Normative Legal Framework Research Articles

Ukrainians Abroad in the System of Ukraine’s Public Diplomacy

This article explores the application of public diplomacy tools in light of new challenges and threats, and substantiates the role of Ukrainians abroad (Ukrainians residing beyond the borders of the State) as one of its key actors. It analyzes fundamental state documents related to the development of public diplomacy. The article outlines the main objectives, mechanisms, and tools of the current model of Ukraine's public diplomacy. It concludes that the normative-legal framework needs adaptation to modern challenges and threats, and state documents require appropriate changes and additions. Based on recent international rankings, the article highlights the primary challenges Ukraine is facing today and discusses how the foreign Ukrainian community can contribute to addressing them. It outlines the critical areas where Ukrainians living abroad can engage in public diplomacy. The article concludes that the full-scale Russian invasion necessitates a shift in the priorities of public diplomacy from branding to political advocacy. The advocacy activities of Ukrainian organizations abroad, particularly those established after the full-scale Russian invasion, are analyzed. The article stresses the significance of unity and solidarity among all waves of the Ukrainian diaspora and the Ukrainians abroad as a whole, especially the newly arrived, predominantly young and highly educated Ukrainians who quickly integrate into the societies of their host countries and can subsequently actively promote Ukrainian interests at various levels. The article emphasizes that Ukrainians abroad have the potential to become a key actor in the implementation of Ukraine's public diplomacy and proposes specific mechanisms and measures of state policy in this direction.

Historical and Legal Aspects of the Use of Land Plots for Horticulture

The article focuses on the peculiarities of legislative support for the establishment and development of land plots for horticulture within a historical context. Given that the current legal regulation of land use in the field of horticulture significantly differs from that which existed before the start of land reform in Ukraine, the article analyses the normative-legal framework that has laid the groundwork for the initiation of this type of land use. As a result of the analysis, the role of gardening and viticulture societies is characterized, which were users of land for collective gardening and viticulture even during Soviet times. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR of 1970 enshrined only the collective organizational and legal form of gardening (viticulture) and contained provisions according to which the lands occupied by collective gardens are in permanent use by gardening (viticulture) societies.Land plots were allocated to them from reserve lands, the state forest fund, and vacant lands within populated areas. Membership in the society was limited to citizens who did not own private plots or gardens. The activities of each society as a legal entity were regulated by the society’s charter, which was registered in accordance with established procedures. On the land plots designated for collective gardening (viticulture), members of the society were to establish orchards and vineyards on a collective basis and carry out the construction of summer­type garden buildings. Special attention in the article is given to the analysis of social relations that are formed in the field of gardening, which have undergone significant changes due to the initiation of land reform, as well as the adoption of the Land Code of the Ukrainian SSR in 1990 and its new edition in 1992. The article also analyzes the provisions of the current Land Code of Ukraine that regulate the mechanism for transferring land of general use into private ownership of legal entities of gardening societies. It examines, in a comparative aspect, the legal regime of land of general use and other categories of land in Ukraine.

Beyond international water law – unconventional approaches to conventional foundations in times of global crises

This article argues that there is a large gap between the aspirations of international water law and the management of transboundary rivers and lakes necessary to address the existential challenges that have arisen in the twenty-first century. In addition to this gap in practice, these include climate destruction, the holistic view of river basins which includes environmental values and social justice, a more sceptical view of large dams and diversions, and the collapse of the post-World War II idea of a global community of shared values. Thus, international water law requires a transformative change to meet these challenges. New treaties and conventions are not needed. Instead, we need to move beyond traditional international water law. We call for innovation in three main areas: (1) the prevailing approach to this area of international law should be reconceptualised to more fully embrace global issues in ways that enhance community-building approach broadly anchored in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); (2) the normative legal framework, especially procedural obligations, needs to be enhanced, in part through a more invigorated rule of due diligence; and (3) the current regulatory silos that apply to water law need to be better integrated across the layers of international/national law to better represent and to protect the communities of the watershed across the basin.

