Normative Factors Research Articles

Computer-Aided Dynamic Evolution Analysis of Roof Decoration Art in Northern Jiangsu Based on Low-Frequency Remote Sensing Image Technology

In the application of remote sensing image fusion based on wavelet packet, the wavelet packet frequency shifting algorithm used to adjust the frequency sequence of wavelet packet decomposition is introduced to solve the frequency aliasing phenomenon caused by interval sampling. The roofs of ancient residential buildings in northern Jiangsu have a unique art. Features: Discusses the roof decoration art of residential buildings in northern Jiangsu, aiming to provide some references for modern architecture. It shows that the roofs of residential buildings are deeply influenced by the land culture and marine culture, and have both normative, delicate and exaggerated factors. . The roof ridge of the folk houses embodies the uniqueness and rich connotation of Nantong culture, and we need to actively explore the beneficial elements in it. By examining the overall trend of international computer-assisted language testing research, high-yielding countries, authors, institutions and high-cited journals, research hotspots and high-innovation literature.

China’s Minimalist Global Military Posture: Great Power Lite?

ABSTRACT What explains the mismatch between China’s vast economic presence, significant diplomatic engagement around the world, and its miniscule global military posture? China’s global defense footprint – as measured by overseas deployments and basing – is extremely modest compared to that of many other great powers. While military activity and the construction of military installations in the Asia-Pacific have both expanded noticeably in recent decades, China appears far more reticent to project or station armed forces beyond its immediate neighborhood. Domestic normative factors can explain Chinese hesitancy to increase its global military posture while geostrategic factors can explain the elevated regional activity and clustering of new bases around China’s periphery.

Factors affecting rumor spreading of social network sites

The emergence of social network sites (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube etc.) has been playing an important role for modern people’s lives. The social network sites provide users online maintaining and expanding interpersonal space and opportunities. Many social network sites have been a platform to share the news and information with friends and family. The social network sites facilitate the information flow through user’s friend circle, so various information spreads quickly and so does rumor. This study adopts the theoretical perspective of an Elaboration Likelihood Model to identify the informative and normative factors that influence the credibility judgment of online rumors in social network sites context. Based on the 335 valid samples from the online questionnaire, statistical testing of research models using partial least squares. The results of this study are similar to the ELM claim that argument quality and source credibility have significant effects on rumor credibility. This indicates that rumor spreading of SNSs is based not only on the argument quality, but also on the source credibility. Moreover, compared with argument quality, the source credibility has a stronger impact on rumor credibility. This means that the degree to which the user needs source credibility plays a major key role to decide the rumor credibility. The study also suggests the possible importance of argument quality and source credibility of rumor. Specifically, we identified three components of argument quality and four components of source credibility.

Proximidade e competição: a diplomacia das vacinas no espaço atlântico

Vaccines have suddenly been incorporated into the foreign policy toolbox of global and regional powers. This article analysis the strategies of producers and recipients of vaccines in the Atlantic space. It concludes that Covid-19 has reinforced previous trends, regarding regional cooperation and global geopolitical competition. In that vein, the Atlantic space has been a laboratory of both cooperation and competition initiatives among vaccine producers and recipient countries. Although material interests have been a major driver in shaping preferences and strategies, this article suggests that symbolic and normative factors also contributed to the configuration of vaccine diplomacies of producers and recipients.

The Effects of Procedural Justice on Obligation to Obey, and Compliance among Incarcerated Offenders in South Africa

This study explores the impacts of procedural justice on incarcerated offenders’ obligation to obey, and compliance with correctional rules and procedures in selected South African correctional centers. The Tylerian process-based regulation model holds that compliance with legal authorities is contingent upon some normative and instrumental factors. While these factors have been considered to shape compliance among inmates in correctional centers in Western societies, there is a dearth of research on compliance behavior among incarcerated offenders in correctional centers in transitional African societies, including South Africa. A cross-sectional survey of participants from selected correctional centers in South Africa assessed the effect of procedural justice and other exogenous elements on inmates’ obligation to obey and comply with correctional rules and procedures. The findings indicate, among others, that inmates who assessed correctional officials as procedurally just or fair were more likely to obey and comply with correctional rules and procedures. The implications of the findings for the effective management of incarcerated offenders are discussed.

