Standard Norms Research Articles

Logarithmically refined Gagliardo–Nirenberg interpolation and application to blow-up exclusion in a singular chemotaxis–consumption system

A family of interpolation inequalities is derived, which differ from estimates of classical Gagliardo–Nirenberg type through the appearance of certain logarithmic deviations from standard Lebesgue norms in zero-order expressions. Optimality of the obtained inequalities is shown. A subsequent application reveals that when posed under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in smoothly bounded planar domains and with suitably regular initial data, for any choice of \alpha>0 the Keller–Segel-type migration–consumption system u_{t} = \Delta (uv^{-\alpha}) , v_{t} = \Delta v-uv , admits a global classical solution.

Improved identification of network anomalies through optimal CURE clustering

Abstract In this paper, we propose an advanced network anomaly behavior identification framework to overcome the constraints inherent in conventional rule- or signature-based approaches, which often struggle with emerging and previously unknown threats. Central to our framework is an Enhanced CURE (Cluster Updating and REfining) clustering algorithm, meticulously tailored and refined to incorporate a density-based methodology. This enhancement enables the algorithm to discern subtle shifts in network anomaly patterns with heightened precision. The implementation workflow commences with the application of the optimized CURE algorithm to analyze network data, followed by the deployment of a sophisticated anomaly degree ranking mechanism. This mechanism, through meticulous calculation of individual data points' anomaly degrees and subsequent ranking, effectively isolates those deviating significantly from standard behavioral norms, incorporating a strategic threshold to filter out false positives. To validate our methodology's efficacy and its superiority over existing techniques, experiments were conducted utilizing a substantial real-world network dataset. These tests affirm not only a marked increase in the accuracy of abnormal behavior recognition and a reduction in computational intricacy but also demonstrate the adaptability across diverse network ecosystems. Our approach has proven successful in pinpointing a wide array of network anomalies, encompassing malicious cyberattacks, fraudulent activities, unauthorized intrusions, and breaches of security protocols, thereby highlighting its comprehensive capability in bolstering network defense strategies. Despite the notable advancements and successful identification of various network anomalies, our framework currently lacks integration with real-time learning capabilities, limiting its immediate responsiveness to rapidly evolving attack patterns and necessitating ongoing research for dynamic updates and adaptive learning mechanisms.

Cognition and Ventral Attention Network Connectivity: Associations With Treatment Response in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly heterogeneous disorder, which makes it difficult to link clinical phenotypes with biomarkers to improve treatment outcomes. Findings from previous studies suggest that cognitive measures such as verbal memory or attention paired with within-ventral attention network (VAN) or salience network resting-state functional connectivity may predict treatment response among individuals with PTSD. In a sample comprising 20 individuals with PTSD and 10 healthy control group individuals, the investigators subtyped individuals by using both discriminant function analysis and standardized norms for a single measure of memory and neuropsychological batteries of memory, attention, and executive functioning; attempted to replicate previous findings of lower within-VAN connectivity among individuals with cognitive impairment; and explored whether within-VAN connectivity paired with cognitive impairment predicted treatment outcomes. PTSD patients with cognitive impairment (defined by using a discriminant function analysis with verbal memory performance) had greater within-VAN resting-state functional connectivity compared with control group individuals and cognitively intact PTSD patients at a level that fell short of statistical significance (F=3.41; df=2, 21; ηp2=0.237). The interaction between verbal memory performance and within-VAN connectivity also predicted treatment-related change in PTSD symptoms at a level that also fell short of statistical significance (β=-0.442). These findings somewhat support the clinical utility of identifying cognitive phenotypes within PTSD (by using discriminant function analysis and verbal memory performance) to predict treatment outcomes.