Legal Framework of State Formation in Lithuania: A Historical Comparison Pre- and Post-EU Integration

The accession of new countries to the European Union (EU) in May 2004 marked a qualitatively new stage in the integration processes both in Europe and worldwide. Analysing the positive and negative phenomena accompanying the enlargement of the EU is significant for countries considering or potentially joining the EU in the future. This analysis is crucial when forming long-term economic policies and deciding their integration directions. The experience of the Republic of Lithuania in studying the impact of external political situations on the processes of integration into the European community is seen as illustrative for Ukraine due to shared initial characteristics and historical proximity between the states. The article analyses the features of Lithuania’s integration into the European community. A significant normative and systemic gap between the periods studied in the context of the legislative field is demonstrated. The study aims to analyse the dynamics of the normative-legal framework in developing European integration and state-building processes in Lithuania from 1990 to 2021. The research identifies which countries had the most significant influence on the state-building process in Lithuania after 1990 during the establishment and development of democratisation. Fundamental concepts of state-building in Lithuania during the studied period and the corresponding normative-legal framework of the process are highlighted. It is established that Lithuania’s accession, despite a solid societal push for integration into the Western political and economic culture, had several distinctive features related to constitutional institutions, significantly impacting the resolution of issues between the government and EU institutions.

On the implementation and functioning of the «Barnahus»

The aim of the work is to study and analyze the Barnahus model through the prism of European experience and the legal system of Ukraine. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, since the genesis of the «Barnachus» model was revealed with its help. From the standpoint of the value approach, legal ideas, the normative legal framework and law enforcement practice were investigated. The work uses such general scientific methods as: system analysis, ascent from the general to the specific, analogy, generalization, comparison, as well as the principle of historicism, social and objective approach, which contributed to the disclosure of the features of the «Barnachus» model as a whole and its components, in particular. Special-legal methods, such as comparative- legal, formal-dogmatic, sociological-legal, cultural-legal. Results. The article is devoted to the Barnahus model, which is currently an innovative model at the European level in the field of combating violence against children and child-friendly justice. Ukraine, striving to become a full-fledged member of the European Union, has undertaken a number of obligations, including to provide children with additional procedural guarantees during their interrogation (questioning) in criminal proceedings. The article examines and analyzes the Barnahus model through the prism of European experience and the legal system of Ukraine. The author analyzes the basic ideas of the Barnahus model; examines the peculiarities of the formation and development of the Barnahus model in the legal systems of Scandinavian countries; clarifies the European quality standards of the Barnahus model as a result of the PROMISE network; examines the organizational and legal framework for the implementation and functioning of the Barnahus model in Ukraine; analyzes the impact of national legislation on the functioning of the Barnahus model in Ukraine, revealing certain problematic aspects. Conclusion. It is established that the Barnahus model is a multidisciplinary program for child victims and child witnesses of violence or cruelty, organized in a child-friendly environment and under one roof to ensure effective protection, quick access to justice, and the provision of necessary services. It is proved that its main task is to cooperate «under one roof» of an interagency and interdisciplinary team involved in juvenile criminal justice for effective coordinated work (collecting evidence, providing services, creating a child-friendly environment, helping to return to their usual life, etc.) and achieving maximum interaction with child witnesses or child victims of violence or cruelty.

Digital Transformation of Tax Law Principles

Objective: to search for conceptual issues, features and prospects of development of tax law principles and tax obligation institute in the context of modern digitalization trends.Methods: the study is based on a set of general legal (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction) and special-legal (formal-legal, comparativelegal) methods of cognition.Results: the main features of tax law principles characterizing their digital development were defined, namely: the expansion of the list of such principles and the changes in their content, predominantly at the level of institutional principles of taxation. A conclusion is made that in the digital era the tax law principles retain their theoretical significance as the most important category of the relevant science. The author states that the digital transformation of the institutional principle of tax fulfillment independence takes place mainly in the following directions: firstly, the range of taxpayers is expanded, in respect of which the duty to calculate tax can be imposed on a tax authority; secondly, the mechanism of the tax obligation execution is changed, among other things, by increasing the tax obligations of state authorities and credit organizations.Scientific novelty: the paper assesses the approaches used in the scientific literature and normative-legal framework related to transformation of the taxation principles due to the intensive use of information and communication technologies in tax relations. The author also analyzed the digital transformation of the principles of tax obligation as one of the main tax-legal institutions.Practical significance: is due to the lagging pace of tax legislation development in the Russian Federation compared to the objective processes of creation and application of new information and communication technologies in tax relations and adjacent spheres. The main provisions and conclusions of the study can be used as a basis to improve the tax legislation, as they develop knowledge about new tax law institutions – professional income tax, tax monitoring, single tax payment, and automated simplified taxation system.