The Determinants of Helpful Hotel Reviews: A Social Influence Perspective

Online hotel reviews regarding specific experiences and the sensibility of hotel reviewers are important sources of information for consumers who want to book hotels in the future. However, since thousands of reviews are written for one hotel, it is practically impossible for customers to read all the reviews. To alleviate this problem, OTAs (online travel agencies) provide a helpful vote of reviews, helping customers to quickly find helpful reviews without much effort. Therefore, in this study, a ZINB (zero-inflated negative binomial regression) was performed to investigate factors that influence the helpfulness of hotel reviews using the social influence theory. As a result of the analysis, it was found that location, service, and value of the hotel, alongside normative influencing factors and the length of the review (including informational influencing factors), affect the helpfulness of the review regardless of the city. The results of this study are expected to help hotel managers to take remedial action on negative reviews and strengthen the promotion of positive reviews, potentially helping to increase customer satisfaction.

Employing a sort of “we” based VBN model to gauge Chinese tourists' intentions to support low-carbon tourism

Low-carbon tourism behaviors by tourists can directly reduce carbon emissions and resource consumption, providing an effective way to promote the high-quality development of tourism. Therefore, promoting low-carbon tourism behaviors among tourists has become a key concern in academia. Most existing studies have investigated the influence of tourists' cognitive, emotional and normative drivers of low-carbon tourism behavior from the perspective of tourists. However, the nature of tourism activities is social interaction, which can have a significant impact on tourists' low-carbon tourism behavior. Moreover, the study of Chinese tourists' low-carbon tourism behavior requires attention to the core elements of Chinese culture. Thus, there is an urgent need to study the low-carbon tourism behavior of tourists as it is embedded in social interactions and strongly influenced by the local Chinese culture. The sense of mianzi and the sense of group consistency are two key Chinese cultural norms that have self-regulatory (personal norms) and other-regulatory (social norms) effects on Chinese social interaction behaviors. This paper uses VBN (value-belief-norm) theory as the basic framework, incorporates two normative factors that reflect Chinese cultural characteristics, mianzi consciousness and group consistency consciousness, and modifies the general VBN model based on Chinese cultural characteristics to construct an integrated model to explain Chinese tourists' low-carbon tourism behavior. The results show that tourists' traditional values have a significant effect on their low-carbon tourism intention through beliefs and personal norms. In addition, we find that the more sensitive tourists' sense of mianzi (personal norms) is, the more significant the effect of perceived group consistency pressure (social norms) is on their low-carbon tourism behavior. This study integrates Chinese cultural normative factors and classical Western environmental behavior theoretical models to extend the study of the influence of Chinese cultural factors on Chinese tourists' low-carbon tourism behavior.

Moderating Effect of Collectivism on Chinese Consumers’ Intention to Adopt Electric Vehicles—An Adoption of VBN Framework

Vehicle electrification has been promoted as an effective way to tackle environmental issues and the energy crisis worldwide. Being the largest auto market, China witnessed a dramatic increase of sale volume and market share of electric vehicles recently, while the incentives kept decreasing. Normative factors have been found to effectively explain consumers’ intention to adopt electric vehicles, but the mechanism remains to be discovered. One of the culture’s orientations, namely collectivism, has been proved to have significant impact on consumption behaviors, but the influence of collectivism on intention to adopt electric vehicles in China needs further discussion. Based on 433 questionnaires collected from Chinese consumers, this study adopted the Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) framework and examined collectivism as a moderator variable on the relationship between personal norms and intention to adopt electric vehicles. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 27 and PLS-SEM (SmartPLS 3). The results show that the VBN framework successfully explains the intention to adopt electric vehicles of Chinese consumers, and collectivism has a significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between personal norms and intention to adopt electric vehicles. Insights and suggestions from theoretical and managerial perspectives on how to accelerate electric vehicle adoption are discussed for marketers, policymakers and industry practitioners.

