Norte De Santander Department Research Articles

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE BASINS LA LAUCHA. LA LEJIA AND LA RASTROJERA USING AQUATIC MACROINVERTEBRALES AS BIOINDICATORS, MUNICIPIO DE DURANIA, DEPARTAMENTO DE NOR­TE DE SANTANDER, COLOMBIA

From june to september 2004 a water research was carried out in six stations that are located at the following microbasins: La Laucha (S1), La Lejía (S2, S3 and S6), and La Rastrojera (S4 and S5), those microbasins are localized at the Durania municipality in Norte de Santander department. This study was carried out in order to evaluate water quality at the microbasins above mentioned using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. For physical, chemical and microbiological parameters a sample was taken at each station. The results were correlated with biologic parameters and it may be concluded that the station 5 closer to the town of Durania is the most polluted by organic matter and that those stations that belong to the ritral zone are less contaminated. The final result showed that the stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 have conditions that can be classified as very clear to clear water and station 5 presents high contamination level.

Looks are deceiving: a cladistic analysis, three new species, and a new diagnosis of Paravima Caporiacco, 1951 (Opiliones: Agoristenidae)

A morphological cladistic analysis, consisting of 45 terminals and 58 characters was performed to evaluate the monophyly of the genusParavimaCaporiacco, 1951, and its relationship to other Leiosteninae. The analysis resulted in two most parsimonious trees, all recoveringParavimaas monophyletic with the inclusion of two species formerly described inAvimaRoewer, 1949, therefore, the following nomenclatural acts are herein proposed:Paravima plana(Goodnight & Goodnight, 1949)comb. nov., andParavima quirozi(González-Sponga, 1981)comb. nov.,Avima vigirima(Villarreal-M & Rodríguez-Manzanilla, 2003) is here considered as a junior subjective synonym ofP. quirozi(González-Sponga, 1981)comb. nov.,Paravima acanthoconusVillarreal-Manzanilla & DoNascimiento, 2005 is here considered as a junior subjective synonym ofParavima propespeluncaGonzález-Sponga, 1987, andParavima flumencaurimarensisGonzález-Sponga, 1987 is here considered as a junior subjective synonym ofParavima goodnightorumCaporiacco, 1951. Additionally, three new species are described:P. lokurasp. nov.(Tamá National Natural Park, Norte de Santander department) andP. magistrisp. nov.(Los Tunos Natural Reserve, Cundinamarca department), both from Colombia; andP. totorosp. nov.(Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua state) from Venezuela. Finally, an emended generic diagnosis, a key for all the species, and a distributional map are presented.

Combining environmental and socioeconomic data to understand determinants of conflicts in Colombia.

Conflicts cause immense human suffering, violate human rights, and affect people's stability. Colombia is affected for decades by a high level of armed conflicts and violence. The political and socio-economic situation, drug trafficking in the Colombian economy, and natural disasters events affect the country and foster general violence. In this work, we aim to evaluate the role of the socioeconomic, political, financial, and environmental determinants of conflicts in the Colombian context. To achieve these aims, we apply a spatial analysis to explore patterns and identify areas that suffer from high levels of conflict. We investigate the role of determinants and their relationship with conflicts through spatial regression models. In this study, we do not consider only the entire Colombian territory, but we extend the analysis to a restricted area (Norte de Santander department) to explore the phenomena locally. Our findings indicate a possible diffusion process of conflicts and the presence of spillover effects among regions by comparing the two most known spatial regression models. As regards possible key drivers of conflicts, our results show that surprisingly socioeconomic variables present very little relationship with conflicts, while natural disasters and cocaine areas show a relevant impact on them. Despite some variables seeming to be the more informative to explain the process globally, they highlight a strong relationship for only a few specific areas while considering a local analysis. This result proves the importance of moving to a local investigation to strengthen our understanding and bring out additional interesting information. Our work emphasizes how the identification of key drivers of violence is crucial to have evidence to inform subnational governments and to support the decision-making policies that could assess targeted policy options.

