Class Of Norms Research Articles

Individual and class norms differentially predict proactive and reactive aggression: A functional analysis.

Theory and research using a social-information processing framework indicate that reward-focused (proactive) aggression has different social consequences than defense-focused (reactive) aggression. Students use norms that identify expected and socially approved behaviors as guides to their own actions. Differences in social-cognitive processing characteristics and social status linked to each type of aggression may increase the relevance of some normative sources relative to others. This study fills a gap in the literature by examining the contributions of personal beliefs, classroom beliefs, and classroom rates of aggression to future proactive and reactive aggression. During fall and spring, we observed students’ aggression on school playgrounds using a random subsample (n = 254) of consented students from 35 classrooms (Grades 3–6). We calculated classroom rates of proactive and reactive aggression from fall observations. Classroom means for beliefs endorsing retaliation were calculated from surveys of 536 students. Results of multilevel analyses revealed, as hypothesized, that personal beliefs predicted high rates of students’ proactive aggression, but not reactive aggression. Classroom beliefs predicted high rates of students’ reactive but not proactive aggression. Students in classrooms with high rates of fall proactive aggression showed low spring rates of both types of aggression. In contrast, students in classrooms with high rates of fall reactive aggression displayed high spring rates of proactive and reactive aggression. The latter pattern may represent classrooms in which students continue to struggle against status inequities. The discussion examines how inequities may impact intervention efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)

柔道授業における心理社会的学習成果評価尺度の開発

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale for evaluating the psychosocial learning outcomes (PLO) of students in junior high school judo classes. In a preliminary study conducted in October 2014, 51 questionnaire items were developed based on an open-ended questionnaire about the PLO of 531 junior high school students (male: 252, female: 279, first-year: 173, second-year: 148, third-year: 210) who attended judo classes. In a main study conducted in March 2015, factor analysis was conducted the using collected from 622 junior high school students (male: 298, female: 324, first-year: 316, second-year: 306) who attended judo classes, using the 51 items developed in the preliminary survey. The results showed that this scale had 4 PLO subscales: judo correspondence behavior, cooperative learning, martial arts manners and compliance with class norms. Each of the subscales had generally satisfactory internal consistency and retest reliability. In addition, significant positive correlations were observed between the subscales and the items used to evaluate the receptive coaching of the teacher. Similarly, significant positive correlations were observed between the subscales and the scales (observing interpersonal norms scale, tactical thinking ability scale, and behavior for developing relations scale) used to confirm the construct validity. Covariance structure analysis revealed a moderate fit for the scale's factor analysis model (GFI=.95, AGFI=.93, CFI=.96, RMSEA=.05). Thus, each of subscales scores had moderate reliability and validity. In a future study, the developed scale should be examined for its influence on the personality development of students in judo classes.

Class norms of the English language on the basis of speech characteristics of film-characters

Целью данного исследования является изучение лексики, используемой представителями различных социальных классов, а также рассмотрение понятий «норма», «социальный класс» и функций различных слоев языка, используемого в различных языковых ситуациях. В ходе нашего исследования мы определили типы коннотаций слов в речи главных героев и проанализировали выбор языковых средств в речи людей, которые принадлежат к разным социальным классам. Степень научной разработанности. В настоящее время уже сформировалась теоретическая база научных трудов, дающих широкое понятие о классовых нормах, и что к ним относится, а также включающих в себя рассмотрение лексических единиц языка и стилистических средств выразительности. Объектом данного исследования является образ различных социальных классов английского общества. При этом предметом исследования являются лексико-стилистические средства создания данного образа в кинематографе. Задачи исследования – выделить лексико-стилистические средства, которые используются для создания образа представителей различных классов общества на материале отобранных четырех фильмов разных годов выпуска и проследить, как меняется лингвистическая картина со временем в рамках рассматриваемых классов.