Characterization of Oils and Solid Residues Obtained from <i>Bauhinia variegata L.</i> and <i>Pachira glabra pasq.</i> Seeds Through the Solvent Extraction Method

Vegetable oils derived from non-edible seeds are excellent sources for producing biodiesel which serves as an alternative to fossil fuels. In this study, products viz vegetable oils and solid residues obtained from solvent extraction method of <i>Bauhinia variegata</i> and <i>Pachira glabra</i> seeds were characterized according to standard norms to evaluate their energy potential. The oils obtained have a free fatty acid content of 2.31 wt% and 13.6 wt%, a kinematic viscosity of 12.45 and 3.24 mm²/s, an iodine value of 17.26 and 12.37 (g of I<sub>2</sub>/100g of oil), a saponification value of 207.57 and 183.03 (mg of KOH/g of oil), a peroxide value of 10 and 8.06 (meq O<sub>2</sub>/kg of oil), and a calorific value of 40.66 and 65.08 MJ/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the physicochemical analysis of the oils revealed that they are excellent choice for biodiesel production. In addition, the proximate analysis of the solid residues of <i>Bauhinia variegata</i> and <i>Pachira glabra</i> showed high level of protein, fiber, and total carbohydrates with respective values of 34.79 and 30.41 wt%, 10.44 and 15.16 wt%, and 47.50 and 52.92 wt%. Mineral analysis indicated a high concentration of minerals, particularly potassium, sodium, calcium, and phosphorus. The solid residues exhibit anti-nutritional properties, making it suitable for various applications such as bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae, bioelectricity, biogas production, and biofuels among others.

Convergence of reputations under indirect reciprocity

Previous research has shown how indirect reciprocity can promote cooperation through evolutionary game theoretic models. Most work in this field assumes a separation of time-scales: individuals’ reputations equilibrate at a fast time scale for given frequencies of strategies while the strategies change slowly according to the replicator dynamics. Much of the previous research has focused on the behaviour and stability of equilibria for the replicator dynamics. Here we focus on the underlying reputational dynamics that occur on a fast time scale. We describe reputational dynamics as systems of differential equations and conduct stability analyses on their equilibria. We prove that reputations converge to a unique equilibrium under a solitary observer model for each of the five standard norms and whether assessments are public or private. These results confirm a crucial but previously understudied assumption underlying the theory of indirect reciprocity for the most studied set of norms.

B - 136 A Validity Study of an Embedded Performance Validity Measure of Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Third Edition

Abstract Objective This study investigated chance levels of responding on the Recognition Memory component of the performance validity test 2 (PVT2) measure embedded within the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Third Edition (WRAML3; Adams & Sheslow, 2021). While standardized norms are provided, the WRAML3 has yet to examine PVT2 scores obtained through random responding. Given the impact of suboptimal effort and performance on test scores, providing scores obtained through guesstimation can help differentiate low scores due to impairment from chance responding. Methods Participants included 50 volunteer undergraduates and graduate students. To assess levels of random responding on PVT2 items, participants responded to the four Recognition memory subtests of the WRAML3 without the usual prior exposure to immediate and delayed subtest content. One-sample t-tests were conducted to compare participant performance scores to statistical chance levels of responding and the established PVT2 cut-off scores. Results Analyses revealed that the mean total PVT2 score was significantly lower than the established WRAML3 PVT2 cut-off score of 17 (t(49) = −26.88, p < 0.001). Regarding chance levels of responding, participants’ random responses were significantly different from the hypothesized chance mean of 5 (t(49) = 6.24, p < 0.001). Conclusions Findings support the overall utility of the available WRAML-3 embedded PVT2 cutoff scores while indicating individuals who rely on guesstimation techniques may be able to answer better than chance. These results establish a new standard of random response on the WRAML3, which may be utilized to determine whether scores below the PVT2 cutoff are invalid or may warrant further investigation.

Developing Trust, Developing Economies: The Role of ESG Disclosure in Attracting Foreign Investment

Legitimacy theory posits that organizations strive to align with societal expectations to gain advantages, yet its focus has primarily been at the company level. The purpose of the study is to investigate the global applicability of legitimacy theory by examining the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosures and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In particular, the study sets the task: analyze the impact of ESG disclosures on FDI across twenty-eight countries; compare the ESG performance of different nations; and explore the role of regional ESG standards in influencing ESG performance and FDI. The application of the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed the dominant position of Western nations with developed ESG standards. The Bonferroni adjustment post hoc test on World Bank data indicated that countries with well-developed ESG standards act as global investors, trusting the high standards of rapidly improving Western regions. Statistical tests confirmed that countries in the developing stage, with values somewhat similar to the most developed areas, present attractive alternatives for foreign investors. However, the lack of standardized norms hinders the establishment of trustworthy economic relationships. These findings suggest that just as businesses use Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to gain legitimacy, countries can adopt ESG practices to align with global norms and attract FDI. Although this transition may be time-consuming, developing regional ESG disclosure norms could serve as an effective stepping stone.

