Normative Practices Research Articles

Women in the Operating Room: The Role of Mentorship in Challenging the Gendered Norms of Surgical Practices.

Historically, surgery has been considered an inherently "masculine" profession. This persistent stereotype has led to gender inequality in currently practicing surgeons, despite gender parity of newly admitted medical students in North America. Since women began practising medicine in the 19th century, these norms began to be challenged in tandem with the suffragette movement. In the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, pioneering female physicians and surgeons worked together to establish spaces where women would be welcomed and mentored the next generation of female surgeons. In this essay, I highlight prominent women physicians and surgeons that have contributed to the presence of women in the operating room through mentorship.

Give Credit Where It’s Due: The Ethical Imperatives of Authorship Attribution in Collaborative Research

This article proposes practical steps for those new to collaborative research or those seeking to improve the nature of collaborative research partnerships. Questioning academia’s exaltation of publications and authorship as coveted assets, the authors critically analyze the often complex, contentious, and ambiguous environment of collaborative research and negotiating authorship. With respect to academic publishing and ethics of authorship, this article grapples with two critical questions: (1) What factors create ethical dilemmas in authorship in academia? (2) How can academics and researchers better navigate the complexities of collaborative research to sustain ethical authorship practices? A seven-phase process model is proposed to guide the collaborative research process to mitigate ambiguities that reside in the black box. The seven phases encompass problem settings and pre-negotiations, direction setting: action planning, social capital, re-negotiations, equity and inclusivity, implementation- the submission-revision cycle, and reflexivity. This theoretical analysis aims to offer a useful resource to promote enhanced collaborative practices, and the authors take an explicit advocacy and visionary perspective to promote transparency, accountability, and reciprocal trust, to shatter overarching issues such as oppressive, deceitful, and exploitative norms in academic authorship practices.

“Dignifying the Ordinary”: Why, What, and How of Social Practice Theory in Christian Philosophy

Abstract It seems remarkable that several philosophers in the Reformed tradition have recently interacted with social practice theory without interacting with each other. This gave rise to the question as to whether they interact differently or similarly with social practice theory and to what extent Reformed philosophy might benefit from such an interaction. In this article, therefore, we aim to clear the way by addressing three strands in Reformed philosophy, namely, Nicholas Wolterstorff, the normative practice approach, and James K. A. Smith. We explore why they use social practice theory, what they do with it, and how they make it their own. Finally, we highlight what unites them and what divides them, and conclude with suggestions as to how they might benefit from each other’s work in social practice theory.

Missionary Writings During the Canton Exile (1666–1671): Controversies on the Inculturation of the Catholic Church

Abstract In the aftermath of the Calendar Case, 25 missionaries arrived in Canton in March 1666. Over the course of their five-year exile, they generated numerous reports and letters which, until now, have not been subject to systematic study. This paper delves into their writings concerning the establishment of three practical norms for the China mission: permitting Chinese Catholics to observe traditional rites honoring their ancestors and Confucius, allowing them to continue fasting under certain conditions, and instructing them to wear a Chinese hat during the liturgy. Though these norms were ratified by majority vote, they were immediately met with opposition. Although the controversy on the Chinese rites is well-documented, it is pertinent to examine these three controversies together, as they pertain to the issue of inculturation within the Catholic Church.

RESPONSIBILITY OF MEMBERS OF SELF-REGULATING ORGANIZATIONS: PECULIARITIES AND PROBLEMS OF REGULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

In the scientific literature, the understanding of the legal nature of the responsibility of members of self-regulating organizations causes conceptual discrepancies. This liability is considered as a separate type of legal liability based on civil law principles. In the laws regulating issues of self-regulation with mandatory participation, the concept of disciplinary misconduct is used, which leads to the use of the name of this responsibility as «disciplinary». Nevertheless, the special grounds for the liability of members of a self-regulating organization, the subject composition and the nature of legal relations make it possible not to identify the responsibility in question with disciplinary liability in labor and administrative law. The Law on Self-Regulation and legislative acts concerning mandatory self-regulation contain the basics of regulating liability issues, but these norms need to eliminate contradictions. In addition, it is necessary to provide for the definition of the concept of responsibility of members of self-regulating organizations and its elements (misconduct, penalties). The study of internal documents of self-regulating organizations in terms of the responsibility of their members revealed the inconsistency of the content of the documents with certain requirements of the Law on Self-Regulation. Based on the results of this work, the specifics of the responsibility of members of self-regulating organizations are noted, the features and shortcomings of the regulatory regulation of this institution in the Republic of Kazakhstan are identified, facts of violations of legal norms in law enforcement practice are revealed, and differences in the approaches of organizations to choosing the procedure for bringing to responsibility and determining liability measures are established. Solutions are proposed for the identified shortcomings. The conclusions obtained in the course of this study can be used in scientific research and legislative work.

