Normative Protocol Research Articles

Status quo and influencing factors of multiprofessional and multidisciplinary teamwork for early mobilization in mechanically ventilated patients in ICUs: A multi-centre survey study.

To understand the status quo of multiprofessional and multidisciplinary collaboration for early mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients in Chinese ICUs and identify any factors that may influence this practice. A multi-centre cross-sectional survey. From October to November 2022, the convenience sampling method was used to select ICU multiprofessional and multidisciplinary early mobility members (including physicians, nurses and physiotherapists) from 27 tertiary general hospitals in 14 provinces, cities and autonomous regions of China. They were asked to complete an author-developed questionnaire on the status of collaboration and the Assessment of Inter-professional Team Collaboration Scale. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyse the factors associated with the level of collaboration. Physicians, nurses and physiotherapists mostly suffered from the lack of normative protocols, unclear division of responsibilities and unclear multiprofessional and multidisciplinary teams when using a collaborative approach to early activities. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the number of ICU patients managed, the existence of norms and processes, the attitude of colleagues around them, the establishment of a team, communication methods and activity leaders were significant influences on the level of collaboration among members of the multiprofessional and multidisciplinary early activities. The collaboration of multiprofessional and multidisciplinary early activity members for mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU remains unclear, and the collaboration strategy needs to be constructed and improved, taking into account China's human resources and each region's economic development level. This study investigates the collaboration status of multiprofessional and multidisciplinary activity members from the perspective of teamwork, analyses the reasons affecting the level of collaboration and helps to develop better teamwork strategies to facilitate the implementation of early activities. The participants in this study were multiprofessional and multidisciplinary medical staff who performed early activities for ICU patients.

Expert consensus on integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine diagnosis and treatment for osteoporotic fractures

Osteoporotic fractures represent the most severe complications of osteoporosis,characterized by insidious onset,high mortality and disability rates,and a steadily increasing incidence,imposing a significant socioeconomic burden. Western medicine has advantages in diagnosis and surgical interventions,while traditional Chinese medicine excels in holistic management and the restoration of bodily equilibrium. The integration of both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and western medicine emerges as an effective therapeutic strategy for osteoporotic fractures. In order to propagate the concept of integrated diagnosis and treatment,foster the advancement of integrated medical techniques for osteoporotic fractures,and establish standardized and normative protocols for disease prevention,diagnosis,and treatment,a consensus expert group,led by Geriatric Branch of Chinese Geriatrics Society,the Young Osteoporosis Group of Orthopedics Branch of Chinese Medical Association,Osteoporosis Group of Orthopedics Branch of Chinese Physician Association,and Osteoporosis Professional Committee of the Shanghai Society of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,was established. This group engaged in deliberations and formulated the "Expert Consensus on Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporotic Fractures" elucidating the concept of integrated medicine and offering recommendations in the domains of prevention,diagnosis,and treatment,with the aspiration of ameliorating the prognosis of osteoporotic fractures and enhancing the quality of life for these patients.

Definition of [[formula omitted]][formula omitted] specimen geometry to characterize CFRP non linear shear behavior in dynamic loading

The characterization of CFRP mechanical behavior under dynamic loading is an important topic for research laboratories. Literature reveals disparities in the evolution of shear behavior of CFRP materials under dynamic loading. Due to the lack of normative protocol for dynamic loading, these disparities can come from the geometry of the specimens used, which is generally reduced for dynamic testing. In this paper, the non-linear shear behavior of composite materials is characterized to analyze the effect of reduced geometry on the irreversible shear strain obtained compared to the reference geometry used for the quasi-static [±45°]ns tensile test. This recommendation is a first step in determining the pre-normative geometry of a [±45°]ns CFRP specimen adapted to dynamic loading

Oral diadochokinetic rates across languages: Multilingual speakers comparison.