Differentiated integration and role conceptions in multilateral security orders. A comparative study of France, Germany, Ireland and Romania

ABSTRACT An extensive size of literature has investigated the multifaceted dimensions of differentiated integration in Europe. Notwithstanding, we know little about the drivers and strategic underpinnings of differentiated integration in the high politics areas concerning national and international security, such as foreign policy, security and defence. What explains the variation in states’ foreign policy preferences of integration in multilateral security orders? In this article, we seek to explain this variation by putting forward a two-level argument. First, we claim that states adopt a genuine role player conception underpinned by a mixture of relative gains, absolute gains, and normative factors. Second, we propose a novel operational model to examine member states’ efforts for cooperation and integration in the security and defence domain based on their threat perceptions, level of ambitions, strategic partnerships, military spending, and troop deployments. To illustrate our argument, we employ a comparative case study design, examining four countries: Germany, France, Ireland and Romania. The article finds that the analysed countries play conspicuous roles in the Euro-Atlantic security order. France takes the role of an agile power-projector, Germany embraces the role of a global responsibility taker, Ireland plays the role of a peacekeeping neutral, and Romania of a small regional power.

Faculty’s barriers to mentoring freshmen within an interinstitutional context: applying the theory of planned behavior

ABSTRACT In order to investigate faculties’ barriers to mentoring freshmen within an interinstitutional (and possibly reluctant) context, a questionnaire survey (N = 390), based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, was conducted prior to the inception of a wide mentoring program involving nine Belgian higher education institutions. Stepwise multiple regressions pinpointed the predictors of faculty’s intention to participate in the program and their underlying beliefs. Results reveal that the obstacles commonly attributed to mentoring in the literature do not necessarily come out of this empirical approach and, conversely, that normative factors, underrepresented in research, can play an important role in resistance to or acceptance of mentoring. These findings contribute to a better knowledge of how likely freshmen instructors are to become involved in a mentoring program. It also has practical applications in helping to anticipate possible difficulties in implementing such a program. Lastly, the paper highlights practical implications for the Belgian consortium.

Greenery and Urban Form vs. Health of Residents: Evaluation of Modernist Housing in Lodz and Gdansk

Urban forms can have numerous direct and indirect effects on the health of residents. This article focuses on the relationship between health and urban form, in particular the role of green open spaces. The goal is to identify criteria for evaluating the impact of physical forms such as streets and open spaces, green infrastructure, and built structures on urban health. These criteria are then used to identify paths for the redevelopment of modernist housing estates with the aim of improving living conditions. This challenge remains particularly significant in Poland and Eastern Europe, where a large share of the urban population lives in modernist blocks of flats. First, we examine the modernist housing concept in Europe and Poland and the guiding principles for their development, including the role of green, open spaces. Then, we refer to several studies on urban health to identify normative factors that define the open space design conditions in modernist housing estates. We apply the typo-morphological approach with qualitative and quantitative assessment of building forms and forms of green open spaces to examine the structures of two modernist housing estates in Poland: Lodz and Gdansk. We evaluate their living conditions, especially the organisation of outdoor space, in terms of their impact on the health of residents. A comparison of the two housing estates reveals common factors defining the relationship between urban form and health.

Public preferences for governing AI technology: Comparative evidence

ABSTRACT Citizens’ attitudes concerning aspects of AI such as transparency, privacy, and discrimination have received considerable attention. However, it is an open question to what extent economic consequences affect preferences for public policies governing AI. When does the public demand imposing restrictions on – or even prohibiting – emerging AI technologies? Do average citizens’ preferences depend causally on normative and economic concerns or only on one of these causes? If both, how might economic risks and opportunities interact with assessments based on normative factors? And to what extent does the balance between the two kinds of concerns vary by context? I answer these questions using a comparative conjoint survey experiment conducted in Germany, the United Kingdom, India, Chile, and China. The data analysis suggests strong effects regarding AI systems’ economic and normative attributes. Moreover, I find considerable cross-country variation in normative preferences regarding the prohibition of AI systems vis-a-vis economic concerns.

Multilevel theorizing in health communication: Integrating the Risk Perception Attitude (RPA) framework and the Theory of Normative Social Behavior (TNSB).