Enactivist Distributed Cognition, and the Role of Distributed Social Practices in Social Change

I support much of Maiese and Hanna’s (M&H) account of the ways social institutions “mindshape” people’s cognition (values, meanings, affective framings, and habits of bodily comportment), and of the ways neoliberal individualism can be resisted and progressive social change can be enacted. But the overall approach can be augmented, I argue, if M&H would embrace an enactivist account of socially distributed and collective cognition, and action, in which cognitive systems include but are not limited to individuals. Complementing M&H’s focus on top-down “repressive” forms of power, with also “ideological” forms of power that are distributed throughout social communities and their discursive practices, symbolic resources, and shared meanings would enable M&H to see not just top-down mindshaping by institutions, but also peer-to-peer mindshaping between members of distributed normative social practices. This analysis also entails that diverse institutions are often composed of many differing communities and practices, such that institutions are not wholly destructive and deforming nor wholly constructive and enabling. It also augments their largely top-down account of social change with the kinds of social change enacted through peer-to-peer interactions between members of different communities, whose iterated interactions over time embody competition (differing distributions of repressive and ideological power) between different normative communities with different practices, especially through heterodox communities of resistance, offering liberatory and “enabling” social practices as alternatives to dominant orthodox “deforming” social practices.

Williams for and Against. Politics as a Constitutively Normative Practice

Williams for and Against. Politics as a Constitutively Normative Practice

Морально-етичні норми в юриспруденції

It was found that the moral and ethical norms in jurisprudence were reflected in the relevant Codes, Instructions, Rules of Conduct, etc., which are aimed at ensuring the principle of peoplecenteredness and contribute to the formation and development of a morally mature specialist with high value orientations in the field of professional duties and interpersonal communication Compliance with moral and ethical standards in jurisprudence is a guarantee of maintaining stable professional relationships in the legal team and contributes to maintaining a positive image of the legal profession. It was emphasized that professional activity implemented in the “person-to-person” format requires not only proper expertise, but also perfect standards of moral and ethical interaction to prevent violation of human rights and freedoms and personal values. Jurisprudence is one of the areas where the official-business interaction between representatives of this profession and citizens is tangential to a person’s private life and personal boundaries. That is why it is important to regulate the ethical aspect of such interaction for full cooperation and the most positive resolution of problematic issues. It is noted that ethical codes define a system of value orientations of representatives of a certain professional direction, in particular, persons who perform specific job duties and are empowered to cooperate with their colleagues or subordinates, as well as all physical and legal entities with whom they cooperate. Attention is focused on the fact that the proper level of moral and ethical culture of a lawyer contributes to the prevention and avoidance of his professional deformation, because a high level of professionalism, unfortunately, is not an obstacle to the development of professional deformation. A developed moral and ethical culture and the desire for personal development do not allow signs of antivalue behavior of a person to manifest. When forming and implementing moral and ethical norms in Ukrainian jurisprudence, the experience and practice of the world legal community is taken into account. Recognition and observance of international standards enables the active cooperation of relevant competent authorities with international organizations to ensure law and order and prevent violations of human rights.

Sleep as a social and cultural practice in Aotearoa: a scoping review

ABSTRACT Traditionally, sleep science is grounded in biology, physiology, and medicine. But socio-cultural considerations provide a crucial lens into sleep health. Exploring the sociology of sleep in Aotearoa New Zealand (AoNZ) could broaden our understandings and better represent sleep-related practices among our diverse communities. This scoping review represents the pre-existing literature concerning sleep as a social or cultural practice in AoNZ. The initial search (via Discover and Scopus) search yielded 2,442 results. Of these results, 113 manuscripts were characterised of interest, but only 20 were directly related and included in the review. This literature was presented in relation to Meadows’ (2005) modes of ‘sleep embodiment’ including sleep practice norms, the pragmatics of sleep and social roles, individual experiences and feelings related to sleep, and the visceral need for sleep. The findings highlight the progress of sleep literature in AoNZ. This covers diverse sleep practices, perspectives and experiences of sleep and sleeping, as well as the broader socio-cultural factors and unique AoNZ context that influence sleep. However, gaps in the field of local sleep research are also identified. Findings lay the foundation for further research in AoNZ to explore sleep-related discourses and practices that will ultimately broaden existing perspectives.