АВТОРСЬКЕ ПРАВО ШТУЧНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ШЛЯХИ ВИРІШЕННЯ

Artificial intelligence copyright is becoming a hot topic in the context of the rapid development of technologies and the spread of artificial intelligence systems. The scientific article is devoted to the study of important aspects of legal regulation ofintellectual property rights and authorship in relation to objects of creativity created by artificial intelligence. An analysis of the main modern scientific approaches to the solution of the question of the possibility of defining artificial intelligence as a new independent subject of law was carried out. The normative legal framework, judicial practice, as well as the main academic approaches to solving the specified problem are studied. Particular attention is paid to defining aspects of the history of the problem, as well as to a comparative analysis of foreign experience in solving related issues. The author offers possible solutions to the main legal problems related to copyright and related rights to objects created by artificial intelligence. On the basis of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion of the need to find an optimal legislative balance that will promote innovation and wide application of artificial intelligence technologies, and on the other hand, will ensure the support of fair competition and the protection of the intellectual rights of authors and inventors. The author defends the position that social challenges caused by the widespread use of artificial intelligence require a rethinking of the basic principles of intellectual property law, as a complex field of law, as well as in related fields, in particular: medical, administrative, criminal, etc. Given the growing role of artificial intelligence in various spheres of life, the article is important for professionals in the field of law, information technology and the wider academic community.

Проблемы и перспективы развития системы охраны всемирного наследия

The trends in the development of the system of protection of unique sites of global significance, created in accordance with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, are analyzed. The significant contribution of the considered legal and institutional mechanisms in the conservation of such sites and the need to strengthen them in the crisis of international relations are noted. The existing problems in the World Heritage protection system are analyzed on the example of the Declaration of principles to promote international solidarity and cooperation to preserve World Heritage, adopted in 2021 at the twenty-third session of the General Assembly of States Parties to the Convention. The persistent imbalance between cultural and natural heritage sites, which is also reflected in the text of the Declaration, is highlighted. A tendency to shift the focus on the selection and inscription processes is identified. There is a divergence between the provisions of the Convention and the practice of its application with regard to the role of the List. One of the serious problems threatening the sustainability of the World Heritage protection system is the systemic divergence between the positions of the World Heritage Committee and its Advisory Bodies. It is stated that there are shortcomings in the work of the Advisory Bodies of the Committee and the need to strengthen the quality of their scientific expertise. The necessity to create a comprehensive national normative-legal framework for the protection of World Natural Heritage in Russia is substantiated. On the example of Lake Baikal the necessity of preliminary scientific assessment of the consequences of changing the protection regime of World Heritage sites is shown. Based on the results of the study, proposals are formulated to improve the list of principles enshrined in the Declaration.

Certain problematic aspects of the criminalization of domestic violence

The article focuses on analyzing the normative legal framework and judicial practice in Ukraine concerning the criminalization of domestic violence, with a particular emphasis on the provisions of Article 1261 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code. The author thoroughly examines the historical context and international obligations, including the Istanbul Convention, which have prompted the reform of relevant legislation. The article assesses the importance of the legal qualification of economic violence, its role in the structure of domestic violence, and the specifics of its legal application. It highlights the problems of existing legislative norms, identifying shortcomings and contradictions that arise in their application. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of judicial practice, illustrating the variety of approaches to applying Article 1261 of the Ukrainian Criminal Code and determining the systematic nature of domestic violence. Special attention is given to the systematic nature of domestic violence as a key criterion in defining this crime, as well as its legal understanding and interpretation. The analysis of scientific literature and judicial practice allows stating that the systematic nature of domestic violence is characterized by two indicators: quantitative, meaning the multiplicity of periodically committed acts, and qualitative, meaning the interconnection and internal unity that form a certain line of behavior of the offender towards a specific victim or victims. Only with the presence of both quantitative and qualitative criteria can it be asserted that the violence is systematic. The article makes an important contribution to understanding the issues of domestic violence in Ukraine, highlighting both theoretical and practical aspects of this issue. The author provides substantiated recommendations for improving legislation, particularly through amendments to current norms, to adequately reflect the complexity and multifaceted nature of this social problem. The necessity of developing comprehensive strategies to counter domestic violence, including both legal and socio-educational aspects, is also emphasized.