Neoliberal Backgrounding, the Meatless Monday Campaign, and the Rhetorical Intersections of Food, Nature, and Cultural Identity

This article offers a critical rhetorical ecofeminist analysis of the Meatless Monday campaign, a U.S.-based meat reduction initiative focused on public health and the environment. By examining the campaign's online discourse, the study sheds light on vegetarian advocacy defined by an apolitical small-steps strategy and identifies constraints on the campaign's significant empowerment potential. Extending past scholarship on how some vegetarian discourses resist and reproduce meat-eating culture's hegemonic norms of gender, race/ethnicity, class, and human–nonhuman relations, I develop and demonstrate what I call the critique of neoliberal backgrounding as an intersectional ecofeminist heuristic. I conclude that the campaign should address the meaningful consequences that its affirmation of neoliberalism has for its targeted areas of concern and for interconnected societal problems.

A glamorous feminism by design?

ABSTRACTGlamour is often understood as a capitalist technology of allure and as a device with which women are objectified. The consumption glamour has also been theorized as representing a refusal to be imprisoned by the norms of gender, class, and race, as well as a form of escape from everyday life. In this article, I explore the attractiveness of glamour both as a technique of feminine performance and as a technique of capitalism. By defining and historicizing the aesthetic, I consider if, and how, glamour could be utilized to strengthen a feminist politics. I argue that glamour has become more salient in a contemporary context in which the myth of natural beauty has generally been debunked, and in which the performance of femininity constantly refers to its own artifice. Through analysis of examples of the material practices of glamour, such as putting on lipstick, wearing high-heel shoes, and drinking cocktails, I suggest that glamour works as an imaginative resource by both triggering a sense of the already enjoyed and provoking idealized visions of the future. I document how everyday experiences of glamour involve the acknowledgement of artifice, fantasies of ‘the good life’, and inevitable failure. I argue that these qualities make glamour a powerful existing resource that can be used to explore how femininity functions and to speculate about the future of feminism. Just as feminist discourses have been incorporated and reterritorialized by capitalism, I suggest that feminism could incorporate and reterritorialize the material practices of glamour in order to counter capitalist neoliberal imperatives. I explore how speculative design could allow feminists to use existing optimistic attachments, such as glamour, to think beyond capitalism.

From Barbie to the oligarch’s wife: Reading fantasy femininity and globalisation in post-Soviet Russian women’s magazines

This article demonstrates how an analysis of fantasy femininity sheds light on how norms of gender, class and national identity reflect global and local cross-cultural currents in post-Soviet Russia. Drawing on a discourse analysis of women’s magazines and in-depth interviews with readers, it shows how, in the globalised post-Soviet cultural landscape, fantasy femininity represents both change and continuity. Feminine archetypes in women’s magazines, from fairytale princesses to Barbie dolls, reflect a wider post-Soviet cultural hybridisation and are an example of how Western women’s magazines have adapted to the Russian context. Furthermore, the article highlights readers’ ambiguous attitudes towards post-Soviet cultural trends linked to perceived Westernisation or globalisation, such as individualism, conspicuous consumption and glamour.

Transforming Social Work Education in India: Integrating Human Rights

India is one of the signatories to the UDHR. Its written constitution provides a unique combination of justiciable and non-justiciable rights. In India, the human rights movement and its intellectual discourse have been put to the test due to the specific complexities of the political processes in the country as well as due to the distinct historical, social, and cultural situations in Indian states. The residual traditional norms of caste, class and gender inequality, poverty, lack of education, and awareness are major hindrances in popularizing and internalizing human rights and making it into a mass movement. There is growing demand for social workers to adopt the human rights approach, particularly with increasing social and economic inequalities, poverty, religious and civil conflicts, disasters, and displacements. In this paper, the authors present a brief history of India’s response to the human rights conventions and treaties and the current status of human rights practices. Social work education is a very important entry point for human rights practice and protection of the rights of the poor, marginalized, and the most disadvantaged people in the country. How Indian social work education has tailored its curricula, research, and field practice to embrace the human rights perspective is discussed and debated. While there are several challenges and differences in social work perspectives in the education of social workers in India, it is now well acknowledged that collective analysis and solidarity will facilitate the transformation of social work education in India into an effective discipline with a human rights perspective.