A knowledge creation framework for academia toward agroecological transformations of food systems

Industrialized agriculture, characterized by high inputs, large-scale monocultures, and confined livestock production, with a narrow focus on profit, is a major transgressor of societal and planetary boundaries. It fuels climate change, biodiversity loss, water and soil degradation, nutritional deficiencies, public health issues, cultural erosion, and socioeconomic inequalities. As early-career researchers in agricultural sciences, we are concerned about these systemic crises and recognize that participating in normative academic practices without reflection may reinforce the prevailing industrialized food system. Motivated by the dissonance between the potential impact of our work and our vision of a better future, in this paper we describe and challenge academic praxis in agricultural sciences to tackle the interconnected crises. We do this by developing a framework of two drivers of academic knowledge production, power and values, and two mechanisms, motives and relationality. We argue that in the current dominant food system, power is consolidated and hierarchical, driven by the values of growthism and reductionism, motivated by efficiency and productivism, and characterized by extractive and anthropocentric relationality. Furthermore, we highlight evidence of the negative outcomes associated with this system, including the challenges we face and may potentially contribute to as participants. We then envision transformed food systems through examples of counter-hegemonic knowledge production systems, grounded in agroecological principles, in which power is distributed and horizontal, the primary values are solidarity and holism, motives enhance sufficiency and sovereignty, and relationality is reciprocal and based on care. By examining the current system and offering examples of alternatives, we aim to help distinguish between research that upholds the statu-quo and research that fosters change. We aim to inspire ourselves and others to reconnect with our agency and contribute towards transformed knowledge systems where food systems, underpinned by the values of agroecology, are more capable of sustaining life on this planet in an equitable and just manner.

Hegemony and Colonialization in the Water Management Sector: Issues and Lessons for IWRM

Water resources management and the broad concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) attract varied perspectives about their effectiveness and equity as they address diverse needs across sectors and contextual situations. Managers in the water sector generally support their current governance models, while anti-poverty advocates seek more equity in the distribution of resources. Another group of stakeholders claims a lack of inclusivity in decision-making, leading to inequitable outcomes due to hegemony and colonialization of the water management domain by sector experts, officials, and other actors. IWRM focuses on reforms in water governance to achieve greater participation and sharing of power by all sectors of society in decision-making. It can facilitate the involvement of all groups of stakeholders, including those who may in some cases need to engage in social action to address water issues. This paper reviews the claims about the validity of IWRM and analyzes them according to management scenarios where water is a connector among sector issues. The scenarios show that participation in utility and local government decisions is the main pathway for urban water, wastewater, and stormwater management, while the same pathway is more difficult to organize in dispersed situations for domestic supply and irrigation in rural areas, some cases of aquifer management, and management of sprawling flood risk zones. The body of knowledge about participation in water resources management is robust, but organizational and financial capacities among existing entities pose barriers. Water resources management and IWRM do involve hegemony, and the field of practice has been colonialized, but the existential issues and complexity of the decisions and systems involved challenge society to manage successfully while assuring equity and participation through governance reform. The debates over hegemony and colonialization in water management provide an opportunity to continue improving the norms of practice and water resources education.

Can Trauma-Informed Yoga Center Intersectional Feminist Praxis? The Case of a UK Community Yoga Organization.

This article discusses the tensions around trauma-informed narratives and mind-body practices, which may obscure social inequalities. We present the evaluation of community yoga programs and explore how trauma-informed yoga can be part of the healing process of women subject to interlocking systems of oppression. The study showed how the sociocultural location of participants shaped their engagement with normative yoga discourses and practices. Yoga was perceived as a practice that improved the sense of healing and well-being, and created relational spaces during COVID-19. The article also discusses the value of embodied self-inquiry as an intersectional feminist tool for researchers and practitioners.

A cyberterrorist behind the keyboard

Abstract Given the diverse backgrounds of people living in modern societies as well as the international nature of cyber-terrorist threats, profiling the type of person behind cyber-mediated crimes has become a norm in terrorist profiling practice. This study contributes to timely efficient terrorist profiling and threat assessment by showcasing an automated content analysis of cyber-mediated terrorist texts, using natural language processing technology and AI-assisted analysis. To characterise the terrorist type of texts and provide clues to threats, the study employs a ‘psycholinguistic profiling’ approach to authorship analysis (Grant 2008). That is, it seeks to describe the likelihood of an author’s engagement in violent extremist activity, identify motives for violence, and provide clues vis-a-vis would-be and actual violent behaviours. The study takes twenty texts produced by international terrorists involved in jihadism and far-right violent extremism as a case study. The findings reveal the investigative value of automated psycholinguistic profiling for security and intelligence practitioners, with the semantic patterns yielding helpful information for an understanding of the criminal nature of terrorist language. Also revealed is the attentional pattern of extremists and their discourse together with clues-based conclusions about text type, as well as ‘warning’ behaviours and motives for aggression which vary according to the authors’ ideological differences.

