Normative Evaluation Research Articles

Meta-analysis of SEA's effectiveness evaluation criteria: A comparison between the Chinese and international contexts.

By considering environmental factors in the earliest stage of decision-making, strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is seen as an important preventive measure to realize sustainable development. Despite a great expansion of SEA effectiveness research in the past 10 years, no study statistically reviews how frequently the evaluation criteria are adopted. The present meta-analysis considers 68 academic papers published from 2009 to 2019, with 41 articles relating to the international context and 27 relating to China. After ascertaining the number of times each criterion is mentioned, the adoption frequency is calculated and a comparison is made between the Chinese and international contexts. The result reveals that the criteria adopted in studies evaluating China's SEA largely accord with those used to evaluate international SEA. Both focus on procedural and contextual effectiveness. The distribution of substantive and normative effectiveness evaluation criteria is very similar. However, the significant differences lie in the criteria of assessment methods and communication, which are all of the drawbacks influencing SEA implementation in China. In addition, the problems of China's SEA pointed out by past scholars are statistically analyzed. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:997-1006. © 2021 SETAC.

Patients' Perceptions Toward Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction in Health Care: Experimental Study.

BackgroundIt is believed that artificial intelligence (AI) will be an integral part of health care services in the near future and will be incorporated into several aspects of clinical care such as prognosis, diagnostics, and care planning. Thus, many technology companies have invested in producing AI clinical applications. Patients are one of the most important beneficiaries who potentially interact with these technologies and applications; thus, patients’ perceptions may affect the widespread use of clinical AI. Patients should be ensured that AI clinical applications will not harm them, and that they will instead benefit from using AI technology for health care purposes. Although human-AI interaction can enhance health care outcomes, possible dimensions of concerns and risks should be addressed before its integration with routine clinical care.ObjectiveThe main objective of this study was to examine how potential users (patients) perceive the benefits, risks, and use of AI clinical applications for their health care purposes and how their perceptions may be different if faced with three health care service encounter scenarios.MethodsWe designed a 2×3 experiment that crossed a type of health condition (ie, acute or chronic) with three different types of clinical encounters between patients and physicians (ie, AI clinical applications as substituting technology, AI clinical applications as augmenting technology, and no AI as a traditional in-person visit). We used an online survey to collect data from 634 individuals in the United States.ResultsThe interactions between the types of health care service encounters and health conditions significantly influenced individuals’ perceptions of privacy concerns, trust issues, communication barriers, concerns about transparency in regulatory standards, liability risks, benefits, and intention to use across the six scenarios. We found no significant differences among scenarios regarding perceptions of performance risk and social biases.ConclusionsThe results imply that incompatibility with instrumental, technical, ethical, or regulatory values can be a reason for rejecting AI applications in health care. Thus, there are still various risks associated with implementing AI applications in diagnostics and treatment recommendations for patients with both acute and chronic illnesses. The concerns are also evident if the AI applications are used as a recommendation system under physician experience, wisdom, and control. Prior to the widespread rollout of AI, more studies are needed to identify the challenges that may raise concerns for implementing and using AI applications. This study could provide researchers and managers with critical insights into the determinants of individuals’ intention to use AI clinical applications. Regulatory agencies should establish normative standards and evaluation guidelines for implementing AI in health care in cooperation with health care institutions. Regular audits and ongoing monitoring and reporting systems can be used to continuously evaluate the safety, quality, transparency, and ethical factors of AI clinical applications.

