Adult Norms Research Articles

Video Head Impulse Test in Children-A Systematic Review of Literature.

Background and Objectives: The video head impulse test is a landmark in vestibular diagnostic methods to assess the high-frequency semicircular canal system. This test is well established in the adult population with immense research since its discovery. The usefulness and feasibility of the test in children is not very well defined, as research has been limited. This systematic review investigated and analysed the existing evidence regarding the test. The objectives were to derive meaningful inferences in terms of the feasibility, implementation, and normative vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR gain) in normal children and in children with vestibular hypofunction. Methods: Research repositories were searched with keywords, along with inclusion and exclusion criteria, to select publications that investigated the vHIT in both a normative population of children as well as in pathological cohorts. The average normal VOR gain was then calculated in all semicircular canals for both the normal and the vestibular hypofunction groups. For the case-control studies, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the heterogeneity and pooled effect sizes. Results and Discussion: The review analysed 26 articles that included six case-control studies fulfilling the study selection criteria, out of more than 6000 articles that have been published on the vHIT. The described technique suggested 10-15 head impulses at 100-200°/s head velocity and 10-20° displacement fixating on a wall target 1 to 1.5 m away. The average VOR gain in the lateral semicircular canals combining all studies was 0.96 +/- 0.07; in anterior semicircular canals, it was 0.89 +/- 0.13, and for posterior semicircular canals, it was 0.9 +/- 0.12. The normal VOR gains measured with individual equipment (ICS Impulse, EyeSeeCam and Synapsys) in the lateral semicircular canals were largely similar (p > 0.05 when ICS Impulse and EyeSeeCam were compared). The pooled effect size in the control group was 1, and the heterogeneity was high. It was also observed that implementing the test is different from that in adults and requires considerable practice with children, factoring in the issue of peripheral and central vestibular maturation. Special considerations were suggested in terms of the pupillary calibration, goggle fitting, and slippage and play techniques. Conclusions: The vHIT as a diagnostic test is possible in children with important caveats, practice, and knowledge regarding a developing vestibular system. It yields significantly meaningful inferences about high-frequency semicircular canal function in children. Adult norms should not be extrapolated in children, as the VOR gain is different in children.

International norms for adult handgrip strength: A systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions.

Muscular strength is a powerful marker of current health status and robust predictor of age-related disease and disability. Handgrip strength (HGS) using isometric dynamometry is a convenient, feasible, and widely used method of assessing muscular strength among people of all ages. While adult HGS norms have been published for many countries, no study has yet synthesized available data to produce international norms. The objective of this study was to generate international sex- and age-specific norms for absolute and body size-normalized HGS across the adult lifespan. Systematic searches were conducted in 6 databases/web search engines (MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google Scholar) up to December 1, 2023. We included full-text peer-reviewed observational studies that reported normative HGS data for adults aged ≥20 years by sex and age. Pseudo data were generated using Monte Carlo simulation following harmonization for methodological variation. Population-weighted Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape were used to develop sex- and age-specific norms for absolute HGS (kg) and HGS normalized by height (Ht, m) squared (i.e., HGS/Ht2 in kg/m2). Norms were tabulated as percentile values (5th to 95th) and visualized as smoothed percentile curves. We included data from 100 unique observational studies representing 2,405,863 adults (51.9% female) aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions tested from the year 2000 onward. On average, absolute and normalized HGS values negligibly improved throughout early adulthood, peaked from age 30-39 years (at 47.8 kg (males) and 29.7 kg (females) for absolute HGS or 16.3 kg/m2 (males) and 11.3 kg/m2 (females) for HGS/Ht2), and declined afterwards. The age-related decline in HGS accelerated from middle to late adulthood and was slightly larger for males than for females during middle adulthood. This study provides the world's largest and most geographically comprehensive international norms for adult HGS by sex and age. These norms have utility for global peer-comparisons, health screening, and surveillance.

Norms for neuropsychological tests in cognitively healthy French oldest old adults.