ATRIBUTOS EMPREENDEDORES EM MIGRANTES VENEZUELANOS QUE SE ESTABELECERAM NA COLÔMBIA

ABSTRACT The study analyzes the entrepreneurial attributes of Venezuelan migrants settled in Gramalote (Norte de Santander Department, Colombia) that explain the perception and ability to seize opportunities (as a dependent variable) and the sociodemographic and contextual characteristics (independent variables). The research adopted a positivist paradigm and a quantitative approach to obtain data from a survey conducted with 88 Venezuelan migrants. A bivariate analysis was carried out for data processing, and the categories of variables were grouped to be treated statistically using multinomial logistic regression. It is recommended that public policies on migration for the inclusion of Venezuelan entrepreneurs in Colombia consider the following entrepreneurial attributes: educational level, employment generation, efficiency and quality, compliance and responsibility, information seeking, and support networks since these attributes are associated with the likelihood of perception and capacity to seize business opportunities.

Technical and economic analysis of a photovoltaic solar system in Norte de Santander, Colombia

Solar energy is the most abundant renewable resource on the surface of the earth; where through photovoltaic systems electricity is generated using solar cells that work from the incidence of light. The study's objective is to develop technical and economic analysis for installing a photovoltaic solar system in the municipality of El Zulia, Norte de Santander department, Colombia. For this purpose, different studies on this region's solar radiation are taken as a reference, recorded for nine years, and processed using statistical techniques that suggest photovoltaic energy exploitation. Likewise, the electricity consumption averages were obtained and related to the energy rates currently paid by users in this northern region of Santander. Based on this information, the VENSIM model was analyzed to understand the electric microgeneration process in the Colombian residential sector, and the calculations related to the selection of the inverter, the photovoltaic modules, the photovoltaic generator, and other technical specifications were carried out. Finally, the financial evaluation of the photovoltaic solar system was carried out for 25 years, considering the returns on investment from the tax benefits offered by Law 1715 of 2014 and the savings that microgeneration represents for users. Also, the project proved to have financial viability and a payback period of 4 years.

Project Pedagogy and numerical thinking in third grade students

The objective of this study was to implement an intervention proposal using the Pedagogy of Projects for the development of numerical thinking, aimed at students in the third grade of the COMFANORTE School, in the municipality of Los Patios, Norte de Santander department. From a methodological point of view, it is a quantitative study with a pre and posttest design of a control group. We worked with two variables: dependent related to the learning of numerical thinking and independent Project Pedagogy. The results show that the experimental group increased the scores of the posttest with respect to the pretest in the three dimensions: problem solving, communication and reasoning. The control did not have a significant variation of scores between pretest and posttest. It´s observed that an intervention plan with Pedagogical Projects could contribute to the development of numerical thinking.

Validation of the modified Témez rational model in the watersheds of Norte de Santander, Colombia

Physics includes the study and investigation of the phases that make up the hydrological cycle, including the estimation of flow rates in river basins, most of which are not instrumented, i.e., they lack historical records of circulating flows. For this situation, the application of hydrological models can allow flow estimates to be made. In the Department of Norte de Santander, Colombia, some watersheds do not have instrumentation for flow measurement or hydrological modeling methodologies appropriate to the site. Therefore, methods such as the modified rational model of Teméz are used, even without knowing the relevance of its applicability to the site conditions. Consequently, for the present research, the Teméz model was validated in watersheds of the Norte de Santander Department to estimate the values of extreme flows with a return period of 100 years. In this sense, 11 watersheds were selected, which contained historical rainfall data greater than 20 years and a drainage network of fewer than 1000 Km2. It was found that the Teméz model overestimates the real flows of the 11 hydrological basins, where the climatological parameters used in the application of the Fhrüling factor and its statistical verification using multivariate regression did not achieve an acceptable correlation.

Presence of Potyvirus in the Norte de Santander department and molecular characterization of NIb protein in Colombian SCMV isolates

Potyviruses are the largest genus of plant viruses that cause significant losses over a wide range of crops. In this paper, the presence of potyvirus in different plant crops in the provinces of Ocaña and Pamplona located in the north and south of the Department of Norte de Santander (Colombia) was evaluated with RT-PCR analysis using universal oligonucleotides specific to the region that encodes the NIB protein. The results indicate the presence of several potyvirus in Pamplona in economically important crops such as corn (Zea mays), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). In Ocaña, potyvirus was found in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), corn and pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima). In corn, one of the most important crops, the presence of the Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) was confirmed with nucleotide sequencing. This is the first report of this virus in the department. The presence of several potyviruses in different crops in Norte de Santander indicate an alarming phytosanitary condition that must be addressed with priority to establish detection and control systems that maximize production, ensure agricultural sustainability, and propose certification schemes and improvement programs to reduce economic losses.