Associations Between Sexualized Media Consumption, Sexual Double Standards, and Sexual Coercion Perpetration and Victimization in Late Adolescent Sexually Active Boys and Girls from The Netherlands.

This study examined associations between sexualized media consumption, sexual double standard (SDS) norms, and sexual coercion perpetration and victimization in late adolescence and whether these associations were moderated by gender. Participants were sexually active Dutch secondary school students aged 16-20years (N = 255, 58.4% girls). Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire at a single time-point. Overall, more sexualized media consumption was associated with higher odds of both sexual coercion perpetration and victimization. These associations did not differ by gender. Specifically, viewing online pornography and sexually oriented reality television more frequently were associated with higher odds of sexual coercion perpetration, whereas viewing others' sexy social media posts more frequently was associated with higher odds of sexual coercion victimization. Finally, stronger endorsement of SDS norms was associated with lower odds of sexual coercion perpetration in girls, but with comparatively higher odds of sexual coercion perpetration in boys. Results indicate that consuming sexualized media and societal sexual double standards is associated with an increased risk of sexual coercion experiences in adolescence.

The Third Epidemic of Blindness: Early ROP Screening vs. KIDROP Conventional Screening of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Neonates- A Prospective Cohort Study

Aim: To assess the benefits of initiating early Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) screening compared to conventional KIDROP screening and study the incidence, severity, and risk factors of ROP. Methods: Preterm neonates born with weight < 2000 g and/or < 36 weeks of gestation admitted to the Level III-A neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Shri B. M. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, were enrolled in the study. The in-house retina specialist performed Early ROP screening at 10-14 days of life, depending on the gestational age at birth. Subsequently, KIDROP conventional screening was done at 3 to 6 weeks of life by the Karnataka Internet Assisted Diagnosis for Retinopathy of Prematurity (KIDROP) team once weekly. ROP findings were recorded as per the standard ICROP norms. The data was analyzed for gestational age, birth weight, and systemic factors predisposing to ROP. Results: The incidence of Early ROP was 14% (7/50). Of the neonates diagnosed with ROP, 43% had a gestational age of < 30 weeks, and 86% had birth weight in the group 1000- 1500 g. The incidence of type 1 ROP is 28.5% (2/7). The significant predictors of the increased risk of ROP were birth weight, gestational age, prolonged oxygen therapy, synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV), sepsis, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and nutrition, including MOM & Parenteral Nutrition. Conclusion: Early enrolment of neonates for ROP screening in the NICU itself ensures early diagnosis and timely intervention and also ensures compliance and routine follow-up of these neonates. 14% had early ROP, which suggests the need to redefine the ROP screening criteria.

Surviving Critical Care: A Follow-Up Study Assessing Pulmonary Function, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing, and Quality of Life in COVID-19-Affected Patients

Introduction: Survivors of severe COVID-19 face complex challenges and a high degree of pulmonary sequelae. Therefore, we aim to describe their ongoing health burden. Methods: In this single-center prospective cohort study, COVID-19 ICU survivors were invited 3 and 6 months after ICU discharge. We examined pulmonary function with pulmonary function tests (PFT) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and we established health-related quality of life (HRQL) and health status (HS) with the EuroQol five-dimension five-level (EQ-5D-5L), the short-form health survey 12 (SF-12), and the modified British Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC) questionnaires. Results: Out of the 53 individuals screened, 23 participated in this study. Throughout both assessment points, participants maintained PFT results within range, apart from a decline in the transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO). CPET showed improved fitness but persistent ventilatory deficiencies, indicated by altered dead space ventilation (VD/VT) and elevated arterial-alveoli gradient for oxygen (AaDO2). HRQL and HS remained compromised, with both physical (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores significantly lower than the standardized norm population scores. Also, there was a rise in the prevalence of issues related to mobility, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, and an increase in reported dyspnea. Conclusion: These results enhance our comprehension of the complex difficulties faced by COVID-19 ICU survivors. Six months post-discharge, CPET revealed the presence of ventilatory insufficiencies. Additionally, there was a decline in HRQL and HS, notably affected by mental health concerns and an increase in the level of dyspnea.