Normal aging often leads to cognitive decline, and oldest old people, over 80 years old, have a 15% risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, it is important to have appropriate tools to assess cognitive function in old age. The study aimed to provide new norms for neuropsychological tests used to evaluate the cognitive abilities in people aged 80 years and older in France, focusing on the impact of education and gender differences. 107 healthy participants with an average age of 85.2 years, with no neurological history or major cognitive deficits were included. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment was performed, covering several cognitive functions such as memory, visuospatial abilities, executive functions, attention, processing speed, and praxis. Individuals with lower levels of education performed poorly on some tests and took longer to complete. Gender differences were observed, with women outperforming men in verbal episodic memory, while men showed better performance in visuoconstructive tasks. The participants showed lower performance in verbal episodic memory compared to norms established in previous French studies. In relation to executive functions, participants were slower to perform complex tasks than participants in previous studies. This study provides cognitive norms specifically adapted to the oldest old population, which differ from established norms for younger aging adults. It highlights the importance of including these norms in future clinical and scientific investigations. The findings underscore the importance of education on cognitive abilities and emphasize the need to consider gender differences when assessing cognitive functions in aging populations.

Semantic feature salience matters: new values of significance and relative weight for the Spanish feature norms for young and older adults

AbstractTo determine the semantic importance of certain features has been a topic of interest for many semantic memory models. Diverse measures have been proposed in the last years. Semantic significance, the latest measure proposed by Montefinese and colleagues, is both sophisticated and comprehensive. Given the cultural and linguistic variability of semantic measures, this study presents values of significance and relative weight for the Spanish-speaking population corresponding to 400 concrete concepts. First, we presented data for both young and older adults. Second, we assessed the effect of significance on response times in two speeded feature verification tasks. Third, we compared significance values with the existing Italian significance norms. To evaluate the effect of significance to predict response times, two speeded verification tasks (Experiment 1 and 2) were carried out, selecting a total of a 130 concepts for analysis. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with a feature followed by a concept, while in Experiment 2, the order of stimulus presentation was reversed (i.e., the concept was presented before the feature). An independent linear mixed model showed that significance was a good predictor of response latencies in Experiments 1 and 2. Moreover, results revealed a strong positive correlation between the Spanish and Italian significance values. Findings are discussed in terms of recent theories of semantic cognition.

Clinical Assessment of Subjective Visual and Haptic Vertical Norms in Healthy Adults.

Accurate verticality perception is essential for daily life activities, such as correctly estimating object orientation in space. This study established normative data for the subjective visual vertical (SVV) and subjective haptic vertical (SHV) using the portable and self-constructable modified Bucket test and Rotating-Column test. Additionally, the contribution of age, sex, and starting position of the line/ column on SVV and SHV accuracy were evaluated. This study, part of the PRECISE project (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05978596), was conducted following the STROBE guidelines. Healthy adults without visual/neurological/vestibular disorders were recruited. Subjective visual vertical and SHV accuracy were described in terms of constant errors (i.e., mean deviation from 0° [true vertical] respecting its direction), unsigned errors (i.e., mean deviation from 0° irrespective of direction), and variability (i.e., intra-individual standard deviation). Sixty participants were evaluated (mean age: 41.14 [SD = 16.74] years). Subjective visual vertical constant errors between -2.82° and 2.90°, unsigned errors up to 2.15°, and variability up to 1.61° are considered normal. Subjective haptic vertical constant errors ranged from -6.94° to 8.18°, unsigned errors up to 6.66° and variability up to 4.25°. Higher ages led to higher SVV unsigned errors and variability. SHV variability was higher in females compared to males. Certain starting positions led to higher SVV and SHV constants and SVV unsigned errors. Normative data are provided for affordable, self-constructable, and portable SVV and SHV tools. These norms are consistent with more sophisticated equipment and can be used to distinguish between normal and abnormal values.

Comparing child word associations to adult associative norms: Evidence for child-specific associations with a strong priming effect in 3-year-olds

Investigating how infants first establish relationships between words is a necessary step towards understanding how an interconnected network of semantic relationships develops in the adult lexical-semantic system. Stimuli selection for these child studies is critical since words must be both familiar and highly imageable. However, there has been a reliance on adult word association norms to inform stimuli selection in English infant studies to date, as no resource currently exists for child-specific word associations. We present three experiments that explore the strength of word–word relationships in 3-year-olds. Experiment 1 collected children’s word associations (WA) (N = 150; female = 84, L1 = British English) and compared them to adult associative norms (Moss & Older, 1996; Nelson et al., 2004 (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402–407)). Experiment 2 replicated WAs from Experiment 1 in an online adaptation of the task (N = 24: 13 female, L1 = British English). Both experiments indicated a high proportion of child-specific WAs not represented in adult norms (Moss & Older, 1996; Nelson et al., 2004 (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402–407)). Experiment 3 tested noun–noun WAs from these responses in an online semantic priming study (N = 40: 19 female, L1 = British English) and found that association type modulated priming (F(2.57, 100.1) = 13.13, p <. 0001, generalized η2 = .19). This research presents a resource of child-specific imageable noun–noun word pair stimuli suitable for testing young children in word recognition and semantic priming studies.