Research testing the risk perception attitudes (RPA) framework has demonstrated that efficacy can moderate the effect of risk perceptions on behavior. This effect of efficacy has also been seen at the social-level through tests of the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB). We tested if efficacy could bridge normative factors at a social-level and risk perception at an individual-level. Data for this study come from the Reduction in Anemia through Normative Innovations (RANI) project's baseline survey in Odisha, India. We used hierarchical regressions to analyze interactions between predictors at various levels and efficacy to predict behavioral intention. Efficacy beliefs moderated the effect of injunctive norms (β = 0.07, p < 0.01), collective norms (β = 0.06, p < 0.01), and risk perception (β = 0.04, p < 0.01) on intentions. This study provides preliminary evidence for a multilevel theoretical framework.

Societal practices as predictors of sustainable outcomes: Evidence across 57 countries

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present evidence that cultural factors account for sustainability‐based outcomes at the national level. Instead of subjective and perception‐based measure of sustainable propensity of individuals as used in previous research, this paper uses the directly and objectively captured sustainability scores from the Environmental Performance Index report. The test sample is comprised of 57 countries. Bayesian regression modelling is adopted. One important theoretical contribution is that sustainable competitiveness may be conceptualised as a higher‐order concept consisting of two first‐order constructs, namely primary resources and derivative capabilities. Cultural determinants vary substantially in the way they are related to these two components. Four cultural characteristics are related to derivative capabilities, while none have any predictive relationship with respect to primary resources. Researchers may use the findings of this study to similarly model the normative or soft factors embedded in hard environmental performance metrics, in the future. Country clusters may exhibit variations and nuances which warrant further investigation.

Institutional isomorphism pressure and multinational corporations’ environmental and social performance

ABSTRACT The influence of institutional isomorphism pressure (IIP) on multinational corporations’ (MNCs) environmental and social responsibility has attracted considerable attention from academics. Therefore, this study uses data from MNCs on the 2019 Forbes Global 2000 list to investigate the relationship between IIP (coercive, normative, and mimetic) and MNCs’ environmental and social performance. Our results show that (1) IIP effectively enhances MNCs’ environmental and social performance; (2) compared with other institutional factors, the current coercive-related institutional factors (e.g. regulations) fail to promote environmental performance, and (3) normative related institutional factors (e.g. social norms) do not improve MNCs’ environmental performance in China and Japan. Our study reveals the relationship between IIP and MNCs’ environmental and social performance and provides a more comprehensive description approach of IIP measurement. Moreover, suggestions on enhancing MNCs’ environmental responsibility by strengthening IIP also provide policymakers and MNCs.

Diaspora, Delegitimisation, and Foreign Policy: Unpacking Brazil’s Vote for the “Zionism is Racism” United Nations Resolution

ABSTRACT This article analyses Brazil’s 1975 vote in favour of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, which equated Zionism with racism and racial discrimination. Historians and political scientists have investigated extensively the causes for this vote. However, all these analyses focus on Brazil’s relations with other state actors whilst ignoring the possibility that domestic factors, including Brazilian leaders’ attitudes towards Zionism, influenced the decision to support the anti-Zionist resolution. Drawing on archival materials from Brazil and Israel, the article introduces domestic and normative factors into the analysis of this controversial vote. It argues that Brazil’s desire to secure oil imports and financial investments from Arab countries, combined with its repudiation of diasporic allegiances, best explain its support for the resolution. Whilst the Brazilian dictatorship’s delegitimisation of diasporic loyalties was not the primary reason for the decision, it constituted an important element in the normative framework that enabled it.

Illicit drug use and male barroom aggression among members of the Australian construction industry: Associations with personality and masculinity factors.