The color influence of dust in air pollutants on architectural painting: a case of archery tower at the West Gate in Shaanxi, China

At present, under the influence of environmental pollution, the color of architectural painting gradually darkens, loses luster, and even cracks when the pigment falls off, which seriously affects the long-term preservation of architectural painting. In order to study the damage mechanism of dust particles to the color of the architectural painting, this study took the archery tower at the West Gate as the research object, monitored the temperature and humidity of the indoor environment, and analyzed the composition of the dust by ICP-MS, IC, and XRD. The experimental results showed notable fluctuations in the indoor humidity in inner the archery tower at the West Gate during the monitoring period from January to March, which were not conducive to the preservation of wood-colored paintings. The 24-h average PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, measured over 2 days in January, were beyond the National Ambient Air Quality Standard norms, and PM contains a large amount of soluble salts such as sulfate and nitrate, causing serious salt erosion and damage to the color painting layer. Through the simulation experiment of the color painting layer, it was revealed that the dust particles deposited on the surface of the color painting layer change the spectral characteristics of the color painting layer, and then cause the color layer to lose its original hue, fade become blurred, or darken. It was anticipated that this research would serve as a valuable reference for the preventive protection of the color painting layer of the archery tower at West Gate.

Symposium 2: DIGIFLEX - from flexible and digital courses to an overall networked learning perspective on digital course design

The digital two-way communication that society expects today can be said to blur the boundaries between the universities and the surrounding society. As the campus becomes more of an open network, the gap between formal and informal learning narrows. One can see a shift towards a perspective of lifelong learning with a more social and global perspective. Seen in that perspective, higher education has a greater value for people, than just specific skills or a specific degree. How people in society interact with various groups and organizations on social media also demonstrates this development and it challenges how we traditionally view learning. It also affects how the university conducts course design. Students and educators have come to expect the use of new digital tools. Many of these tools contribute to interaction between educators and students in collaborative learning. In a societal perspective we see a two-way exchange of meanings and needs, which makes it possible to create solutions that neither the university nor organizations in society could have adopted on their own. The focus of this paper is the course design process of a commissioned education course, DIGIFLEX. The practice meanings from students, colleagues and a reference group are referred to as feedback loops. These feedback loops continuously drove the course design and development forward and clearly indicated the need for an adaption to a more societal context. The design process is described via three stages and two feedback loops. The first stage focused on finding a modern digital design with lots of audiovisual elements for short and flexible courses. In the first feedback loop, we gained inspiration via a learning technology conference, which led to sessions with reverse brainstorming where the project group further challenged the standard norm for course design. In step two, the pilot course was implemented with the new elements generated from the first feedback loop. We received support from a reference group with expertise in networked learning and the students evaluated the course. Our findings show a need for more dialogue and informal structure as complement to the existing digital course design. This insight was confirmed by the experiences and lessons learned from distance education during the pandemic. There is a need for a networked learning perspective in this kind of digital course design. More frequent reconciliations, evaluations of needs and expectations from the surrounding society is important for the success of similar projects in the future.

What are they considering when they face a fetus with birth defects? A qualitative study on ethical attitudes of health professionals in China

BackgroundBirth defects are the leading cause of mortality in newborn babies and children under five years old. In response, the Chinese government has implemented a three-tiered prevention strategy, which has brought ethical concerns about fetuses with birth defects. This study aims to explore the attitudes toward fetuses with birth defects among health professionals engaged in maternal and child health services.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted among 13 health professionals engaged in maternal and child health services in Hunan Province, China. The questions were designed to elicit the participants' work experience and attitudes toward fetuses with birth defects. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews, and NVivo 12 was used for data coding and analysis. A thematic analysis approach was employed following the SRQR checklist.ResultsFive themes and 13 attributes were generated regarding health professionals' perspectives on fetuses with birth defects. The five themes included: (1) severity and curability of diseases (two attributes), (2) family relations (four attributes), (3) medical assessments (two attributes), (4) social situations (three attributes), (5) self-value orientations (three attributes). The findings showed that the majority of health professionals held the view that a fetus with a curable disease could be born, whereas a fetus with severe disability and teratogenesis should be terminated. Twelve out of the 13 health professionals believed that parents should be the decision-makers, while only one thought that the family should make a decision together.ConclusionsAttitudes toward birth defects were influenced by various factors, indicating the complexity of real-world cases identified in this study. The findings highlight the dilemmas faced by both families and health professionals regarding birth defects. Adequate medical knowledge and support from society are crucial to inform decision-making among family members. Additionally, standardized norms and policies for birth defects are needed. Establishing an ethics committee for prenatal diagnosis is necessary to address current ethical issues in this field.