German adult population norm values of the short Warwick Edinburgh mental well-being scale (SWEMWBS)

PurposeThe Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale represents an internationally established inventory to assess population mental well-being. Particularly the short form (SWEMWBS) is recommended for use in Mental Health Surveillance. In the present study, we present normative data of the SWEMWBS for the German adult population.MethodsData from the telephone survey German Health Update (GEDA) in 2022 representative of the German adult population (48.9% women, 18–98 years) was processed to estimate SWEMWBS percentile norm values, T-values, z-values and internationally comparable logit-transformed raw scores for the total sample (N = 5,606) as well as stratified by sex, age group and sex with age group combinations.ResultsThe average mental well-being was comparable to that of other European countries at M = 27.3 (SD = 4.0; logit-transformed: M = 24.79, SD = 3.73). To provide a benchmark, the cut off for low well-being was set at the 15th percentile (raw score: 23; logit-transformed: 20.73), for high well-being at the 85th percentile (raw score: 32; logit-transformed: 29.31).ConclusionThe present study provides SWEMWBS norm values for the German adult population. The normative data can be used for national and international comparisons on a population level to initiate, plan and evaluate mental well-being promotion and prevention measures.

Validity and norms for young adults for the Aggie Figures Learning Test.

The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the convergent validity of the AFLT and to provide norms for an adult population ranging from 18 to 58. 140 healthy volunteers participated in the study. They ranged in age from 18 to 58 years, with 12 to 25 years of education. Subjects were assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery which included the ALFT (A version) and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF). Positive correlations were found between the scores of both tests for recent memory (r = 0.606, p < 0.01), delayed free recall (r = 0.534, p < 0.01) and recognition memory (r = 0.202, p < 0.05). These results demonstrate the convergent validity of the AFLT. The AFLT is a visual memory assessment tool with adequate psychometric properties, which allows a comprehensive evaluation of visual memory processes.

Mobile version of the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Timing Abilities (BAASTA): Implementation and adult norms.

Timing and rhythm abilities are complex and multidimensional skills that are highly widespread in the general population. This complexity can be partly captured by the Battery for the Assessment of Auditory Sensorimotor and Timing Abilities (BAASTA). The battery, consisting of four perceptual and five sensorimotor tests (finger-tapping), has been used in healthy adults and in clinical populations (e.g., Parkinson's disease, ADHD, developmental dyslexia, stuttering), and shows sensitivity to individual differences and impairment. However, major limitations for the generalized use of this tool are the lack of reliable and standardized norms and of a version of the battery that can be used outside the lab. To circumvent these caveats, we put forward a new version of BAASTA on a tablet device capable of ensuring lab-equivalent measurements of timing and rhythm abilities. We present normative data obtained with this version of BAASTA from over 100 healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 87 years in a test-retest protocol. Moreover, we propose a new composite score to summarize beat-based rhythm capacities, the Beat Tracking Index (BTI), with close to excellent test-retest reliability. BTI derives from two BAASTA tests (beat alignment, paced tapping), and offers a swift and practical way of measuring rhythmic abilities when research imposes strong time constraints. This mobile BAASTA implementation is more inclusive and far-reaching, while opening new possibilities for reliable remote testing of rhythmic abilities by leveraging accessible and cost-efficient technologies.

Investigation of divergent thinking among surgeons and surgeon trainees in Canada (IDEAS): a mixed-methods study

ObjectiveTo assess the creative potential of surgeons and surgeon trainees, as measured by divergent thinking. The secondary objectives were to identify factors associated with divergent thinking, assess confidence in creative...

When Can Children Perform Valsalva and Toynbee Maneuvers? An Exploratory Study.