Cultural naming practices in children's literature with adoption themes

This paper analyzes texts for children ages 4–8 focused on adoption to understand how naming practices are presented. Findings show how books use naming (a) to connect children to their birth culture by keeping a given name or choosing one with special meaning associated with the child's nation, race, or ethnicity of origin, and (b) for assimilation by giving normalized names associated within parental culture. Naming is based on white middle class norms, which may be problematic since these norms likely fit with the parents and teachers who are purchasing books, but not with the adoptees that are being read to.

Optimal Sobolev norms in the affine class

Optimal Sobolev norms under volume preserving affine transformations are considered. It turns out that this minimal transform is equivalent to the (p,2) Fisher information matrix defined by Lutwak, Lv, Yang, and Zhang. Furthermore, some analytic inequalities regarding to the Lp affine and Lp sine energies for the optimal function are investigated.

How Women Make Diplomacy: The British Embassy in Paris, 1815–1841

British diplomatic wives of the early nineteenth century were under increasing pressure to perform their public duties to higher standards of accountability. This article examines the embassies in Paris led by two women—Elizabeth Stuart and Harriet Granville—to ascertain how they negotiated the expectations of their post with respect to class and gender norms. Their records illustrate how new standards of state service could be set for women and how women’s hospitality work in the service of diplomacy could make it a more consultative political domain.

Moral panic, reflexive embodiment and teen obesity in the USA: a case study of the impact of ‘weight bias’

Purpose – This paper aims to draw together research which links the moral panic about the “adipose” body during the first five years of the millennium to the worsening mental health of US teens. Noting the way medical advocacy biased the news coverage in the quality press in the UK, the USA and Canada through its emphasis on weight gain in child and youth populations, it reviews evidence of a relationship between eating disorders, body dissatisfaction and the mental health of teens. Design/methodology/approach – Building on research which suggests that teens ' misperception of their body can impact their mental health, the paper proposes reflexive embodiment, defined as the way an individual interprets and evaluates their own body morphology in relationship to the medical profession’s articulation of norms for weight classes, as a new construct for exploring the impact of the medical debates about obesity. Findings – Using data sets from the US Youth Risk Behavior Survey gathered in 2001 and 2007 to compare both weight status and weight class accuracy, the study finds evidence that teens ' perceptions of their bodies have changed more than their actual weight. Noting a complex relationship between teens ' misperception of their weight status and mental health risks associated with depression and suicide, the paper explores ways that the medical stigmatization of the adipose body, and the ensuing consequences of gendered weight bias, have consequences for teen well-being. Research limitations/implications – This case study only provides an exploratory analysis of an hypothesis suggested by the theory of reflexive embodiment. Practical implications – Refocus health professions on the mental health of teens. Social implications – Evidence of health implications of reflexive embodiment adds to a growing critique of medicalization of adipose body morphology. Originality/value – The analysis of data contributes to a growing concern about medical stigmatization of “fat” bodies as unhealthy.

Precarious motherhood: Lives of Southeast Asian marriage migrant women in Korea

This paper examines the experiences of Southeast Asian women married to Korean men to understand the social adjustments made by marriage migrant women as they cross national borders to form new families. The process of marrying into Korean families and becoming mothers of Korean children links them firmly into their new society, but their foreign origins and appearance mark them as outsiders and give them an ambiguous status that is at once both of insider and outsider. Based on interviews with fifteen marriage migrant women who reside in Gyeonggi Province, we discuss their experiences of motherhood, to show how ideas of nation, ethnicity and class interact. Their experiences in becoming “Korean mothers” create complicated and multi-tiered identities, practices, and strategies which engage with Korea's patrilineal ideology, family norms, the cultural expectations of a homogeneous society, and the motherhood norms of Korea's middle class. Finally, we highlight the agency of the marriage migrant women as they create and manage changing families and motherhood roles in a globalized world.