Climate risk-informed decision analysis (CRIDA): ‘top-down’ vs ‘bottom-up’ decision making for planning water resources infrastructure

AbstractClimate risk-informed decision analysis (CRIDA) is a guidebook that lays out an evaluation framework and decision procedures to deal with climate uncertainties that are consistent with traditional agency water resources planning frameworks. CRIDA guidelines complement existing institutional guidance on recognizing circumstances when more complex risk-based climate analysis may be needed, above those required by standard planning procedures. The procedures are based on the concept of ‘decision-scaling’ judgments to qualitatively assess levels of future risk and analytical uncertainty stemming from climate change-related uncertainties, and as a guide for choosing specific analytical approaches and appropriate levels of analysis. CRIDA addresses how much detail is appropriate for a given problem setting, depending on infrastructure type and function, whether it is new design or rehabilitation of existing infrastructure, modular design or long-life infrastructure. CRIDA was structured to resolve the contentious issue of deciding under what circumstances a ‘top-down’ climate scenario-driven analysis ought to be conducted versus a more traditional ‘bottom-up’ vulnerability assessment, based on conventional agency project feasibility procedures. The procedures for such vulnerability assessments and planning procedures are well-represented in classical approaches, such as those included in the 1983 U.S. Water Resources Council's ‘Principles and Guidelines’. These commonly used procedures promote normative evaluation protocols and decision rules that generate alternative solutions which minimize risk-cost outcomes.

Multilevel Privacy Assurance Evaluation of Healthcare Metadata

Healthcare providers are legally bound to ensure the privacy preservation of healthcare metadata. Usually, privacy concerning research focuses on providing technical and inter-/intra-organizational solutions in a fragmented manner. In this wake, an overarching evaluation of the fundamental (technical, organizational, and third-party) privacy-preserving measures in healthcare metadata handling is missing. Thus, this research work provides a multilevel privacy assurance evaluation of privacy-preserving measures of the Dutch healthcare metadata landscape. The normative and empirical evaluation comprises the content analysis and process mining discovery and conformance checking techniques using real-world healthcare datasets. For clarity, we illustrate our evaluation findings using conceptual modeling frameworks, namely e3-value modeling and REA ontology. The conceptual modeling frameworks highlight the financial aspect of metadata share with a clear description of vital stakeholders, their mutual interactions, and respective exchange of information resources. The frameworks are further verified using experts’ opinions. Based on our empirical and normative evaluations, we provide the multilevel privacy assurance evaluation with a level of privacy increase and decrease. Furthermore, we verify that the privacy utility trade-off is crucial in shaping privacy increase/decrease because data utility in healthcare is vital for efficient, effective healthcare services and the financial facilitation of healthcare enterprises.

Development and use of gis database for tasks of normative monetary evaluation of land of settlements

The paper presents the results of research on the development of a GIS database for the tasks of normative monetary valuation of lands of settlements and highlights the applied aspects of its use on the example of Lychanka village, Dmytriv territorial community, Bucha district, Kyiv region. An algorithm for developing a GIS database for normative monetary valuation of settlement lands is presented. The presented estimation algorithm allows to carry out with high accuracy normative monetary estimation of settlements, to carry out its automated updating on a certain date, to receive necessary information on request, to carry out analytical operations and construction of specialized estimation maps. The development of the GIS database involved the implementation of two stages. At the first stage of formation of the initial land assessment base, the attribute table included data from the Public Cadastral Map of Ukraine on land plots within the settlement by the following items: cadastral number of land plot, area, form of ownership, purpose and functional use of land plot , the number of the cadastral zone in which each land is located, the number of the land assessment area of the settlement, the value of the base value of land, the value of the zonal coefficient (Km2), the coefficient characterizing the functional purpose of the land (Kf), information on the location (street name). The second stage involved the calculation of the value of the normative monetary valuation of each of the 1279 land plots and was performed using the built-in Arc Map function "Calculation of numerical values". After the development of the GIS database, the testing stage of the developed land assessment database was performed, which involved the use of various query execution, geospatial analysis, the use of buffering functions, topological overlay (intersection). As a result of the analysis, the following maps were constructed: "Influence of local factors on the distance of land from the center of the settlement", "Influence of local factors on the distance of land from highways", "Influence of local factors on the environmental situation", "Influence of local factors on security electricity", "Influence of local factors on the distance from paved roads", "Influence of local factors on the provision of centralized water supply", "Influence of local factors on the provision of centralized sewerage", "Influence of local factors on the provision of centralized gas supply", "Map plots according to the results of normative monetary assessment" , "Map of the establishment of buffer zones by the value of local coefficients" , "Map of coastal protection strips around water bodies with the allocation of zones of their intersection with land". Due to the application of special functions of geospatial analysis available in the GIS environment, examples of development of highly informative cartographic materials in the form of special pricing zoning of the territory of the settlement are shown. The expediency of the application of the GIS database for the tasks of monitoring the quality of land, compliance with their legal regime and the possibility of monitoring the implementation of fiscal obligations by landowners and users.