Indicators of primary disability in children with mental disorders and autism in St. Petersburg and the Voronezh region

BACKGROUND: Mental disorders (including autism) in the Russian Federation rank first among all classes of diseases that form the primary disability in children. Analysis of the state and dynamics of the indicators of primary childhood disability due to this pathology, considering age-specific features, is the basis for further development of medical and social expertise, rehabilitation, and disability prevention.
 AIMS: To analyze the state and dynamics of indicators of primary childhood disability caused by mental disorders and autism in St. Petersburg and the Voronezh Oblast.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study enrolled children who were recognized to have a disability for the first time caused by mental disorders and autism in St. Petersburg and Voronezh Oblast for 2016–2021. Data sources included statistical collections of the Federal State Statistics Service and forms of state statistical reporting 7-D (sobes). The study is longitudinal and continuous. Analytical, documentary, data copying, statistical, and graphic research methods were employed.
 RESULTS: Indicators of primary childhood disability caused by mental disorders and autism are important criteria for the effectiveness of rehabilitation (habilitation) measures. The regional variability and growth of the number and level of IDD among the residents of the Russian Federation was revealed, reaching a maximum in St. Petersburg in 2021 (8.5 per 10 thousand pediatric population) and in the Voronezh region in 2019 (8.2 per 10 thousand pediatric population), which exceeded the all-Russian indicators. The level of autism-related primary childhood disability in 2016–2021 varied in the following ranges: from 0.5 to 0.7 in St. Petersburg (1.4-fold increase), from 2.4 to 1.2 in Voronezh Oblast (2-fold decrease), and from 1.4 to 2.0 per 10,000 children population (1.4-fold increase) in the Russian Federation. The results revealed the dependence of fluctuations in the rates of primary childhood disability caused by mental disorders and autism on changes in the normative legal framework for establishing disability.
 CONCLUSION: The data obtained on the regional peculiarities of the dynamics and state of primary childhood disability caused by mental disorders and autism in St. Petersburg and Voronezh Oblast should be used to develop priority directions of medical and social assistance for the prevention of primary childhood disability at the level of regional healthcare organizations.

Personal Data Protection in Private Sector Electronic Systems for Businesses: Indonesia vs. South Korea

This paper explores the various practices surrounding the legal framework for protecting personal data in the context of private electronic systems used by commercial companies. The research's main focus is the ambiguity of the goals of Indonesia's Electronic System providers and how they may adopt better practices to enhance data protection within Electronic System Providers, so this extensive examination also includes a thorough comparison of the personal data protection laws in South Korea and Indonesia. This investigation aims to carefully define, evaluate, and harmonize the two countries' unique legal systems. This study uses a normative legal research framework with a Teleological and Legal Protection approach as its research technique. Additionally, it uses the comparative law method to clarify, outline, and examine the specifics of the personal data protection laws that are now in force in Indonesia and South Korea. The results of this research go beyond identifying problems; they are expected to produce a thorough understanding of the complexities surrounding personal data security in the context of electronic commerce. These discoveries are well-positioned to be the foundation for upcoming regulatory improvements, eventually encouraging more potent and reliable data protection procedures in both nations.

GENDER EQUALITY IN UKRAINE: ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The development of gender legislation in Ukraine is taking place at a fairly fast pace. The achievement of equal rights and opportunities by women and men is defined among the obligations that Ukraine undertook before the European Community.The purpose of the research is to analyze the legislative principles underlying the problem of gender equality; describe the process of gender legislation; identify the problems of practical implementation of legislation on gender equality.The development of our society requires significant changes in ensuring equal opportunities for women and men in all spheres of life and legal consolidation and elementary legal implementation of gender human rights instruments of influence, development of a gender policy strategy and its implementation in Ukraine, active participation in this process by representatives of both sexes. The domestic normative legal framework on gender equality issues is exclusively descriptive and is not provided with real implementation steps, i.e. financial and organizational resources [2]. Civil society in Ukraine in modern conditions, unfortunately, is not a driving force that can change the gender situation in the country [2]. Therefore, the legislative consolidation of gender equality in the state can only be traced theoretically, and in real life practices it is difficult for women to achieve full equality on a level with men.Today, gender discrimination is increasing in connection with the war in Ukraine, the economic and social crisis, and the austerity measures taken by the Government of Ukraine to overcome it. Women and children make up two-thirds of the 1.6 million officially registered internally displaced persons.Thus, the process of developing gender legislation continues, the Government and executive bodies are taking all possible measures to ensure gender equality in Ukrainian society. A perspective for further research is the study of foreign experience regarding gender education in higher education institutions.