The human rights-based approach in public policies: from institutionality to citizenship

This article is a product of the research project "Public policies, citizenship and the human rights approach in the Norte de Santander Department" carried out as a public management project - social extension of the Comfanorte Higher Studies Foundation - FESC in the Public Management Specialization Program. The aim was to describe conceptual and methodological elements that would allow the proposal of foundations for the formulation of public policies with a long-term vision and a human rights-based approach for the Norte de Santander Department, with a scope that includes the identification of the problem, the definition of the population, the diagnosis and the action plan. To this end, from the qualitative approach, theoretical foundations were adopted to support the proposal under the protection of interdisciplinary information sources through interviews with public policy experts in the region. Finally, the importance of differential approaches in the formulation of public policy was recognized, since their specificity guarantees in a differential manner the satisfaction of the rights of the different population groups, as well as the transverse and incidental participation of the citizenry as necessary in all phases of the formulation, which is fundamental to the success of public policy.

Representations of Colombian Andean farmers on climate change and mitigation and adaptation strategies

Abstract: This article presents the findings of research conducted in a rural community located in Norte de Santander Department, Colombia, on farmers' representations of the impacts of climate change. The analysis of the behavior of temperature and average rainfall in the period 1985-2015 was put together concerning the local knowledge of the farmers. The approach was developed through 56 multiple choice questions surveys done to 144 producers intentionally selected from a group of 1,933 farmers, analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. The findings indicate a broad opinion by farmers of the effects of climate change due to the gradual increase in temperature that causes changes in the bimodal system and intensity of rainfall; reduction in agricultural and livestock production, product quality and quantity; intensification of pest and disease attacks; reduction in water sources and water quality; extinction and migration of species of flora and fauna; and effects on the family’s comfort during work and rest hours, health and hygiene. Likewise, local strategies and the participation of public institutions in the mitigation and adaptation to climate change are evident.

Demographic Traits and Behavior of Hetaerina cruentata (Odonata: Calopterygidae) in Ecosystems of the Andean Region of Colombia

Demography and territorial behavior of Hetaerina cruentata was studied along three lowland streams located at Norte de Santander department in the Colombian Andean region. Adult damselflies (N: 278) were individually marked, and using their recapture histories we estimated survival, longevity, sex ratio, age groups and population size at each location. We found no evidence for survival differences between ages and sexes. However, the proportion of resighted individuals was lower for females, and the sex ratio was male-biased in all populations. Although we recorded few reproductive events, a high number of male-male agonistic interactions were registered around midday. During reproductive behavior, we observed brief wing displays as signals between males and females, and the formation of the tandem position, followed by the intra-male sperm translocation and copulation (mean duration 11.3 min). After copulation, the pair in tandem looked for suitable sites to oviposit, and then the male broke tandem and perched on the vegetation while the female laid eggs partially or completely underwater. The recapture probability was time-dependent, which suggests that the alternation of rainy and sunny days during the study may be generating differences in the demography of the three H. cruentata populations.

Conflicto Escolar en la Educación Rural del Nororiente de Colombia

El conflicto escolar, problemática que atañe a toda comunidad educativa, tiene repercusiones que suscitan preocupación por cuanto sus manifestaciones afectan física, emocional y académicamente a los implicados. Sin embargo, el conflicto puede ser tomado como oportunidad de progreso personal para mejorar la convivencia y optimizar procesos institucionales; por lo tanto, el objetivo del trabajo se centró en caracterizar tipos de conflicto presentes en diferentes espacios escolares y sus formas de resolución en la Institución Educativa Edmundo Velásquez, ubicada en zona rural del departamento Norte de Santander, Colombia. La investigación fue de enfoque cualitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo con corte transversal, la población de estudio está conformada por 36 estudiantes del grado sexto de la básica secundaria y el instrumento de obtención de información es la observación participante, la cual permitió registrar en un diario de campo eventos, comportamientos que alteran el clima escolar. Los resultados demuestran prevalencia de conductas disruptivas en estudiantes varones, intolerancia y ausencia de valores, mientras que las conclusiones evidencian necesidad de mejorar relaciones interpersonales, promover armonía, generar cambios estructurales de carácter sociocultural, regular la resolución de conflictos a través de políticas educativas y mitigar situaciones con incidencia negativa en todo el estudiantado.