Children's and adolescents' snacking: interplay between the individual and the school class.

Objective: In schools, perceived norms of classmates facilitate but can also inhibit unhealthy food intake in children and adolescents. However, the role of actual class behaviors and attitudes is less established. Thus, the present study examined classmates' actual eating behavior and food preferences in relation to actual food intake. In addition, it tested whether these normative effects are facilitated by corresponding individual and class food preferences or a positive social self-concept.Methods: The food preferences, social self-concept, and unhealthy snacking frequency of 734 Finnish, 829 German, and 555 Romanian children and adolescents (aged 8–19) from 127 school-classes were assessed.Results: Multilevel analysis at individual and class level showed that classmates shared similar snacking habits (14.7% variance). Moreover, the unhealthy food preference of a school-class was associated with its collective snacking [, p < 0.001, PRV = 0.32). This effect was facilitated by individual, unhealthy food preferences [, p < 0.001, PRV = 0.57] and a positive social self-concept [, p = 0.015, PRV = 0.12].Conclusions: Actual class norms are related to children's and adolescents' eating, but their impact depends on individual differences in preferences and social self-concept.

Structural and normative conditions for interethnic friendships in multiethnic classrooms

Interethnic friendships between students are important for harmonious intercultural relations at school. Drawing on research on intergroup contact and cultural distance between immigrant and non-immigrant groups, we examined how structural and normative conditions in the classroom context are associated with friendships between early adolescents with and without an immigrant background in ethnically heterogeneous schools. The sample comprised 842 students (Mage=11.50 years, SDage=.71; 53% male) attending multiethnic schools in Southwest Germany.Results revealed that perceived positive contact norms in class and perceived cultural distance predicted friendships between immigrant and non-immigrant students in both groups, even when the ethnic composition of the classroom was taken into account. The associations were largely the same for immigrants and non-immigrants. We conclude that interventions to foster interethnic friendships should aim to reduce perceptions of cultural distance and monitor and improve contact norms in intergroup settings.

Activating the Negative Image

In this article, I propose that scholars should strategically embrace the designation of “negative” that has long been assigned to disreputable images of blackness. I argue that these negative images engage in excess in a way that is inversely proportionate to the lack of any such contemplations of identity in respectable media texts. Activating the definition of “negative” as “expressing or containing negation or denial” reveals the ways that disreputable images such as those found in reality television disrupt hegemonic norms of race, class, gender, and sexuality. Viewed from this perspective, television shows like Love and Hip Hop exemplify the intersectional marginalization of black women. If the current post-racial, colorblind moment is really a color-mute one (to quote Linda Williams)—where identity is seen but cannot be uttered—then the negative image functions as the repository for those identities, experiences, and feelings that have been discarded by respectable media.

Schizoid Femininities and Interstitial Spaces: Childhood and Gender in Celine Sciamma's Tomboy and P.J. Hogan's Peter Pan

AbstractChildhood innocence has often been treated by scholars as an empty, idealised signifier. This article contests such accounts, arguing that innocence is best regarded as a powerfully unmarked training in heternormativity, alongside class and race norms. This claim will be demonstrated through attention to two recent films addressing childhood: Celine Sciamma's Tomboy and P.J. Hogan's Peter Pan. The films characterise young femininity as an ‘impossible space’, in which subjects face the contradictory, schizoid demands to simultaneously show both childhood innocence and heteronormative femininity – or else face the threat of a spoiled identity. The plot of each film traces how the protagonist attempts to manoeuvre in the face of and precisely using this contradiction. In dramatising such manoeuvring, the films reveal the surprising forms of subjectivity (e.g. the tomboy) that can be inhabited for a time in the interstices between age and gender norms, and which might have lasting value. Both films thus dramatise how an interstitial space can offer possibilities for negotiating the terms under which a subject is inserted into dominant, recognisable forms of subjectivity.