Interactive Justice in Transitional Justice: A Dynamic Framework

AbstractThis article develops a new dynamic framework for the normative evaluation of processes of transitional justice capable of integrating instrumental and noninstrumental justice‐based assessments grounded on concerns of “interactive justice.” Interactive justice is realized in or through institutional processes that treat people in ways appropriate to their status as institutional role occupants. Analyzing interactive justice in transitional justice is particularly important to pinpoint the distinct concerns of justice that might arise when employing a relational understanding of transitional justice. Our dynamic framework clarifies the distinct normative standards to meet when evaluating processes of transitional justice in virtue of the qualities of the relationship dynamics they themselves cause or constitute.

A Smart Ethics is an Ethics Committed to Close-Listening

"A ‘smart’ bioethics is an ethics that is able to recognize and address the real-life and context-embedded moral concerns of the people it intends to serve, whether those people are patients, relatives, healthcare professionals, researchers or policy-makers. Therefore, close-listening to what those people have to say, should be at the start of each bioethics-undertaking. In this presentation, I will explore how narrative approaches taken from the humanities and social sciences could help bioethicists in the 21st century to attune to and examine both the stories of others and the stories we create ourselves in medicine and bioethics. I will discuss why this is an essential first step before we embark on the normative task of bioethics, and how it entails a scrutinization of epistemological and meta-ethical positions. Following, I will use my own research project –an empirical-ethical exploration of physician-assisted dying in Dutch general practice– as an example of how narrative approaches used in empirical research, training of researchers and normative evaluation may change one’s perspective on a highly contested bioethical issue. Last, I will discuss the question whether concepts such as narrative humility and epistemic (in)justice could and should receive more attention in bioethics-training and-research. "

Ethical machine decisions and the input-selection problem

This article is about the role of factual uncertainty for moral decision-making as it concerns the ethics of machine decision-making (i.e., decisions by AI systems, such as autonomous vehicles, autonomous robots, or decision support systems). The view that is defended here is that factual uncertainties require a normative evaluation and that ethics of machine decision faces a triple-edged problem, which concerns what a machine ought to do, given its technical constraints, what decisional uncertainty is acceptable, and what trade-offs are acceptable to decrease the decisional uncertainty.

Civil Disobedience in Times of Pandemic: Clarifying Rights and Duties

This paper seeks to investigate and assess a particular form of relationship between the State and its citizens in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, namely that of obedience to the law and its related right of protest through civil disobedience. We do so by conducting an analysis and normative evaluation of two cases of disobedience to the law: (1) healthcare professionals refusing to attend work as a protest against unsafe working conditions, and (2) citizens who use public demonstration and deliberately ignore measures of social distancing as a way of protesting against lockdown. While different in many aspects, both are substantially similar with respect to one element: their respective protesters both rely on unlawful actions in order to bring change to a policy they consider unjust. We question the extent to which healthcare professionals may participate in civil disobedience with respect to the duty of care intrinsic to the medical profession, and the extent to which opponents of lockdown and confinement measures may reasonably engage in protests without endangering the lives and basic rights of non-dissenting citizens. Drawing on a contractualist normative framework, our analysis leads us to conclude that while both cases qualify as civil disobedience in the descriptive sense, only the case of healthcare professionals qualifies as morally justified civil disobedience.