Six-Degree-of-Freedom Freehand 3D Ultrasound: A Low-Cost Computer Vision-Based Approach for Orthopedic Applications.

In orthopedics, X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans play pivotal roles in diagnosing and treating bone pathologies. Machine bulkiness and the emission of ionizing radiation remain the main problems associated with these techniques. The accessibility and low risks related to ultrasound handling make it a popular 2D imaging method. Indeed, 3D ultrasound assembles 2D slices into a 3D volume. This study aimed to implement a probe-tracking method for 6 DoF 3D ultrasound. The proposed method involves a dodecahedron with ArUco markers attached, enabling computer vision tracking of the ultrasound probe's position and orientation. The algorithm focuses on the data acquisition phase but covers the basic reconstruction required for data generation and analysis. In the best case, the analysis revealed an average error norm of 2.858 mm with a standard deviation norm of 5.534 mm compared to an infrared optical tracking system used as a reference. This study demonstrates the feasibility of performing volumetric imaging without ionizing radiation or bulky systems. This marker-based approach shows promise for enhancing orthopedic imaging, providing a more accessible imaging modality for helping clinicians to diagnose pathologies regarding complex joints, such as the shoulder, replacing standard infrared tracking systems known to suffer from marker occlusion problems.

INTEGRATED ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON KORKU TRIBES IN 2020 (INDIA, MAHARASHTRA). PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Introduction. In February 2020, the third season of the Russian-Indian Anthropological expedition was conducted in Maharashtra. The field work was coordinated by Paleoethnology Research Center (Russia) and Department of Anthropology of Savitribai Phule Pune University (India). The goal was to examine Korku people, who are members of the Mundo-speaking branch of the Austroasiatic family. Data and methods. A total of 293 people were examined from three different Amravati district locations. The sociological questionnaire indicated that 285 individuals were members of the Korku, of which 196 individuals were children and teenagers (95 male, 101 female) and 89 individuals were older than 17 years (58 male, 31 female). Following the traditions of the Russian anthropological school, the study of Korku was conducted using as many morphological techniques as possible, including the collection of data on somatometry, cephalometry, cephaloscopy, dental anthropology, dermatoglyphics, and anthropological photo. All data was collected according to the law protecting personal data and the principles of bioethics. Results and discussion. Korku people tend to have dark pigmentation of the eyes, hair and skin, and soft, wavy hair. Males are orthognathic in the vertical profile of the face, females are mesognathic. Horizontal profiling in both sexes is characterized by average values. The lateral profile of the nasal bridge is flattened, the eye gap is of medium width and has horizontal orientation, while epicanthus is rare. According to the head index, males are mesocephalic with a tendency to subbrachycephaly, the proportions of the face and nose are characterized by average values. Women are also mesocephalic, relatively leptorineic. According to somatometric indicators, males have an average body length (164.4 cm). According to the proportions of the body, males and females are brachymorphic. The body length and chest circumference of children increases smoothly with age. The same growth curve is typical for body weight with a slight jump in the transition from 10–11 y.o. to 12–14 y.o. Composite portraits of Korku males and females were compiled in three standard norms. Dermatoglyphics and dental anthropology data are still being analyzed. Conclusion. The Russian-Indian Anthropological Expedition examined the Korku people using an integrated anthropological approach during the 2020 field season. The Korku's somatometric, cephalometric, and cephaloscopic characteristics were acquired and presented for the first time.