Emotions of Moral Disengagement, Class Norms, and Bullying in Adolescence: A Multilevel Approach

Using an individual-by-environment framework, this study evaluated the role of individual- and group-level moral indices and their interaction in predicting student reports of bullying. The sample included 1,009 Italian adolescents (36% girls) from 56 classrooms (mean age = 15.02 years, SD = .71). Individual-level predictors included gender and emotions of moral disengagement, whereas group-level predictors included pro-bullying behaviors and class bullying norms of accepted students. Results showed that emotions of moral disengagement were associated with individual bullying and that both measures of group bullying norms–class levels of pro-bullying roles and class levels of bullying by accepted students–were associated with bullying at the classroom level. In addition, a cross-level interaction was also observed; emotions of moral disengagement were associated with increased bullying when levels of pro-bullying behavior in the classroom were higher.

Unarrested Archives: Case Studies in Twentieth-Century Canadian Women’s Authorship by Linda M. Morra

Linda M. Morra. Unarrested Archives: Case Studies in Twentieth-Century Canadian Women's Authorship. Toronto, Buffalo, and London: University of Toronto Press, 2014. 244 pp. $29.95. Linda Morra opens the first case study of Unarrested Archives by describing an enticing archival lead that suddenly went cold: the material in question was simply missing from the fonds. This anecdote epitomizes Morra's own approach to the cultural politics of archives. That is, she doesn't shy away from the gaps and peculiarities of the record but instead highlights the circumstances that affect the formation and reformation of particular archives over time, especially as women writers have negotiated their presence in public and for posterity. Morra situates her contribution in terms of theory generally (including engagement with Foucault and Derrida) and scholarship on Canadian women writers' archives more specifically, to which she has already made an important contribution (Morra, Rule). As the book's title indicates, she develops terminology around arrest/unarrest that provides a conceptual framework for her analyses. Beginning with Derrida's discussion of the etymology of archive which evokes documents that would have been under house arrest in a magistrate's home, Morra plays with the varied definitions of arrested to situate different archives and their resonances. The unarrested is non-institutionalized--but archived material might also be unarrested as it is mobilized by researchers. As she deploys these terms, arrest/unarrest is not a staid binary; rather, it provides vocabulary for addressing the creation and uses of archives in very different circumstances. In other words, this terminology is productive because Morra exploits its slipperiness. It provides a continuity to the volume, as do the recurring themes of feminist self-agency, the national imaginary, institutional frameworks, and archival formation. Organized chronologically, the five case studies that make up the monograph draw on archival material that spans more than a century. The first case study uses Diane Taylor's concept of scenario to offer a critical repositioning of Pauline Johnson's public performances, particularly A Cry from an Indian Wife. The chapter is a wonderful combination of historical contextualization and innovative close reading that explores gaps in Johnson's arrested archive, as well as her on-stage transgressions of gender, race, and class norms. The second chapter draws on Judith Butler's notion of kinship to discuss how Emily Carr navigated her reliance on Ira Dilworth to legitimate her writings in the public sphere. In its discussion of Carr's Klee Wyck and Growing Pains, the chapter reflects on the masculinist underpinnings of the genre of autobiography and the extent to which Carr's narratives subvert those assumptions. The following chapter also traces a writer's recourse to male authority to manage her writings: this time, Sheila Watson's interactions with Fred Flahiff. Here, Morra suggests the especial collaborative nature of research in this particular archive: Watson deposits fonds with gaps (or imminence) that lend themselves to future unarresting by researchers. …

The Individual or the Group: A Multilevel Analysis of Cyberbullying in School Classes

In this study, we focus on the relevance of social influence to explain cyberbullying experiences among German high school students. Social influence is discussed in the context of computer-mediated communication. To obtain individual and sociostructural data, we conducted a survey study among German high school students (N = 4,282). Using multilevel modeling, we found that the attributes of the school class only contributed to the risk of being involved in cyberbullying to a small extent. Still, procyberbullying norms in class did enhance the risk of perpetration and victimization for students, even more so than their individual beliefs. Previous experiences with bullying and intensive, unrestricted use of the Internet were the strongest individual predictors of cyberbullying involvement.