Barochallenge-induced Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) is difficult to diagnose because the examination is often normal during clinical assessment. In adults, functional tympanometry testing, performed by asking the patient to Valsalva and Toynbee while measuring the pressure shift, can aid in the diagnosis of ETD. However, standardized values do not exist in children. We aim to determine the age at which children can perform these maneuvers and the normative values in this population. Patients with a normal basic ear examination 4 years and older, presenting to the pediatric Otolaryngology clinic, were recruited. Otoscopy, baseline tympanometry, followed by Valsalva and Toynbee maneuvers were performed. Because there are no pediatric norms, we hypothesized that children would achieve the same minimum normal pressure shift as cited in the adult literature (+20 daPa or higher for Valsalva and -20 daPa or lower for Toynbee). The data were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic regression. One hundred sixty-eight children (276 ears) were assessed. Participants as young as 4 years old were able to perform a Valsalva and Toynbee. Age cut-offs at which children achieved adult norms were 12.5 years ( p = 0.016) and 8.5 years ( p = 0.071) for Valsalva and Toynbee maneuvers, respectively. Mean pressure shift ranged from +29 to -36 daPa, and males were 2.5 times more likely to achieve Toynbee compared with females ( p = 0.006). Functional tympanometry testing may be used to help diagnose barochallenge-induced ETD in older children.

Insights into Young Adults’ Views on Long-term and Short-term Romantic Relationships in the United Kingdom

Social progressions such as the feminist movement and technological advances may have influenced the way young adults perceive romantic relationships. Although long-term relationships are traditionally viewed favorably in society, short-term relationships are becoming more popular in recent years. It’s important to understand the common perceptions of romance among young adults because it affects their partner choices and expectations. While experts can define the concepts of long-term and short-term relationships, we believe the most reliable method is to ask young adults directly. Therefore, we collected data from 229 self-reported British nationals aged between 18 and 33 (M = 19.66; SD = 2.72) to understand their perceptions of long-term and short-term romantic relationships. We asked them to write down the words or phrases that come to mind when they think of these concepts. Using the structural approach of the theory of social representation, we analyzed the values and norms of young British adults regarding these concepts. Based on our study, we observed four important things. Firstly, short-term relationships (STRs) are associated with “fun”, “excitement”, and “passion”, while long-term relationships (LTRs) are associated with “love”, “commitment”, “trust”, and “loyalty”. Secondly, while sex is important in romantic relationships, it’s only a peripheral component of STRs and not a significant factor in LTRs. Thirdly, both those in relationships and single individuals agree that “fling” and “passion” are primary aspects of STRs, but those in relationships tend to use the term “fun,“ while single individuals use “exciting” to describe STRs. Lastly, “love”, “trust”, and “commitment” are essential elements in LTRs for both single individuals and those in relationship. However, individuals in relationships also value loyalty as a critical aspect of romantic relationships.

Functional Fitness Norms of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Southern Rural Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Physical activity (PA) and functional fitness (FF) are crucial for promoting independent living and healthy aging in older adults. However, there is a lack of normative values for the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) among older adults (aged 55-90) living in southern rural Taiwan, particularly in the Chiayi region, which has been relatively underserved in terms of health-related resources compared to northern Taiwan. This study aimed to determine the age- and gender-specific normative fitness scores for a large representative population of community-dwelling older adults in southern rural Taiwan. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to obtain normative FF scores for 3332 community-dwelling elderly people (1057 men and 2275 women) in Chiayi, through the implementation of functional fitness tests across 72 Chiayi communities. The developed normative data served as a reference for exercise prescription for the elderly in southern Taiwan. The study showed that the average normative values of all functional fitness tests declined significantly with increasing age (p < 0.05). Sex differences were also found in all measures of FF tests, with elderly women scoring significantly better than men on flexibility (scratch back: -1.34 ± 9.03 vs. -6.54 ± 11.07; chair sit and reach: 6.56 ± 9.44 vs. 0.56 ± 10.40) (p < 0.05), while men scored significantly higher than women on strength (grip strength: 30.83 ± 8.06 vs. 21.82 ± 5.32; bicep curl: 19.25 ± 5.44 vs. 17.64 ± 4.98) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, four FF normative scores in southern rural Taiwan were found to be significantly higher than their counterparts living in northern Taiwan. These findings contribute positively to the evaluation of fitness levels among older adults in southern rural Taiwan and provide a concrete reference for developing sound PA programs for this population. The results suggest that strategies aimed at promoting increased participation in PA among older adults need to consider age-, sex-, and region-specific factors.