It is unclear whether oral diadochokinetic rate (oral-DDK) performance is affected by different languages within a multilingual country. This study investigated the effects of age, sex, and stimulus type (real word in L1, L2 vs. non-word) on oral-DDK rates among healthy Malaysian-Malay speakers in order to establish language- and age-sensitive norms. The second aim was to compared the nonword 'pataka' oral-DDK rates produced by Malaysian-Malay speakers on currently available normative data for Hebrew speakers and Malaysian-Mandarin speakers. Oral-DDK performance of 90 participants (aged 20-77years) using nonword ('pataka'), Malay real word ('patahkan'), and English real word ('buttercake') was audio recorded. The number of syllables produced in 8seconds was calculated. Mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to examine the effects of stimulus type (nonword, Malay, and English real word), sex (male, female), age (younger, 20-40years; middle, 41-60years; older, ≥61years), and their interactions on the oral-DDK rate. Data obtained were also compared with the raw data of Malaysian-Mandarin and Hebrew speakers from the previous studies. A normative oral-DDK rate has been established for healthy Malaysian-Malay speakers. The oral-DDK rate was significantly affected by stimuli (p<0.001). Malay real word showed the slowest rate, whereas there was no significant difference between English real word and nonword. The oral-DDK rate for Malay speakers was significantly higher than Mandarin and Hebrew speakers across stimuli (all p<0.01). Interestingly, oral-DDK rates were not affected by age group for Malay speakers. Stimuli type and language affect the oral-DDK rate, indicating that speech-language therapists should consider using language-specific norms when assessing multilingual speakers. What is already known on the subject Age, sex, and language are factors that need to be considered when developing oral-DDK normative protocol. It is unclear whether oral-DDK performance is affected by different languages within a multilingual country. What this paper adds to existing knowledge No ageing effect across real word versus nonword on oral-DDK performance was observed among Malaysian-Malay speakers, contrasting with current available literature that speech movements slow down as we age. Additionally, Malaysian-Malay speakers have faster oral-DDK rates than Malaysian-Mandarin and Hebrew speakers across all stimuli. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Establishing normative data of different languages will enable speech-language therapists to select the appropriate reference dataset based on the language mastery of these multilingual speakers.

Dramatizing Ethnographic Fieldwork. Collaborative Laboratory and the Act of Intervening

What does it mean when an ethnographer intervenes in the public sphere or when a dramaturgist or theatre director conducts ethnographic research? What are the possibilities and values of such collaboration, and how it might be turned into engaged activities? In the following article, we attempt to answer these questions drawing from our pedagogical experience resulted from a joint effort of running and supervising a collaborative laboratory. For a year, groups of students (anthropologists, dramaturgists and theatre directors) jointly conceptualised, problematised and worked on the project about different masculinities. Throughout the project, all of us have been discussing, negotiating and exchanging our research methods, strategies and ways of exploring social practices by combining ethnography and performative. The outcome included thirteen interventions, understood as immediate social actions performed in the public space. The article aim is to engage with our teaching experiences and collaborative research efforts critically, as well as to problematise the real potential of the drama-based approach to ethnographic research. We argue that the form of collaboration between ethnography and performative arts opens not only new possibilities in methodological and pedagogical approach but also has transformative potential. The interventions performed in the public sphere might be understood as new modalities for disseminating research findings, which distort rather static and normative protocols of academic research presentations in Poland. They also allow reaching broader audiences and enabling more critical, intimate and involved understanding of different social and cultural practices.

Monstering: a transdisciplinary method for an unstable world

This paper outlines the transdisciplinary practice of monstering, a toolset used by the Experimental Architecture Group (EAG) to engage with a world in constant flux. The chapter describes recent Experimental Architecture projects that draw attention to the need for radical change at a time of ecocide. Our ‘monstering’ perspectives draw inspiration from the countless forms of cooperation and acts of generosity that underpin healthy ecological systems. Throughout the text, a range of different voices, materials, media and practices are brought together to synthesise the potentials of monstering. Monstering generates qualitatively new encounters in the choreography of space and its inhabitation. It challenges normative protocols and existing practices by embodying the unknown and uncontrollable aspects of the world. Through monstering, we embrace our innate zoephilia (Braidotti, 2006, p. 41), increasing our capacity to respond to an ever-changing reality and finding new ways of diplomacy to better communicate and acknowledge the contributions of non-human agents to our reality. EAG’s monstering experiments seek to bring designed change to functionality (Haraway, 2015) through re-empowerment, re-connection and re-enchantment with an ecologically stressed world. The paper details monstering performances and installations as prototypes that draw attention to established preferences, conventions, and habits, celebrating diversity, difference and paradoxical encounters.