Analysing Risk-Based Approach in the Draft EU Artificial Intelligence Act

The article delves into the risk-based approach underpinning the draft EU ArtificialIntelligence Act. Anticipated to be approved by the end of 2023, this regulation ispoised to serve as a cornerstone in the European Union’s legal framework forgoverning the development and deployment of artificial intelligence systems (AIsystems). However, the ever-evolving technological landscape continues to presentnovel challenges to legislators, necessitating ongoing solutions that will span yearsto come. Moreover, the widespread proliferation of foundation models and generalpurpose AI systems over the past year underscores the need to refine the initialrisk-based approach concept. The study comprehensively examines the inherentissues within the risk-based approach, including the delineation of AI systemcategories, their classification according to the degree of risk to human rights, andthe establishment of optimal legal requirements for each subset of these systems.The research concludes that the construction of a more adaptable normative legalframework mandates differentiation of requirements based on risk levels, as well asacross all stages of an AI system’s lifecycle and levels of autonomy. The paper alsodelves into the challenges associated with extending the risk-oriented approach toencompass foundation models and general purpose AI systems, offering distinctanalyses for each.

Проблемы правового регулирования соискания учёной степени кандидата наук выпускниками адъюнктуры

Introduction. The issues of submitting materials to the dissertation council by adjuncture graduates are mostly in the so-called “gray” zone, that is, they are resolved in accordance with the already established practice, not being appropriately reflected in the normative legal framework. Unfortunately, the lack of the required regulation at any of its levels often leads either to the loss of promising future scientists, or to conflict between an applicant for a degree and an educational organization that trained future specialist. One of such issues is the maximum possible period during which a graduate can expect to receive an opinion from an educational (or scientific) organization on the basis of which his work was prepared. Currently, there is no answer either at the federal level or (very often) at the local level of legal regulation.In this regard, the latter is seen as the most promising way to solve the problem, which allows taking into account the specifics of various branches of science, as well as individual scientific specialties, and in some cases, perhaps, narrow areas of certain research.
 Purpose: Search for ways to solve the problems of legal regulation of seeking application for a Candidate of Sciences degree by adjuncture graduates.
 In the process of research, the following methods were used: formal logic, normative legal acts analysis, systemic, historical.
 Results: We believe that the solution to this problem through its regulation at the level of an educational or scientific organization is quite capable of ensuring the “transparency” of the prospects for applicants for Scientific degrees, while saving them from false illusions that often entail the abuse of their right.

Participatory democracy and Community police: social network as an expression of social capital

The objective of this work is to contribute to the debate on participatory democracy and the construction of public policies. It focuses on the institution of Community Police in the municipality of Palmas - TO and uses the theories of social capital as a theoretical analytical basis. This is a qualitative exploratory research that relied on documentary and bibliographic research and interviews with institutional stakeholders. In the data treatment it was used the content analysis supported by the MAXQDA Software. The results indicate: 1) a mismatch between the normative legal framework that establishes community policing as a participatory public policy and a corporate ethos that guides their actions. 2) The importance of the police officer in establishing bridges between the public security institution and the citizens of local communities is highlighted. 3) It is concluded that if there is no diffusion of social capital embedded in broad social relations that enable the formation of collaborative networks, public policy tends not to be effective.

Adequacy of Normative-Legal Framework for Engaging the Military Forces of the Republic of Serbia in Emergency Situations

Engagement of military forces of the Republic of Serbia is determined by the national legislation. The operationalisation of engagement of military forces of the Republic of Serbia is regulated in more detail by strategic-doctrinal documents of the National Security system and rules of use of the Serbian Armed Forces. However, engagement of military forces in peacetime (emergency situations) is specific, from the point of view of ambient conditions for use, i.e. dimensions of the operational environment in which military forces are used. Consequently, clearly defined procedures and methodologies for use of military forces are necessary, which nominally requires precise normative-legal determinants. The existence of adequate normative-legal determinants of engagement of military forces in emergency situations is a problem that is being researched in the paper. The solution to the problem, that is, the goal of the work, is achieved by applying the basic method used in the research is the method of content analysis. A special instrument-sheet for content analysis was constructed for its application. A total of 66 normative-legal documents were examined, which can be divided into four groups: laws; regulations; decrees and decisions; and assessments and instructions. The research, at the level of scientific description, led to the following results: the normative-legal framework of the Republic of Serbia enables the use of military forces in emergency situations; the existing legislation is not adequately regulated, so it is necessary to regulate the use of military forces more closely, with a focus on regulating connections and relations at different levels of coordination of entities and forces of disaster risk reduction and emergency management systems.