‘Marriage is like Gambling’: Interpreting and Narrating Stories of Hakka Chinese Indonesians’ Marriage Migration

ABSTRACT This article examines the stories of marriages between ethnic Hakka Chinese women from Singkawang, Indonesia and men in Taiwan. Initially, Indonesians described marriage as an opportunity to achieve a better life, whereas Taiwanese saw a ‘foreign spouse’ as the means to fulfil caring duties and carry on family lines. Marriage from Singkawang to Taiwan was a normative practice shaped by cultural, sociopolitical, and economic conditions, which peaked in number in the early 21st century. Yet these marriages rapidly declined in number after 2010, as Indonesia’s economy improved, and as attitudes changed when returning women told stories of failed marriages and abusive spouses and in-laws in Taiwan. Analysis of stories collected from more than 100 participants in Singkawang shows how participants interpreted ‘good’ and ‘bad’ marriages via an adaptive and malleable folk theory of fate and luck. Hence, parents can narrate themselves as passive, ill-fated participants not responsible when their daughters’ marriages turn bad. Or a woman can say that it is her fate to ‘try’ marriage and narrate herself as having agency when making decisions that test her luck. Therefore, this study deepens and enriches our understanding of the complexities and enduring impacts of marriage migration as experienced across time in Asia.

Defining the process of malpractice claims and indemnity payments

Medical malpractice is defined as an omission or act that deviates significantly from the norms of medical practice and leads to harm or injury to the patient. The key legal elements of medical malpractice are 1) the presence of a patient-doctor relationship, 2) failure to meet a standard-of-care, 3) evidence of injury relating directly from sub-standard care, and 4) harm relating to that injury. If a patient feels as though they have been a victim of a medical error, the first step in the process of beginning a claim is that the patient/plaintiff will consult with an attorney who specializes in malpractice. If the case is determined to be valid, a suit can be filed to initiate a pre-discovery and deposition process. During the discovery process, information is gathered through interrogatories, requests for disclosure, requests for production, requests for admission, expert reports, and depositions. The pre-trial process generally culminates in a deposition. This step involves a formal proceeding whereby the physician provides a recorded testimony under oath, which may be used in the future if the suit is brought to court. Following this process, suits can be dropped, settled, or end in the pursuit of a trial. When a defendant is found liable in a medical malpractice case, the plaintiff is entitled to indemnity payments in proportion to the harm and damages associated with the malpractice case. Indemnity payments are expected to cover various damages, including economic, non-economic, and less often punitive damages. Economic damages include tangible medical costs, like medical bills, future medical care, lost wages, and future lost wages associated with the injury or disability resulting from the malpractice event.

CUDOs to the teachers: Using Merton s norms of scientific practice to guide lessons in critical thinking

CUDOs to the teachers: Using Merton s norms of scientific practice to guide lessons in critical thinking

Analysis of the Feedback on Teacher Training in an Affiliated Hospital in Shaanxi Province

Objective: This article aims to deeply analyze the feedback on teacher training in an affiliated hospital, so as to clarify the current needs and situation of teacher training and provide a scientific basis for further optimizing the teacher training system. Methods: The current situation and needs of teacher training in the affiliated hospital were collected by designing and distributing Tomato Form questionnaires on the DingTalk platform. The questionnaire adopted a percent-point system, all of which were indeterminate multiple-choice questions. Results: The average age of the clinical teachers participating in the survey was 40.44 ± 7.85 years old, with an average teaching length of 4–10 years. The results showed that 60.20% of teachers think that the amount of teacher training in an affiliated hospital is sufficient; 91.10% of teachers think that the factors affecting training conflict with working hours; 97.96% of teachers believe that the training time has an impact on the training effect; 81.63% of teachers prefer online training; 51.53% of teachers tend to arrange training time on working days; 33.16% of teachers tend to train once a month; 17.78% of teachers prefer to receive training on clinical theoretical courses and practical teaching norms and skills content. Conclusion: Based on the above survey results, we propose to build a comprehensive management mechanism for teacher training, including improving the access, training, and assessment mechanism for clinical teachers, and adjusting and optimizing the training program according to actual needs. At the same time, an effective communication platform should be built to promote the deep integration of teaching and practice and enhance social recognition, so as to comprehensively improve the teaching quality and medical service of the hospital.