Majority and popularity effects on norm formation in adolescence

Personal norms consist of individuals’ attitudes about the appropriateness of behaviour. These norms guide adolescents’ behaviour in countless domains that are fundamental for their social functioning and well-being. Peers are known to have a marked influence on adolescent risk-taking and prosocial behaviour, but little is known about how peers shape personal norms underlying those behaviours. Here we show that adolescents’ personal norms are decisively moulded by the norms of the majority and popular peers in their social network. Our experiment indicates that observing peer norms substantially impacts adolescents’ normative evaluation of risk-taking and prosocial behaviours. The majority norm had a stronger impact than the norm of a single popular peer, and norm adjustments were largest when adolescents observed strong disapproval of risk-taking or strong approval of prosocial behaviour. Our study suggests that learning about peer norms likely promotes adolescents to hold views and values supporting socially desirable behaviour.

Еволюція удосконалення нормативної грошової оцінки земель сільськогосподарського призначення

Мета. Мета статті – поглиблення концептуальних положень нормативної грошової оцінки земель сільськогосподарського призначення на основі аналізу методології економіки землекористування, закладеної в основу Методик нормативної грошової оцінки земель сільськогосподарського призначення (1995 р., 2016 р.), для більшої відповідності сучасному етапу агрогосподарювання в умовах формування ринкового обігу земель сільськогосподарського призначення.
 Методологія / методика / підхід. У статті на основі діалектичного методу пізнання використано методи: абстрактно-логічний – при систематизації публікацій, присвячених питанню використання та оцінки земель сільськогосподарського призначення; аналізу, синтезу, порівняння – при аналізі та порівнянні теоретико-методичних положень, покладених в основу офіційних Методик нормативної грошової оцінки земель сільськогосподарського призначення 1995 та 2016 років; метод узагальнення – при формуванні висновків; графічний метод – для візуалізації характеристик землі як триєдиного засобу виробництва; розрахунково-конструктивний – при розробці методичних підходів до визначення диференційного рентного доходу та нормативної грошової оцінки землі та розрахунку значення нормативної грошової оцінки орних земель кращої та гіршої якості для природно-кліматичної зони Лісостеп Сумської області. При написанні статті використовували наукові праці вітчизняних і закордонних вчених за період 1995–2020 рр., а також дані офіційних сайтів Державної служби України з питань геодезії, картографії та кадастру та Державної служби статистики України.
 Результати. Обґрунтовано концептуальні положення удосконалення методичних основ нормативної грошової оцінки земель сільськогосподарського призначення, що дають можливість системно та комплексно врахувати у вартісній оцінці землі її характеристики як засобу праці, предмету праці та просторового базису, зокрема запропоновано методичні підходи до визначення диференційного рентного доходу та нормативної грошової оцінки землі, які базуються на використанні набору культур і терміну ротації сівозміни. Розрахована в статті грошова оцінка земель орних земель кращої та гіршої якості для природно-кліматичної зони Лісостеп Сумської області з урахуванням запропонованих положень, значення якої більш повною мірою відповідає сучасному етапу агрогосподарювання в умовах формування ринкового обігу земель сільськогосподарського призначення.
 Оригінальність / наукова новизна. Запропоновано концептуальні положення удосконалення методичних основ нормативної грошової оцінки земель сільськогосподарського призначення, зокрема: використовувати набір культур науково обґрунтованої сівозміни для оцінки земель; здійснювати повторні оцінки земель після закінчення терміну ротації сівозміни й на підставі результатів оцінки застосовувати компенсаційні виплати за підвищення родючості або штрафи за погіршення родючості; запропоновано методичний підхід до визначення диференційного рентного доходу на основі порівняння нормативної урожайності та доходу від виробництва культур сівозміни на кращих і гірших за родючістю землях; запропоновано при визначенні абсолютної ренти враховувати не лише дані про витрати на орендну плату та підтримку державою сільського господарства, а й дані про потребу в коштах на фінансування землевпорядкувальних і землеохоронних робіт; окремою статтею виокремити кошти на підтримку галузі тваринництва, що сприятиме дотриманню сівозмін і збереженню родючості ґрунту.
 Практична цінність / значущість. На основі пропозицій щодо удосконалення нормативної грошової оцінки землі розраховано нормативну грошову оцінку орних земель для природно-кліматичної зони Лісостеп Сумської області, яка більш точно відповідає цінам на землю в західних країнах і може бути застосована в умовах функціонування ринкового обігу земель сільськогосподарського призначення.