Normal Variations in Episodes and Duration of Nocturnal Penile Tumescence Among Iranian Men: A Descriptive Analytical Study

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) in men is a significant issue that can profoundly impact personal relationships, mood, and overall quality of life. The nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) test is a valuable tool for distinguishing between psychological and physiological causes of ED. The normal values of the NPT test are a subject of debate across various racial groups. Therefore, there is a need to conduct a study in the Middle East region to establish standard norms for NPT. Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the results of the NPT test in sexually healthy Iranian men. Methods: This descriptive study involved the examination of 30 sexually healthy Iranian volunteers using the iranian erection analyzer over a period of two nights. In this study, a NPT episode was defined as radial rigidity exceeding 70%. The frequency and duration of these episodes were documented and subjected to analysis. Results: The average number of tumescence episodes per participant on the first and second nights was observed to be 1.73 ± 0.82 and 1.9 ± 0.66 episodes, respectively. The average duration of each tumescence episode on the first and second nights was found to be 16.04 ± 7.7 and 22.08 ± 6.85 minutes, respectively. A statistically significant difference in tumescence duration was noted between the two nights (P < 0.001), with the second night showing higher values. Furthermore, it was determined that 83.4% of sexually healthy men experienced 1 to 2 episodes of tumescence during the night. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the majority of sexually healthy Iranian men experience 1 to 2 episodes of NPT with rigidity surpassing 70% overnight, with an average duration of 16 to 22 minutes per episode. Additionally, the study suggests that relying on a single-night NPT test may be inadequate for an accurate assessment.

P-624 Description of antral follicle count in a population of healthy French women based on age, ultrasound technique, and clinical factors

Abstract Study question How is the age-specific reference range for antral follicle count in healthy French women correlated with clinical markers ? Summary answer AFC declines linearly with age is correlated with weight, hormonal contraception, cycles duration, but not BMI, smoking or infertility history. What is known already AFC is related to the number of primordial follicles within the ovaries and is a widely used marker for baseline assessment of ovarian reserve, but there are no standardized norms for AFC, and major differences between the nomograms published in recent years notably due to the improvement of ultrasound techniques. Moreover, most published data are based on infertile women. Several factors are postulated to have influence on AFC of which ethnic origin, yet the largest cohorts published recently are Asian and therefore do not apply to a Caucasian population. Study design, size, duration In this retrospective study we used data from 640 women who had undergone a Fertility Check Up in our center, from 2018 to 2023. This concept, unique in France, offers all women of reproductive age who wish to undergo a complete ultrasound examination to check for infertility risk factors, whatever their parental plans. Participants/materials, setting, methods 640 healthy French women undergoing a Fertility Check Up were recruited. All participants completed a questionnaire about demographics, medical and surgical history, obstetrical records, familial medical history and any usage of hormonal contraception. AFC was conducted via transvaginal ultrasound using a three-dimensional acquisition, by one of three trained operators, utilizing a Voluson E10 ultrasound machine (GE Healthcare). Operators employed either the sonoAVC option (semi-automatic technique) or a manual two-dimensional counting of the acquired 3D-dimensional volume. Main results and the role of chance The distribution of AFC by age were modelized by a numerical and a graphic nomograms. AFC demonstrated a linear decline with a decrease of 1.11 follicle (IC95% 0.98 - 1.24) per year of age. Age accounted for 12.5% of the variation (R2) in AFC. Linear regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation between AFC and women’s weight (p = 0.02), but not with BMI (p = 0.23), and a significant impact of hormonal contraception (p = 0.001), with an overall reduction of 6.6 follicles in AFC compared with the women without any hormonal contraception (IC95% 4.6 - 8.6). Short menstrual cycles were associated with lower AFC (p < 0.001), when long cycles and amenorrhea were significantly associated with higher AFC (p < 0.01). There was no impact of age of menarche, smoking, family history of POI, or of a history of infertility of more than one year. Multivariate analysis showed that AFC was significantly higher with 3D-manual versus automated-3D follicular counting, the difference averaged 3.59 follicles, reducing as AFCs became smaller. Limitations, reasons for caution We present data from Caucasian women using our ultrasound machines, but in practice, each sonographer must familiarize himself with the capabilities of his own machine. Furthermore, our study does not answer the question of AFC evolution over time, for a given patient. Wider implications of the findings Some questions remain unanswered, including the longitudinal trajectory of AFC within an individual and the impact of ethnic origin. Future longitudinal studies reporting the evolution of AFC with age and involving women of diverse ethnic backgrounds are needed. Ultimately, this study highlights the impact of ultrasound equipment and technique. Trial registration number Not applicable