Supercilious monk at Kiṭāgiri

AbstractThis paper focuses on the concepts of etiquette and politeness within a genre of Buddhist texts known as “vinaya”, or monastic law. These texts were created for the purpose of regulating behavior within the monastic institution. While they are often described by the tradition as a set of ethical principles, the content of monastic law codes also includes many things that would be better categorized as examples of normative protocol, encompassing mundane, everyday social situations that promote harmony between the monastic institution and its economic patrons. I argue here that a distinct concept of politeness can be gleaned from the narratives in these texts, despite the lack of such a category in the tradition’s own account of itself. To illustrate this point, I analyze several stories concerned with the proper deportment of monastics, demonstrating that the standards for monastic behavior were sometimes at odds with the expectations of the lay communities that supported them.

On Faulkner, Racism, and Life in (the) Ruins

On Faulkner, Racism, and Life in (the) Ruins Aliyyah I. Abdur-Rahman (bio) The impetus, or aspirational motivation, behind the production of this special issue of The Faulkner Journal, which focuses on race, racism, and the work (or, perhaps, simply the possibility) of anti-racism in William Faulkner's oeuvre, was the murder of George Floyd in 2020. It was in the evening on a Monday in May of that year when the 911 call came in from an employee at the CUP convenience store in south Minneapolis. The store clerk alleged that an African American patron, later identified as 46-year-old George Floyd, had used a counterfeit $20 bill to purchase cigarettes. Four police officers arrived and attempted to arrest Floyd, who was distressed and who struggled. Despite his numerous and panicked cries of anxiety, discomfort, and, eventually, of being unable to breathe, Floyd was forcibly handcuffed and pinned face-down to the ground. While a fourth officer stood by to prevent horrified bystanders from intervening in the murder they were witnessing, three police officers held George Floyd on the ground. One officer, Derek Chauvin, kept his knee pressed into Floyd's neck for approximately nine minutes—as Floyd complained of being unable to breath, as his body went limp, as he was asphyxiated to death, as paramedics arrived to attempt resuscitation. Within twenty minutes of the arrival of the police, George Floyd was dead. It is noteworthy that he was killed during those terrifying, early months of the Covid-19 pandemic. The country was in lockdown. In fact, Floyd had lost his job due to pandemic layoffs. By the time of his murder, there had been nearly 100,000 Covid-related deaths, and only a week prior the World Health Organization had received reports of more cases within a 24-hour timeframe than at any point during the outbreak. It was a disastrous time in all the world. And yet people took to the streets—en masse, across the globe. Certainly, this was not the first time that Black murder had been caught on camera, nor was it the first time that Black death had gone viral. In fact, since the time of ritual lynching, Black people dying gruesomely has been coextensive with spectatorship and with technologies [End Page 121] of viewing and memorialization. But there was something about the murder of George Floyd—perhaps, the stomach-turning pointlessness of it, the cruel and determined duration of it, or the lethal performance of white cis masculine swagger and authority that executed it—that brought Trump's America to its knees and inspired a planetary outcry. This special issue was designed to hear and to engage that outcry. It does so against the sociopolitical backdrop of the murder of George Floyd as one of countless (simultaneously legal and extralegal) lethal enactments of antiblack racist terror two decades into the twenty-first century, the global uprising on behalf of Black life and against police brutality that ensued, and the "racial reckoning" to which both George Floyd's murder and the uprising purportedly gave rise. In moments of shared powerlessness and of powerful insurgency, it is commonplace for those of us who study and teach literature to turn to authors and to literary texts as repositories of truth and ethical guidance, as sources of societal critique and renewal. Our cultural and political present is characterized by climate crisis and ecological devastation; by the popularization of racist, nationalist, and xenophobic discourses and policies; by the dismantling of normative protocols of democratic governance and the erosion of the most basic rights of citizenship; and by the persistent imperilment of Black and brown lives and life chances in the US and abroad. For readers and scholars of William Faulkner, it seems fitting to turn to his writing. Few white American writers have, as has William Faulkner, reckoned with human frailty in the face of collective violence wrought by a society structured by white supremacy and antiblack racism. Few white American writers have, as has William Faulkner, deployed the literary to imagine how Americans might rend survivable futures from the world-historical crimes of racial slavery and its ongoing manifestations in Jim Crow segregation...