IntroductionIllicit drug use has been found to increase the risks of male barroom aggression (MBA). Personality traits such as dispositional aggressiveness have been associated with illicit substance use and aggressive behaviour, along with social normative masculinity factors. The present study assessed the relationships between illicit drug use, key personality (trait aggression, impulsivity, narcissism) and masculinity (conformity to masculine norms, male honour) variables with physical MBA perpetration and victimisation among male Australian construction workers.MethodsA purposive, high‐risk sample of male construction workers aged 18–69 years (n = 476, M age = 25.90 years, SDage = 9.44) completed interviews at their place of work or training.ResultsParticipants reported high rates of both physical MBA perpetration (21%; n = 100) and victimisation (31.1%; n = 148) as well as any illicit drug use (33.61%; n = 160). Logistic regressions revealed the use of amphetamine‐type stimulants (methamphetamine, ecstasy) was associated with violence perpetration, even after accounting for high‐intensity drinking (HID) which was the strongest predictor of MBA involvement. Trait variables (Trait Physical aggressiveness, narcissism) and the masculine norm CMNI Violence were also risk factors for MBA perpetration while CMNI Playboy was protective against MBA.Discussion and ConclusionsThe use of amphetamine‐type stimulants is a risk‐factor for MBA perpetration, as are key personality traits such as aggressiveness and narcissism. Most aspects of masculinity, including male honour, were either unrelated to or protective against involvement in physical violence in bars, clubs or pubs.

Behavioral and normative beliefs that influence Mexican consumers to purchase packaged food in urban supermarkets

To identify the behavioral and normative believes factors that might have major influence on the decision to buy packaged foods in urban Mexican families. We performed a cross-sectional study in four urban cities of Mexico. Participants responded a self-administered questionnaire (n=3 340) outside of randomly selected supermarkets. A factor analysis was performed to identify what were the main behavioral and normative believes explaining consumers' decision when buying packaged foods. Three factors explained the behavioral beliefs: the quality assessment of packaged foods explained 61% of the variance, products that maintain weight explained 25%, and the emotional experience with foods explained 13%. Three factors explained the normative beliefs: expectations of chil-dren and partner explained 46% of the variance, expectations from the participants' closest friends 23%, and expectation from other family members explained 14%. Behavioral and normative beliefs related to assessing the qual-ity of foods and meeting family expectations respectively are the main beliefs factors affecting consumers' packaged food purchase decisions in urban consumers.

I (Don’t) want to consume counterfeit medicines: exploratory study on the antecedents of consumer attitudes toward counterfeit medicines

BackgroundSubstandard and falsified medicine (SFM) sales (an estimated > $200 billion) has become one of the worlds’ fastest growing criminal enterprises. It presents an enormous public health and safety challenge. While the developed world is not precluded from this challenge, studies focus on low-income countries. They emphasize supply chain processes, technological, and legal mechanisms, paying less attention to consumer judgment and decision-making aspects.MethodsWith attention to the demand side of the counterfeit medicines challenge, this survey of U.S. consumers (n = 427) sheds light on some of the social, psychological, and normative factors that underlie consumers’ attitudes, risk perceptions, and purchase intentions.ResultsConsumers who (a) self-report that they know about the problem, (b) are older, (c) view counterfeit medicine consumption as ethical, and (d) think their significant others would approve of them using such products are more inclined to perceive lower risks and have favorable purchase intentions. Risk averseness is also inversely related to the predicted outcomes.Perceived benefit of SFMs is a factor but has no effect when risk perception and aversion, attitudes, and subjective norms are factored into the model that predicts purchase intentions.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that consumer knowledge (albeit in an unexpected direction), people’s expectations about what will impress their significant others, their ethical judgments about selling and consuming counterfeits, and their risk-aversion are associated with their decision-making about counterfeit medicines. The study offers insights into a demand-side approach to addressing SFM consumption in the U.S. Implications for public health, consumer safety, and brand advocacy education are discussed.

Empowering the police during COVID-19: How do normative and instrumental factors impact public willingness to support expanded police powers?

This article seeks to test the police ‘empowerment hypothesis’ to better understand public support for police powers during the COVID-19 pandemic. To do so, we draw on Australian survey data to compare the efficacy of the instrumental and normative models of police empowerment to enforce social distancing regulations. We find that instrumental concerns about risk dominate participants’ willingness to empower the police during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, when it comes to what police can do to encourage police empowerment, procedural justice appears to be more important than police effectiveness, supporting the normative model. Our article adds to the limited but growing body of research that examines the correlates of police empowerment and the conditions under which members of the public are willing to grant police expanded powers.