Adult norms for the decision-making MindPulse Digital Test

We present adult normalized data for MindPulse (MP), a new tool evaluating attentional and executive functioning (AEF) in decision-making. We recruited 722 neurotypical participants (18–80 years), with 149 retested. The MP test includes three tasks: Simple Reaction Time (SRT), Go/No-go, and complex Go/No-go, involving perceptual components, motor responses, and measurements of reaction time (RT) and correctness. We compare responses, evaluating 14 cognitive indices (including new composite indices to describe AEF: Executive Speed and Reaction to Difficulty). We adjust for age/sex effects, introduce a difficulty scale, and consider standard deviations, aberrant times, and Spearman Correlation for speed-accuracy balance. Wilcoxon unpaired rank test is used to assess sex effects, and linear regression is employed to assess the age linear dependency model on the normalized database. The study demonstrated age and sex effects on RTs, in all three subtests, and the ability to correct it for individual results. The test showed excellent validity (Cronbach Alpha for the three subtasks is 92, 87, 95%) and high internal consistency (p < 0.001 for each subtask significantly faster than the more complex subtask) of the MP across the wide age range. Results showed correlation within the three RT parts of the test (p < .001 for each) and the independence of SRT, RD, and ES indices. The Retest effect was lower than intersubject variance, showing consistency over time. This study highlights the MP test’s strong validity on a homogeneous, large adult sample. It emphasizes assessing AEF and Reaction to Difficulty dynamically with high sensitivity.

Activating the family? Moral economy and post-industrial family policy

Expanding on the concept of the moral economy, the article investigates implicit justice assumptions connected to family policies in post-industrial European welfare states. Most authors argue that family policies support new understandings of social justice, such as the adult worker norm (Saraceno, 2015), equality of opportunity, and gender equality (Hemerijck, 2018; Palier &amp; Morel, 2012). Critically engaging with this debate, the paper shows how the institutional support of new justice assumptions varies across countries: Increasing women’s employment participation and men’s care involvement is either treated as an issue of private negotiations among family members (UK and Germany) or as an individual right (Sweden) and family-based right (Spain). Comparing the institutional construction of family policies, this paper finds the interpretation of new justice assumptions to be shaped by a welfare state’s existing moral economy. Given that the institutional understanding of justice significantly impacts who benefits from family policies, this paper offers a substantial contribution toward comprehending the cultural aspect of social inequality in post-industrial welfare states.

Assessing emotion beliefs with the Polish version of the Emotion Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ): psychometric properties, norms, and links with emotional reactivity and psychopathology

Originally developed in English, the Emotion Beliefs Questionnaire (EBQ) is a self-report measure of beliefs about the controllability and usefulness of negative and positive emotions. In this study, we introduce the Polish version and examine its psychometric properties and links with emotional outcomes. Our sample was 914 Polish adults aged 18–70 from the general population. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to verify the factor structure. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed based on the relationship between the EBQ and emotional reactivity traits as well as markers of anxiety, depression, and stress. We assessed internal consistency reliability. We also examined discriminant validity by conducting exploratory factor analyses of EBQ scores and emotional reactivity traits and psychopathology symptoms. We evaluated criterion validity by conducting a set of multiple regression analyses, examining whether EBQ scores could predict significant variance in psychopathology symptoms. Our factor analyses supported the EBQ’s factorial validity, conforming to the intended 4-factor structure (subscales: negative-controllability, positive-controllability, negative-usefulness, positive-usefulness), with support also found for a higher-order general factor (e.g., CFI = 0.941, RMSEA = 0.063). This structure was invariant across gender and age categories. The EBQ subscales correlated in expected directions with emotional reactivity traits and psychopathology symptoms. The EBQ showed good internal consistency reliability (α = 0.77–0.88) and discriminant validity. Beliefs about the uncontrollability of negative emotions were the strongest unique predictor of psychopathology symptoms. We also presented percentile rank norms for Polish adults. The Polish version of the EBQ appears to have strong psychometric properties and good clinical relevance.

Treatment Outcomes of Interdisciplinary Care on Speech and Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes in Adults With Cleft Palate.