The Effects of Coding the Location of Individual Objects in a Normative Sample of Rorschach Data

The locations people use when constructing responses to the Rorschach task demonstrate their style of perceiving the environment. Current systems code location use into three mutually exclusive categories: use of the whole inkblot (W), common detail areas (D), and rare detail areas (Dd). The location of objects within multiobject W responses typically are never classified and those within D areas might or might not be, which could lead to a biased understanding of the visual structure embedded in the task. To better understand this structure, we systematically coded the location of all individual response objects in 145 normative protocols, finding some notable differences relative to conventional coding guidelines. Across cards, from 8% to 71% (M = 40.2%) of W responses had multiple subcomponent objects that typically are never tallied, and multiple unnumbered location areas are used more often than many specific numbered areas. To assess generalizability, we documented correspondence with location frequencies in 4,786 protocols gathered using Rorschach Performance Assessment System guidelines. The results contribute to an improved understanding of the visual structure built into the inkblot stimuli and a method for quantifying exhaustiveness, commonness, and atypicalness as independent dimensions. We discuss implications for coding and interpreting inkblot location use.

New method for characterization of retroreflective materials

The present article aims to propose a new method of analyzing the properties of retroreflective materials using a goniophotometer. The aim is to establish a higher resolution test method with a wide range of viewing angles, taking into account a three-dimensional analysis of the retroreflection of the tested material. The validation was performed by collecting data from specimens collected from materials used in safety clothing and road signs. The approach showed that the results obtained by the proposed method are comparable to the results obtained by the normative protocols, representing an evolution for the metrology of these materials.

Efficient and Agile Carrier Sense Multiple Access in Capillary Machine-to-Machine Communication Networks

This paper presents an intelligent collision avoidance mechanism within a carrier sense multiple access framework to instill efficiency and agility in random access performance in capillary machine-to-machine communication networks. Under a hierarchical infrastructure-based setting, a resourceful gateway/coordinator node serves as the conduit between the resource-limited end-nodes and the application/service level network nodes. The coordinator periodically executes the dynamic algorithm, which determines the appropriate backoff window size for the present estimated load, and the end-nodes are opportunistically updated with this window size. Based on key analytic properties derived from a stochastic model of the associated protocol, the intelligent collision avoidance mechanism is shown to be efficient in aggregate throughput, equitable among the nodes regarding packet service times and energy efficiency, and agile in responding to intermittent node activity and traffic elasticity/burstiness. Numerical results show that the intelligent collision avoidance mechanism significantly outperforms the usually deployed binary exponential backoff in most of the settings, while matching a normative protocol fair closely.

To be unworthy of national stage. Women’s disobedience as performative practices

On August 5, 2015, two dramatizations were played the public space a small Croatiancity. The scene for the first them was the stage Rijeka, where five women ofdifferent nationalities presented their private stories. Second, its climax had at the door ofthe theatre, and members veteran and war volunteer associations, and supporters theArmada football club played the main roles. The twentieth anniversary Operation „Storm”seems to be a meaningful example the way which the processes and acts itscommemoration took place public space: at the and streets the city. Thesituation commemoration launched the processes and practices which socialperformance became at the same time a creative act that expressed opposition as well asaction supporting normative protocols and structures power. Social dramatizations inRijeka, both and in front of the theatre, show that is a very important type ofpublic space, which not only exists as a specific place communication, but it also has astatus conceptual subject with a particular history and separate semantic dimensions. Inorder to understand the entitled disobedience”, it is necessary to deal with several essentialissues, such as: performance resistance and obedience, categories theatre and“experts” everyday life; public space and the right to it; memory and “counter-memory”and relationship between performance and archive. Key words: women, public space, “Second war”, national stage, performance, disobedience

