated the historic relationship between indigenous peoples and the foods that are culturally and nutritionally necessary to their survival. In this essay, I read Winona LaDuke's Last Standing Woman and Leslie Marmon Silko's Gardens in the Dunes as “case studies” that contribute to critical env...

Os controles políticos sobre a burocracia

O artigo revisa a literatura sobre os temas da relação entre política e burocracia e dos controles democráticos sobre a burocracia analisando três conjuntos de obras: a produção weberiana sobre a relação entre governo e burocracia, a literatura norteamericana e a produção nacional. A obra weberiana nos permite estabelecer com precisão as características centrais da burocracia moderna, seu papel no governo democrático contemporâneo e a necessidade do controle dos políticos sobre a burocracia. O debate norte-americano, por sua vez, explicita a ausência, no Brasil, de discussão sobre a relação entre política e burocracia na perspectiva democrática. A despeito desta ausência, analisamos a literatura nacional contemporânea com o objetivo de traçar um panorama da situação dos controles sobre a burocracia no Brasil e compreender, ainda que de forma incipiente, como funcionam os mecanismos de controle, em especial a nomeação, o orçamento, a legislação e o monitoramento.

What Does Parental Divorce or Marital Separation Mean for Adolescents? A Scoping Review of North American Literature

Parental divorce in North America and the resulting changes to the traditional family unit as seen in current academic literature are troubling. These changes are especially worrisome as they relate to adolescent life and development. This scoping review examines the past 11 years of North American English language literature concerning adolescents who have experienced parental divorce. Literature was taken from health-related databases using the search terms adolescent and divorce. The resulting articles were analyzed and pared down to 53 papers that adhered to predetermined criteria. Analysis revealed trends in how the studies are conducted as well as seven themes throughout the literature. The authors suggest future research directions based on the trends, themes, and found knowledge gaps in the recent literature.

Cross-Cultural Comparison of Religious Coping Methods Reported by Native Guatemalan and Kenyan Faith-Based Relief Providers

Guatemala and Kenya are both countries that have recently experienced political violence in the context of long histories of colonialization, oppression and poverty. The current study examines focus group responses of indigenous faith-based relief providers in Guatemala and Kenya describing how they utilized religion to cope with their own experience of political violence as well as to cope with stress related to providing relief services to others. In an effort to study both emic and etic dimensions of religious coping, the study also analyzes these responses within the framework of Pargament and colleagues’ (1998; 2000) religious coping constructs to determine responses that are consistent with findings across other cultures (etic) and to identify and describe responses that are culturally specific to Guatemala and Kenya (emic). Guatemalan and Kenyan themes consistent with North American literature were: Religious Helping, Seeking Spiritual Support, Benevolent Religious Reappraisal, Spiritual Connections and Collaborative Religious Coping. Themes unique to Guatemala and Kenya included Acceptance and Engagement of Suffering, Cosmic Balance, Living Better, Prayer, Human Responsibility, Communal Spiritual Traditions, and Finding Solidarity Through Shared Experience. Finally, this article examines emic and etic responses within the context of literature on African and Central American theologies.

Evolving surgical techniques of and indications for corneal transplantation in Ontario from 2000 to 2009

Objective To determine the changes in the leading indications for and the preferred surgical techniques of corneal transplantation in Ontario over a 9-year period. Design Retrospective review of Eye Bank of Canada (Ontario Division) records. Participants Recipients of corneal transplants performed in Ontario between 2000 and 2009, totaling 6240 patients. Methods Records of all corneal tissues sent for transplantation in Ontario by the Eye Bank of Canada (Ontario Division) from July 1 2000 to June 30 2009 were reviewed. The records consist of recipient information forms completed by surgeons at the time of corneal transplant surgery. Of the 8186 available recipient information forms, 7755 (94.7%) were sufficiently complete to meet the inclusion criteria. Results The leading indications for corneal transplantation were pseudophakic corneal edema (28.3%), regraft (21.5%), Fuchs dystrophy (16.6%), and anterior keratoconus (13.8%). Beginning in 2006, there has been a shift in the proportion of corneal transplants performed using Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, from 2.4% to 36.1% of all corneal transplants. Concomitantly, DSAEK has replaced penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) as the technique of choice when corneal transplantation is indicated for Fuchs' dystrophy (139 DSAEKs vs. 68 PKPs in 2009) and for pseudophakic corneal edema (118 DSAEKs vs. 115 PKPs in 2009). Conclusion The indications for PKP in this study agree with the North American literature. In recent years, partial-thickness transplants have gained favor over PKP for select indications in Ontario. These changes reflect the future direction of corneal transplantation and will have implications on the supply of and demand for tissues.

The multiple faces of social entrepreneurship: A review of definitional issues based on geographical and thematic criteria

Social entrepreneurship has recently received greater recognition from the public sector, as well as from scholars. However, the lack of a unifying paradigm in the field has lead to a proliferation of definitions. Moreover, several approaches of the phenomenon, as well as different schools of thought, have emerged in different regions of the world. At first glance, because of different conceptions of capitalism and of the government's role, there seems to be a difference between the American and the European conceptions of social entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to clarify the concepts of ‘social entrepreneurship’, ‘social entrepreneur’ and ‘social entrepreneurship organization’ and to examine whether there is a transatlantic divide in the way these are conceived and defined. After having justified the need for a definition, we present the different geographical perspectives. North American and European literatures on social entrepreneurship are critically analysed by means of Gartner's four differentiating aspects: the individual, the process, the organization and the environment. We show that there is no clear-cut transatlantic divide, but that, even within the US, different conceptions coexist. We propose definitions for the main concepts associated with social entrepreneurship and, finally, discuss implications for future research.