Individuals born with a cleft palate with or without a cleft lip (CP ± L) often experience functional, aesthetic, and psychosocial consequences well into adulthood. This study aimed to investigate outcomes of speech and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with a CP ± L who received interdisciplinary cleft care at the Ghent University Hospital using valid, reliable, and condition-specific instruments. Thirteen Belgian Dutch-speaking participants with a CP ± L with a mean age of 25.4 years (SD = 5.1, range: 20-33 years) and an age- and gender-matched control group of 13 participants without a CP ± L with a mean age of 25.2 years (SD = 4.8, range: 20-32 years) were included in this study. Speech characteristics were evaluated perceptually and instrumentally. HRQoL was assessed through standardized patient-reported outcome measures. Outcomes were compared with those of the control group and to normative data where available. Participants with a CP ± L in this sample demonstrated significantly lower speech acceptability (p < .001) and higher rates of hypernasality (p = .015) and nasal turbulence (p = .005) than the control group. They showed significantly higher satisfaction with appearance of the cleft scar compared with norms of adults with a CP ± L (p = .047). No other differences in speech characteristics, sociodemographics, or HRQoL were found between participants with and without a CP ± L. The reduced speech acceptability and the presence of resonance and nasal airflow disorders may indicate the need for standardized long-term outcome measurement and interdisciplinary follow-up for speech characteristics and velopharyngeal insufficiency in young and middle adulthood in future clinical practice. Additional research is necessary to further substantiate these findings and to determine predictors for these continuing complications in adults with a CP ± L. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24243901.

Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire: Norms for Adults in Higher Levels of Care.

Establishing normative data for questionnaires is essential for the accurate interpretation of scores, given that these norms can vary according to different subpopulations and treatment contexts. The purpose of this study was to establish norms for the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) among adults receiving higher levels of care (HLOCs) for the treatment of eating disorders. Participants were 2,283 people receiving treatment at the inpatient, residential, partial hospitalization, or intensive outpatient levels of care. The EDE-Q was completed at admission. Patients with anorexia nervosa-restricting subtype (AN-R) had the lowest EDE-Q Global scores when compared with all other eating disorder diagnoses. When compared with intensive outpatient care, only those in residential treatment had higher EDE-Q Global scores. This study is among the first to describe norms for the EDE-Q in a large sample of adults receiving various HLOCs. Programs utilizing the EDE-Q to assess treatment outcomes can use these findings to aid people in interpreting their scores.

Exploration of interoceptive capabilities in avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder and anorexia nervosa

ObjectiveThis proof-of-concept study explores the role of aberrant interoception as a possible mechanism underlying restrictive eating symptoms in avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) compared to anorexia nervosa (AN) and healthy comparisons (HC).MethodWe report preliminary normative adolescent interoceptive data in HCs (n = 100) compared to adolescents with ARFID (n = 30) and AN (N = 23). Adolescents (12–18) participated in a one-time virtual visit to assess heartrate guessing accuracy (interoceptive accuracy), correlation between confidence in heartrate guess and accuracy (interoceptive awareness), and self-reported interoception (interoceptive sensibility).ResultsHC adolescents had comparable interoceptive outcomes relative to published adult norms, consistent with existing literature. Data suggest that adolescents with ARFID have poor heartbeat guessing accuracy and experience challenges deciphering interoceptive signals, possibly contributing to symptoms. While adolescents with AN have greater heartbeat guessing accuracy, they cite difficulty trusting body cues, perhaps contributing to their lack of confidence in interoceptive cue detection.ConclusionsPreliminary results reflect differences in interoception between the three groups.

Phonological fluency norms for Spanish middle-aged and older adults provided by the SCAND initiative (P, M, & R).

Verbal fluency tests are quick and easy to administer neuropsychological measures and are regularly used in neuropsychological assessment. Additionally, phonological fluency is a widely used paradigm that is sensitive to cognitive impairment. This paper offers normative data of phonological verbal fluency (letters P, M, R) for Spanish middle- and older-aged adults, considering sociodemographic factors, and different measures such as the total number of words, errors (perseveration and intrusions), and 15 sec-segmented scores. A total of 1165 cognitively unimpaired participants aged between 50 and 89 years old, participated in the study. Data for P were obtained for all participants. Letters M and R were also administered to a subsample of participants (852) aged 60 to 89 years. In addition, errors and words produced every 15 seconds were collected in the subsample. To verify the effect of sociodemographic variables, linear regression was used. Adjustments were calculated for variables that explained at least 5% of the variance (R2 ≥ .05). Means and standard deviations by age, scaled scores, and percentiles for all tests across different measures are shown. No determination coefficients equal to or greater than .05 were found for sex or age. The need to establish adjustments for the educational level was only found in some of the measures. The current norms provide clinically useful data to evaluate Spanish-speaking natives from Spain aged from 50 to 89 years. Specific patterns of cognitive impairment can be analyzed using these normative data and may be important in neuropsychological assessment.