Facebook Bras and #digitalharems: Fantasies of Mimesis and the Transgressions of Aliaa Elmahdy and Amina Sboui

This article presents a horizontal reading of Aliaa Elmahdy's and Amina Sboui's corporeal interventions alongside the efficacy of digital platforms in order to consider how algorithmic and normative protocols related to content filtering on social media amplify certain forms of political communication while prohibiting others. I argue that readings of Elmahdy's and Sboui's bodily politics through the lens of liberal feminism rely on what I call discourses of mimetic networking, where particular mediated events become reterritorialized as part of an archival knowledge of ‘Arabness’. This is done through the organization of data via hashtagging and content moderation, and through rhetorics of techno-optimism that mirror ‘first contact’ narratives which gender, racialize, and flatten complex and fluid engagements with new media in non-US/European contexts. The article concludes with a consideration of how the persistence of their corporeality relays with both normative and programmatic parameters online to make alternative visions of communication possible.

Building Norms-Adaptable Agents from Potential Norms Detection Technique (PNDT)

This paper presents a contribution to research on norms detection by proposing a technique, which is called the Potential Norms Detection Technique (PNDT). The literature proposes that an agent changes or updates its norms based on the variables of the local environment and the amount of thinking about its behaviour. Consequently, any changes on these two variables cause the agent to use the PNDT to update the norms in complying with the domain’s normative protocol. This technique enables an agent to update its norms even in the absence of sanctions from a third-party enforcement authority as found in some work, which entail sanctions by a third-party to detect and identify the norms. The PNDT consists of five components: agent’s belief base; observation process; Potential Norms Mining Algorithm (PNMA) to detect the potential norms and identify the normative protocol; verification process, which verifies the detected potential norms; and updating process, which updates the agent’s belief base with new normative protocol. The authors then demonstrate the operation of the algorithm by testing it on a typical scenario and analyse the results on several issues.

Inter-laboratory evaluation of the ISO standard 11063 “Soil quality — Method to directly extract DNA from soil samples”

Extracting DNA directly from micro-organisms living in soil is a crucial step for the molecular analysis of soil microbial communities. However, the use of a plethora of different soil DNA extraction protocols, each with its own bias, makes accurate data comparison difficult. To overcome this problem, a method for soil DNA extraction was proposed to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 2006. This method was evaluated by 13 independent European laboratories actively participating in national and international ring tests. The reproducibility of the standardized method for molecular analyses was evaluated by comparing the amount of DNA extracted, as well as the abundance and genetic structure of the total bacterial community in the DNA extracted from 12 different soils by the 13 laboratories. High quality DNA was successfully extracted from all 12 soils, despite different physical and chemical characteristics and a range of origins from arable soils, through forests to industrial sites. Quantification of the 16S rRNA gene abundances by real time PCR and analysis of the total bacterial community structure by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (A-RISA) showed acceptable to good levels of reproducibility. Based on the results of both ring-tests, the method was unanimously approved by the ISO as an international standard method and the normative protocol will now be disseminated within the scientific community. Standardization of a soil DNA extraction method will improve data comparison, facilitating our understanding of soil microbial diversity and soil quality monitoring.

Individualism within conformity

Islamicate societies produced an abundance of texts laying down Adab or rules for correct/ideal behaviour in professional and personal life. That literature, avidly read and invoked in South Asia too, gives one an impression that conformity must have been the rule. One must then ask: were there any efforts to not conform, and be more individualistic? And if there were, how did the society at large respond? This article traces a brief history of one form of acceptable individualism called waz’dari, which was for a while in the nineteenth century a notable feature of the Islamicate elite society at Delhi and Lucknow, and is still considered a cherished value by many. From it we learn that minor breaches in the observance of normative protocols were not only considered acceptable but were in fact admired if they were committed with elaborate consistency, instead of randomly or at whim. In other words, ‘consistency in non-conformity’ was also a cherished value for the civilised men of Delhi and Lucknow, though it may not have been an ideal for all. In fact, for some, it was seen as an obstacle in the path of the same elite’s progress.