Examining liminality in professional practice, relational identities, and career prospects in resource-constrained health systems: Findings from an empirical study of medical and nurse interns in Kenya

We examine new doctors' and nurses' experiences of transitioning from training to practising as health professionals, drawing on the concept of liminality. Liminality is a stage of ‘in-betweenness’, involving uncertainty and ambiguity as people leave one social context and reintegrate into a new one. Surprisingly little research has explored new health professionals' experiences of liminality during role and career transitions, particularly in precarious and resource-constrained settings. Drawing on 146 qualitative interviews and seven focus groups, involving 121 new graduate medical doctors and nurses transitioning through internship training in Kenya, we describe three aspects of liminality. First, liminal professional practice, where interns realise that best practices learned during medical and nursing schools are often impossible to implement in resource constrained health care settings; instead they learn workarounds and practical norms. Second, liminal relational identities, where interns leave behind being students and adopt the identities and responsibilities of qualified professionals within pre-existing professional hierarchies of status and expertise. We explain how these new doctors and graduate nurses negotiate their liminal status, including in relation to more experienced but less qualified professional colleagues. We also discuss how interns cope with liminality due to disappointing and inadequate supervision and role modelling from senior colleagues but then find peer support and their place within their own professions. Finally, we discuss how new doctors and nurses come to terms with the precarity of working in resource constrained health systems, abandon expectations of secure, permanent employment and careers, and accept the realities of liminal professional careers. We explain how all three forms of liminality influence professionals' developing practices, identities, and careers. We call for further studies with a specific liminality lens to explore this critical period in health workers' careers, to inform policy and practice responding to global transformations in healthcare professions and practice.

The meaning and feasibility of engaging in physical activity while being employed in people with mild to moderate disability due to multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study

Purpose To understand the perceptions of the meaning and feasibility of physical activity (PA) while employed for people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Materials and methods A qualitative design, using individual in-depth interviews of 26 employed pwMS with mild to moderate disability. The interviews were analysed using systematic text condensation in a phenomenological hermeneutic framework informed by a pattern theory of self. A systematic and dynamic process was used to develop categories of the most salient content and meaning. Results Three categories were developed: (1) Meaningfulness of PA for work, (2) Balancing daily life, PA, and work when energy is low, and (3) Leisure PA during work hours is beneficial but challenging to implement. The findings highlight that PA can be perceived meaningful for health, function, life balance, identity, their perceived abilities, possibilities, and challenges in relation to work, all influencing self-perception. The participants perceived the feasibility of PA to be influenced by work, private life, and work-life balance, particularly highlighting physical function, organisational structures and arrangements, and social and normative practices to be important. An arrangement of implementing leisure PA during working hours was recognised as a beneficial work accommodation when it was perceived feasible and accepted. Conclusion Employed pwMS may perceive PA as meaningful for their health, function, and work, influencing self-perception and perceived work capabilities. Its feasibility may be influenced by individual, environmental, and/or social aspects. Thus, individualised work adjustments to facilitate PA, like accommodating for leisure PA during work hours, can ultimately facilitate both PA and employment.

The practices of care: extinction and de-colonization in the natural history museum

ABSTRACT The practices of care of extinct animal specimens and other materials in natural history museums are many and varied. This article focuses upon two extinct animal examples from the Berlin Museum of Natural History (MfN), the quagga and the thylacine, to present critiques of historical care and argue for Indigenous led alternatives. These critiques and arguments are organized via the organizing headings of isolation, preservation and revolution. While the dark histories of museums as active purchasers and collectors of ancestral remains and creators of markets for scarce forms of life are sometimes acknowledged, it is not a history that has been critically connected to normative practices of ‘isolation’ and ‘preservation’. Indeed, such practices are often heedless of the ongoing demand to recognize Indigenous continuities and are unresponsive to calls for relations that figure the museum ‘materials’ as simultaneously understood as colonial/scientific events and entities that are lively and capable of producing diverse effects. Such understandings emerge from engagement with diverse critiques including those arising from Indigenous writings. One pathway to reimagine the museum and practice an aware care may be to consider the simultaneous times at play within such institutions and the decolonizing possibilities of organizing practices beyond a single linear time.