LEGAL APPROACHES TO THE INTRODUCTION OF ISLAMIC INVESTMENT FUNDS IN UZBEKISTAN

The article analyzes the possibilities of the normative legal framework for the organization of activities of Islamic investment funds in Uzbekistan and legal approaches in this regard. Although views on the need to use the opportunities of Islamic finance in Uzbekistan have existed for a long time, no progress has been observed in terms of legislation. The provision of Islamic finance services in the private sector is rapidly developing while the legislature is closely monitoring the processes. Today, according to the author, two different approaches have been formed in Uzbekistan regarding the formation of legislation related to Islamic finance. According to the first approach, new legislation on Islamic finance should be created. The second approach rejects the creation of new legislation and considers it sufficient to introduce amendments and additions to existing legislation. In the course of the analysis, the author studied the contents of both approaches more widely and expressed his opinion. In the concluding part of the article, the author put forward proposals on the establishment of Islamic investment funds and their legal regulation and improvement of national legislation.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF SOCIAL SERVICES

The purpose of the research - is a comprehensive study of the main directions of improvement of the normative legal framework in the field of social services. The methodology of the research - methods of research as analysis, synthesis, comparative analysis etc. were used during the research. The results of the research - it is proposed to combine numerous laws and other legislative acts that make up the normative legal framework in the field of social services into a single normative legal act - the Code of Social Services, to consider the issue of teaching a new legal subject - "Legal regulation of social work" to students studying social specialization. The practical importance of the research - it can make substantial contributions to the implementation of the "State Program for the Development of Social Services in the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2023-2026", approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated August 28, 2023. The originality and scientific novelty of the research - the need to combine numerous laws and other legislative acts in the field of legal regulation of social services into a single code was justified by scientific research methods for the first time, and its great practical importance and efficiency in the field of legal application was studied.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПІДГОТОВКИ ТА ВЕДЕННЯ СТАБІЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ ДІЙ ВІЙСЬКОВИМИ ФОРМУВАННЯМИ З ПРАВООХОРОННИМИ ФУНКЦІЯМИ КРАЇН ПІВНІЧНОАТЛАНТИЧНОГО АЛЬЯНСУ

The article explores the essence and content of the preparation and conduct of stabilization actions by military formations with law enforcement functions according to NATO standards. It discusses the activities of the NATO Centres of Excellence, substantiates the concepts, essence, and content of stabilization actions by the security forces of Ukraine. The NATO Advanced Civil-Military Interaction Training Center for Enhancing Qualifications in Law Enforcement Stabilization Actions serves as an international coordination and knowledge hub for the community of interests in the field of stabilization actions with law enforcement characteristics. Currently, the organization consists of the following structures specialized in the described activities: Carabinieri Corps of Italy, Czech Military Police, French Gendarmerie, Greek Army, Polish Military Gendarmerie, Romanian Gendarmerie, Spanish Civil Guard, Royal Netherlands Marechaussee, and Turkish Gendarmerie. The center examines the concept of stabilization actions with law enforcement characteristics applied by NATO member countries in unstable regions (states) in all types of conflicts, ranging from peacetime to high-intensity conflicts. The spectrum of conflicts encompasses four main types of campaigns in which stabilization actions are conducted. Typically, these actions occur both during the initial stages and throughout armed conflicts (combat operations), as well as after their conclusion. The article introduces the definition of law enforcement stabilization actions, which has not been previously reflected in the normative-legal framework of the security sector components of Ukraine. The implementation of a comprehensive set of law enforcement stabilization actions will play a crucial role in the post-war period during the restoration of constitutional order and territorial integrity of Ukraine, which have been affected by Russian occupation.

The right of blood: ‘ethnically’ selective citizenship policies in Europe

ABSTRACT This paper explores citizenship policies in Europe with the aim of testing the salience of the ethnic–civic binary distinction. The paper starts with an overview of the existing typologies of citizenship regimes, with a special emphasis on the civic–ethnic dichotomy. After a brief assessment of different types of selective acquisition policies in the EU, the paper discusses the emerging normative legal framework of citizenship attribution in Europe. The paper shows that the Europeanization of citizenship acquisition norms legitimizes, if not encourages, selectivity in the case of non-resident ethnic kin populations. It is also argued that due to the ambiguous international legal coding, preferential naturalization allows ethnonationalist governments to strengthen the symbolic claims of the titular national groups over the state. But quite paradoxically, these ethnically framed policies in practice often open up the possibility of the facilitated naturalization for individuals who can hardly be considered ‘co-ethnics’ in the thick sociocultural sense of the word. Therefore, ethnonationalist political projects that emphasize the importance the ‘right of blood’ may lead to the naturalization of individuals who have very weak cultural or linguistic ties to their putative ‘homelands’. Thus, ethnically framed citizenship policies may water down ethnic homogeneity rather than strengthening it.