Inibição da lactação: (re) visitando a literatura

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, cujo objetivo é identificar o conhecimento que vem sendo produzido e veiculado em periódicos brasileiros e estrangeiros, acerca do tema inibição da lactação. Foi realizada uma busca detalhada na literatura, a partir das bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO, assim como a busca direta aos principais periódicos de enfermagem, durante o período de 1995 a 2008, e em alguns livros-texto. Os descritores utilizados foram: transtorno da lactação e desmame; selecionou-se 10 artigos sendo posteriormente catalogados e submetidos à categorização. Além disso, pesquisou-se referências específicas e revisitou-se as recomendações atuais da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e do Ministério da Saúde (MS), que incluíram normas técnicas. Após análise dos artigos, foram extraídas quatro categorias sobre a temática: indicações maternas para inibição da lactação, indicações neonatais para a inibição da lactação, métodos farmacológicos e não farmacológicos da inibição da lactação. Os resultados levam à conclusão de que apesar das técnicas e indicações da inibição da lactação serem relevantes para o cuidado de enfermagem às nutrizes e recém-nascidos, existe uma lacuna nas produções científicas acerca do tema e controvérsias entre os protocolos normativos adotados.

Introduction: Claudia Tate and the Protocols of Black Literature and Scholarship

A brilliant scholar of American, women's, and African American literature, Claudia Tate (1946-2002) succumbed to small cell lung cancer in Fair Haven, New Jersey, on 29 July 2002. She was fifty-five years old and in the midst of a new research project. Claudia Tate always exceeded the normative protocols, as she termed them, of literature, scholarship, and race. Against prevailing assumptions that prized only writing in the political protest vein, she insisted that the work of nineteenth- and twentieth-century black women writers was important and fully worthy of the sustained, thoughtful, Freudian criticism she provided. Tate's iconoclasm immeasurably enriched criticism of African American authors, especially, but not exclusively women. Tate's legacies are several: to her scholarly field, a far more capacious literary criticism; to her students and colleagues, friendship and professional advancement; to her family and friends, an unforgettable personality and the warmth of permanent commitment. Claudia Tate was born in Long Branch, on the New Jersey shore, on 14 December 1946. Her parents, an engineer and a mathematician, had received their degrees from North Carolina Central University in Durham. They came to Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, during World War II, where Harold Tate served as an engineer in the Army and Mary Austin Tate was a mathematician at the U.S. Department of Defense. Harold and Mary Austin Tate endowed their children with a love of higher learning as well as a tie to the South. Throughout Claudia's life, her mother continued in mathematics, and her parents maintained homes in both New Jersey and North Carolina. Claudia Tate pre-deceased her parents. Harold and Mary Austin Tate's intellectual self-assurance surely encouraged Claudia's original, fearless thought and scholarly excellence, which showed from the very beginning. Claudia was an honor student at Rumson-Fair Haven Regional High School and went directly to college. In 1968 she received her bachelor's degree in English and American Literature from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. As one of a small handful of black women entering the graduate program in the Harvard English Department in 1969, she joined a pioneering cohort of scholars at Harvard who laid the groundwork for the field of African American studies. In English they included Nellie Y. McKay, Amold Rampersad, Cheryl Wall. Tate received a Ph.D. in English and American literature and language from Harvard University in 1977. She taught in Howard University's English Department for twelve years before joining George Washington University in 1989. She had been a professor at Princeton since January 1997. Claudia Tate realized early on that her class background surprised many Americans, who assumed that all African Americans come from poor families lacking formal education. Her middle-class origins may well have influenced her scholarly interest in black cultural production beyond the predictable. She was known for the power of her unexpected approaches to black literature. Venturing off beaten paths of scholarship, she turned a piercing gaze on non-canonical writers and themes. The persuasive employment of a methodology rarely encountered in African American literary criticism became the hallmark of her thought. From the very beginning of her scholarly career, Claudia Tate thought in innovative ways. Her first book took seriously the work of black women writers at a time when such writers had not yet received sustained scholarly attention. Her mid-career work specialized in psychoanalytic literary criticism and cultural studies. In addition, she had retrained herself in visual criticism and film studies for the book she was working on at the time of her death. At every point, she questioned the verities of American and African American literary criticism. She transcended what she called the racial protocols that made black women's thought invisible and decreed political struggle against whiteness the only theme worth investigation. …