Analysis of Syntactic Errors in Arabic Textbook-Based Instructional Materials and Their Implications for Arabic Learning at Madrasah Aliyah

Textbooks are essential components in learning, but errors are often found, including syntax. It aims to analyze some of the errors found in the textbook used as a reference in learning Arabic at MA Madinatul Ulum and explain the implications of these errors on Arabic Learning. This research uses library research with an applied linguistic approach in error analysis. Data was collected using documentation techniques related to Arabic textbooks, books, journals, and other written works. The data analysis used is a content analysis technique with several steps: identifying, interpreting, and correcting. The research showed that significant syntactic errors were identified. However, the textbook covers various aspects of Arabic skills, such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing, with various cognitive, psychomotor, and affective tasks. These errors deviate from standard Arabic grammar norms, compromising instructional quality, affecting student evaluations, and posing challenges for teachers. By involving language experts in developing instructional materials, providing training for teachers, and promoting the use of alternative learning resources, it is hoped that syntactic errors in instructional materials can be minimized, thereby enhancing the quality of Arabic learning. Recommendations include thoroughly reviewing and improving materials to ensure adherence to educational standards emphasizing syntactic accuracy. Future research should expand to encompass broader aspects of Arabic instruction beyond syntax, encompassing morphology and semantics to enhance educational effectiveness

Safety Aspects of In-Vehicle Infotainment Systems: A Systematic Literature Review from 2012 to 2023

This systematic literature review investigates the safety aspects of in-vehicle infotainment systems (IVISs) from 2012 to 2023, analyzing 96 studies. IVISs have significantly evolved, incorporating technologies such as navigation systems, parking assistance, and video games. However, these innovations introduce safety concerns like driver distraction and cognitive overload. This review identifies six primary safety issues: driving distraction, situational awareness, cognitive load, driving performance, interaction success, and emotional state. Head-down displays and touchscreens often have negative safety implications, while speech-based interfaces and Bluetooth-integrated systems are generally considered safer. Suggested improvements include enhancing interface design for touchscreens and exploring gesture-based alternatives. Despite these developments, significant gaps remain in real-world evaluations and studies in diverse driving conditions, highlighting the need for standardized manufacturing norms. Addressing these issues is essential for creating future IVIS that are both reliable and safe. This review serves as a foundation for future research, safety regulations, and design principles aimed at improving IVIS safety. Overcoming these challenges will require a multi-faceted approach that considers user-friendly design, adaptive technologies, and predictive analytics. The goal is to balance technological advancements with road safety, ensuring that IVISs contribute to a safer driving experience without compromising convenience and functionality.

Over-lexicalization and Under-lexicalization of Physical Violence Expression in Laut Bercerita and Its Translation by Leila S. Chudori

Although research on lexicalization has been extensively documented, little is known about over- and under-lexicalization in translation. "Laut Bercerita" and its translation contain mostly violent physical expressions, leading to either excessive or deficient lexical representation compared to the source text. This research aims to analyze over- and under-lexicalization in expressions of physical violence in the novel "Laut Bercerita" and its translation "The Sea Speaks His Name". The research method used is comparative descriptive, which combines comparing the meanings of the source text and target text. Data were collected using note-taking techniques. In the analysis stage, the data were first segmented or classified based on categories of physical violence. Subsequently, the data were analyzed by adopting a lexical variation of Fowler’s theory. The results of the study showed that over-lexicalization occurred in the form of physical violence such as (1) kicking, (2) torturing, (3) electric shocking, (4) slapping, (5) punching, and (6) stepping on, accounting for 47%. Meanwhile, under-lexicalization occurred in the form of physical violence such as (1) hitting, (2) kicking, (3) torturing, (4) electric shocking, (5) handcuffing, (6) punching, and (7) stepping on, accounting for 57%. Under-lexicalization occurs when there is a reduction of lexical items and simplification of meaning concepts, while over-lexicalization occurs with the addition of lexical items and complex meanings. Over-lexicalization and under-lexicalization imply that the translation may not meet standard translation norms through lexicon choices but still maintains equivalence.