Relationship to phonological awareness and engineering literacy

The research identifies storytelling concepts in engineers from university professors. The research follows a qualitative approach applied to 250 participants from universities in the Norte de Santander department. The results identify three categories associated with the application of science, the function of the history of engineers and scientific production. It is concluded that participant’s concept storytelling as the art of telling a story and a didactic resource associated with approaches, the development of skills, useful to analyse the development of discoveries in engineers, its actors, its application in scientific advances and its contribution to innovation and community development. The correlation between the variables reading and writing and phonological awareness is statistically significant, with a confidence of 95%, which shows that engineers who presented low scores in writing also denoted low results in phonological awareness.

Effect of the armed conflict in Santander North 1990-2012 an impact measurement

The armed conflict in Colombia has been a scourge that has disrupted all social dimensions of the country, provoking a humanitarian drama and a high economic cost that has been lived for decades. The purpose of this article is to estimate the effects of the armed conflict on economic growth in Norte de Santander, Colombia in the period 1990-2012; the conceptual framework is the solow-swan model of economic growth and the methodology is to determine the impact of the armed conflict on the growth behavior of the gross domestic product of the Nation and the department of Norte de Santander. Using the synthetic pairing methodology method, it is possible to estimate the impact in contexts in which an aggregate unit (such as a country or department) is being treated or exposed to an intervention. The results show that if there had been no armed conflict, Norte de Santander department would have had a better economic performance. The present article has a sequence after this brief introduction, a state of the art, followed by a methodological explanation, the results and finally some general conclusions.

Evaluation of SCS - unit hydrograph model to estimate peak flows in watersheds of Norte de Santander

In several studies it is necessary to determine the magnitude of extreme flows in a river. Having an adequate register of observed discharge it is possible to adjust a probability density function (fdp) that allows estimating events associated with a high return period (i.e. 100 years). In ungauged basins, such as the majority of basins in the world are, other methodologies are used, such as the Synthetic Unity Hydrograph proposed by the United State Soil Conservation Service (UH-SCS). The UH-SCS model was evaluated in watersheds of the Norte de Santander department (COL), in its capacity to estimate extreme flows, and to explore its possible regionalization. The evaluation is done by comparing estimates of Q100, using the Frequency Factors method and the UH-SCS model. Discharge and precipitation time series were obtained from the IDEAM network, selecting 19 basins based on their drainage area, climatological stations density and records length. Geomorphology was characterized using ArcMap™ on the ASTER-GDEM digital elevation model. Using information available on geology, soils, vegetation cover, and assuming a wet antecedent moisture condition (AMC-III), values of the median of relative Q100 error (ε-Q100) of + 507% and + 406% were obtained for the fdp Gumbel and Log-Pearson. Using dry antecedent moisture condition (AMC-I) ε-Q100 low to + 36% and + 17%. It was possible to minimize ε-Q100 by calibrating the Curve Number (CN) parameter. A satisfactory regionalization function for CN was not found. Applying SCS-HU under AMC-III condition, Q100 is greatly overestimated. It is possible to minimize the error by considering AMC-I and reduce CN, a counter-intuitive situation since extreme flows are associated with wet weather conditions (i.e. Año Niña). Improvements in the characterization of rainfall and soils in Norte de Santander should be investigated.

Prevalence of Bacteria Associated with Infectious Bovine Mastitis in Some Milk-Producing Municipalities in Norte de Santander Department

A study was carried out to establish the prevalence of bacteria associated with infectious bovine mastitis in some milk-producing municipalities in Norte de Santander Department, from which possible species of <em>Staphylococcus</em>, <em>Staphylococcus</em> and Enterobacteria were isolated and identified. One hundred and sixty three samples which were inoculated by depletion in: Blood Agar and EMB Agar were analyzed and incubated at 37°C/24 h. Preliminary identification of the bacteria was done through conventional biochemical tests and RapID™ ONE System and RapID System PLUS STAPH. A total of 207 bacteria were isolated; 187 isolates corresponded to: <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>S. capitis</em>, <em>S. epidermidis</em>, <em>S. haemolyticus</em>, <em>S. saprophyticus</em>, <em>S. simulans</em> and <em>S. xylosus</em>. And 20 isolates to: <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Enterobacter agglomerans</em>, <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em>, <em>Shigella spp</em>. and <em>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus</em>. <em>Staphylococcus epidermidis</em> showed the highest prevalence for Pamplona, Pamplonita and Toledo with 19.02, 21, 46 and 7.32%, respectively. In Pamplona, the prevalence of <em>Acinetobacter calcoaceticus</em> and <em>Shigella</em> spp. with 0.49%; <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> and <em>Shigella</em> spp. were isolated in Pamplonita (0.49%), in Toledo <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Enterobacter agglomerans</em> (1.95%). The species isolated in this study have been described as causing mastitis in dairy cattle and their presence is related to cleaning conditions and milking practices.

Assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture in Norte de Santander, Colombia

Agriculture in the Andean region of Colombia is vulnerable to climate change and warrants the evaluation of its impact on the small agricultural family home to the mountain. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the economic, environmental and social impact of climate change on the agricultural sector of the Bochalema municipality, Norte de Santander Department, using the methodology of the Integrated Relevant Criteria to identify and assess impact in order to provide essential input to support the decisions of local development agencies. This investigation reveals high fragility in the sector and underinvestment in public policies, strategies, plans and programs. Keywords: agriculture, climate change, assessment, impacts. JEL classification: Q51, Q54.

Verification of compression resistance between a conventional concrete and its addition of 5, 10 and 15% in volume of fly ash replacing fine aggregate

A comparative analysis was performed with regarding the compression resistance of a conventional concrete mixture and its experimental addition of 5, 10 and 15% of fly ash with respect to the volume of its fine aggregate. The fly ash came from the thermoelectric Termotasajero located in the city of Cucuta in the Norte de Santander Department, Colombia, the previous studies performed on fly ash by the thermoelectric laboratories were useful as a reference to classify the ash. The results obtained in the compression tests for the experimental mixtures were compared to the results of the conventional concrete, where a superiority in the resistance of the experimental mixtures in early stages (7 days) was evidenced. Regarding tests performed on day 14 a minimum difference when comparing the mixtures was noted. The resistance test performed on day 28 showed superiority on the conventional mixture with a 2.03 Megapascals advantage with respect to the strengths of the experimental mixes.

Indicadores del impacto del cambio climático en la agricultura familiar andina colombiana

Los modelos de evaluación de los impactos del cambio climático utilizados en la agricultura colombiana se han enfocado en cultivos tecnificados, sembrados en grandes superficies, obviando que el 67% de la producción nacional de alimentos provienen de pequeñas extensiones de policultivos cultivados, en su mayor parte, en suelos de ladera de la cordillera andina, por 3,5 millones de agricultores y que aportan el 57% del empleo rural. El presente artículo se deriva de un análisis de la metodología empleada por los autores en el proyecto de investigación denominado “Impactos económicos, ambientales y sociales del cambio climático en el sector agropecuario del Municipio Bochalema, Departamento Norte de Santander, Colombia, financiado por la Universidad de Santander (UDES) y que abarca el período comprendido entre enero de 2017 y mayo de 2018. Después de analizar diferentes modelos de evaluación de impactos ambientales se seleccionó el modelo de Presión, Estado, Respuesta (PER) de la OCDE, previa adaptación a las características específicas de pequeñas unidades de producción agrícola de subsistencia. Se evidenció la multidimensionalidad y complejidad de los factores relacionados con el clima, la producción, los recursos, las tecnologías, las familias y las políticas públicas, que obligan a la construcción de indicadores contextualizados a la agricultura familiar andina.

Propuesta para aumentar la competitividad de los productores de Uchuva de Norte de Santander mediante la diversificación de su oferta exportable.

Diseñar una propuesta para la proyección y diversificación de productos a base de uchuva por medio del estudio de lasnecesidades de los consumidores internacionales, para el aprovechamiento por parte de los productores del departamento Norte de Santander.Metodología Investigación no experimiental, Mixta, descriptiva, recolección de datos participación de 30 productores de Uchuva del municipiode Cácota del departamento Norte de Santander. Instrumentos de recolección de datos, encuestas sobre procesos de siembra, cosecha yposcosecha de la uchuva. Entrevista sobre tendencias mundiales de consumo y las oportunidades que los mercados internacionales ofrecen aeste producto, Observación (visitas de campo) frente calidad e inocuidad y los diferentes procesos de producción de la uchuva, y revisióndocumental de tendencias mundiales de consumo, para la diversificación de la oferta del producto, finalmente se cruzó en Matriz Foda.Validezdel estudio fue de carácter interno, análisis de la información en apoyo de spss y atlas ti. Conclusión. En el municipio de Cácota del departamentoNorte de Santander se aplican las buenas prácticas agrícolas en su proceso productivo, las tendencias de consumo actuales es variedad deproductos de alimentación saludable y natural, podría diversificar en tres productos a base de uchuva por medio de su transformar de forma quepueda ser comercializada con un valor agregado para el aumento de la competitividad del sector nacional e internacional.