Normative predicates of next-generation management support systems

Popular literature on the design of management systems is dominated by those arguing the case for decision support system (DSS). The DSS approach is notable chiefly for its promise to accommodate information technology to the interests of particular organisations and ultimately to the preferences of individual decisionmakers. The problems with this approach, as well as the need for an alternative design methodology, the normative protocol, are discussed. This is distinct from the DSS platform in three major respects: (1) its employment of `structured' as opposed to casual design procedures; (2) its emphasis on universalistic as opposed to locally defined system requirements; and (3) its adoption of a compensatory (viz. accommodative) posture towards clients, such that decisionmaking procedures are made consistent with rationality criteria derived from modern management and decision science.

幼児はいかに物語を創るか?

The purpose of this research was to examine young children's psychological prosess during production stories.At first, two goals were studied in experiment I: the first goal was to find out what effects a story from the daily life or a fancy story, might have on the performance of story production ; the second goal was to clarify developmental changes in children's storyproduction. Eighty 4-year-old and 5-year -old children were divided into 2 homogeneous groups (20 Ss each) at each age level, and assigned to one of two conditions: i. e. a daily life story or a fancy story. Each child heard twice a story providing the information of settings and protagonist's goals, and was asked to complete the story. In order to collect adults' normative protocols, 185 college students were assigned to one of the two conditions randomly. Each story protocol was analyzed in terms of (1) the number of idea units,(2) the coherent connections between episodic chunks, and (3) the story structure according to the narrative categories (exposition, complication, or resolution) developed by Kintsch (1977).The main findings were as follows: First, in terms of consistence and coherence of the story structure, the performance of 4-year-old children were much poorer than 5-year-old children under a fancy story condition. Thus, the facility of production of stories seemed to depend on the function of available world and procedural knowledge acquired through experiences. Second, adults protocols of daily life stories were put into five types of story structures, and the fancy stories were divided into eight types. All types were identified in children's protocols and closely matched the adults data. But there were significant differences between children and adults, i. e. adults often produced complete structures made of more complex and elaborated episodes than children. These suggest that first, children have some foundamental logical structures from early childhood; second, the facility with which individuals can choose and use their knowledge on the world and itsprocess may increase the progress.Next, the two points were investigated in experiment II; the first point was to clarify how children organize stories, i. e. what strategies they use in story construction; the second point was to confirm the results of the experiment I. One hundred and twenty 4-year-old and 5-year-old children were divided into 3 homogeneous groups (20 Ss each) at each age level, and assigned to one of three conditions; H gr.(was presented ten sentences with a fancy story beginning and a happy endingsentence), U gr.(was presented the ten sentences and an unhappy endingsentence), and C gr.(was presented the ten sentencesonly). The task of H and U conditions was to complete the story byconnecting the beginning and the end, and that of C condition was to be the same as experiment I.The main results were as follows: First, 5-yearold children could complete coherent stories in any conditions, but 4-year-old children could not generate coherent stories under H and U conditions. This result was interpreted in terms of the development of planning competence in story construction, i. e. this suggests that 5-year-old children can use either global plot plan strategies or local plan (what-next) strategies, but 4-year-old cannot use plot plan strategies. Second, exclusive of uncodable protocols of 4-year-old, and other protocols were identified with eight types of story structures. This confirmed the second finding of experiment I.