Child Guidance in Britain, 1918–1955: The Dangerous Age of Childhood by John Stewart (review)

Reviewed by: Child Guidance in Britain, 1918–1955: The Dangerous Age of Childhood by John Stewart Deborah Thom John Stewart. Child Guidance in Britain, 1918–1955: The Dangerous Age of Childhood. Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine 12. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013. ix + 234 pp. $99.00 (978-1-84893-429-0). This elegant, detailed, thoughtful study starts with poignant comments by founding fathers of child guidance—Emanuel Miller and Douglas MacCalman—who saw, respectively, a “more scientific attitude” and “a visionary dream” of a whole system of parenthood education (p. 1). Stewart maps the development of both the theory and the practice of child guidance, in the context, as its full title suggests, of a wider narrative of the place of ideas and ideals of childhood in twentieth-century Britain. Stewart has also nicely allowed for the politics between and within the different professional groups concerned in this new discourse and recognizes the continuing tension between medical and educational models of how to adjust children better. He builds upon three main theoretical frameworks: Harry Hendricks’s shift from bodies to minds, Nikolas Rose’s narrative of the new psychology’s pathology of childhood, David Armstrong and the rise of surveillance. Overall he sees the central functionalist narrative of health and stability as an essential part of the story. [End Page 758] This is a short history in some ways. His account ends with the highest point of psychodynamically informed thinking in the Underwood committee of 1955 and starts with the American 1920s stimulus that helps British clinicians exploit American funding to establish some of the first clinics and the training of professionals in psychiatry, psychology, and social work who were to spread the good work widely across major cities. The professionals increasingly trained through the work of the Child Guidance Council and the place of local authorities in funding this work, which was slow and patchy, is well described. The account really takes wing when using individual case studies carefully anonymized (as they should be), demonstrating the way in which social and medical discourses intersect with psychological narratives. It is indeed the case study that dominates here rather than the psychometric assessment. However to leave it there would be to make a false contrast, as Rose argued long ago. Psychometric assessment contributed to the development of the scientific case study here, and he adds an example, in an appendix, to show how the measurement of individuals to prepare an assessment was done. It is only here in the extensive literature about child guidance that the voice of the child client is heard at all and then only thoroughly mediated by the format of record keeping. A great strength of his account is the use of the local records of some clinics, especially those in Scotland, offering an invaluable basis for further local study. What has been shown is the establishment of a new profession, the psychiatric social worker, recognized by Underwood as central for the work of child guidance. A question raised by this narrative, worth further reflection, is about both class and gender. The majority of psychiatric social workers were women, largely of the educated middle class. The majority of the clients were working-class urban children. Social work was based firmly upon the idea of casework, coming out of the social investigation of the COS tradition. Some of the contests described here about professional autonomy are partly about the power of this new profession to which gender and class norms make an interestingly unstated contribution. The other area where more would have been welcome is disputes about psychoanalysis and its popular reception. Some practitioners like Kate Friedlander in Sussex were thoroughly influenced by European traditions coming out of the work of Adler and Eitingon as well as Anna Freud. To some extent the struggle over intellectual authority needs relating to criminology and delinquency, which remained as important to these discussions as medicine and psychology. Cyril Burt began his retreat from this model, which he had done so much to promote as part of psychology in the past, when he encouraged his protégée, Hans Eysenck, to argue against the scientificity of child...