Quantifying opioid use disorder Cascade of Care outcomes in an American Indian tribal nation in Minnesota

American Indian communities in Minnesota have been disproportionately impacted by the opioid use disorder (OUD) epidemic, which tribal communities have taken numerous steps to address. The Cascade of Care is a public health framework for measuring population-level OUD risk, treatment engagement, treatment retention, and recovery outcomes, which can help communities monitor the impact of responses to the OUD epidemic and identify where treatment- and recovery-related barriers and facilitators may exist. However, no studies have quantified the Cascade of Care stages within tribal communities and the extent to which these stages can be quantified using existing data sources is unknown. We utilized data from the Minnesota Drug and Alcohol Abuse Normative Evaluation System (DAANES) to quantify OUD Cascade of Care stages for an American Indian tribal nation in Minnesota and for the entire state. DAANES data indicated 269 individuals in the tribal community received treatment for opioid-related problems in 2018. Among them, an estimated 65–99 % initiated medications for OUD and an estimated 13–41 % were retained in treatment for at least 180 days. Existing state-level data can provide information about Cascade of Care stages for American Indian communities, particularly with regard to treatment admission, initiation of medications for OUD, and treatment retention. Additional data sources are needed to measure population-level OUD risk, recovery, and cultural and contextual factors that may impact treatment and recovery.

ФОРМУВАННЯ НОРМАТИВНОЇ ГРОШОВОЇ ОЦІНКИ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ВОДНОГО ФОНДУ ТА ЇЇ ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ

Introduction. Water occupies insignificant areas (4%) as part of the land fund of Ukraine, but water performs a very important ecological function and are used for economic and social needs. According to the State Agency of Water Resources of Ukraine, 17,860 ponds in Ukraine or 36% of their total number are leased. Therefore, it is important to determine the accuracy of the normative monetary evaluation of water bodies, which is the basis for determining the amount of rent and land tax, which will increase revenues to local budgets. The normative monetary evaluation of water fund lands is carried out in accordance with the Methodology of normative monetary evaluation of non-agricultural lands (except settlements) and the Procedure for normative monetary evaluation of non-agricultural lands (except settlements) and takes into account the metric characteristics of the land plots: (its area), rental income per unit area of the relevant category of land, capitalization period, coefficients that take into account the location, type of use and coefficient that takes into account the land belonging to the lands of environmental, health, recreational, historical and cultural purposes. The purpose of the article is to analyze the normative evaluation of water and its practical use providing recommendations for improving the regulatory monetary evaluation of land. The methodological basis of the study is a set of scientific methods such as logical, system-structural and others. Results. Calculations were made on the normative monetary evaluation of non-agricultural lands on the example of the land plot of the state-owned water fund with an area of 34.2077 h. Based on the analysis of calculations, recommendations are provided. Conclusions. Having considered the method of calculating the normative monetary evaluation of water fund lands on a specific land plot, the ways of its improvement were identified in order to take into account the characteristics of the water body and local factors of its location. It is propo-sed to determine the rental income in the following areas: use of the water body for industrial purposes; water supply of the population; use for fishery needs; electricity generation; use in agri-culture (irrigation, drainage and regulation of water-air regime of agricultural lands); recreational, medical and tourist purposes. Taking into account local factors when calculating the monetary evaluation of land will help to maximize the completeness of information about the object and provide the maximum amount of information to the future tenant. Key words: monetary evaluation, water fund lands, land evaluation, water.

Regulatory Responses to ‘Fake News’ and Freedom of Expression: Normative and Empirical Evaluation

Abstract National authorities have responded with different regulatory solutions in attempts to minimise the adverse impact of fake news and associated information disorder. This article reviews three different regulatory approaches that have emerged in recent years—information correction, content removal or blocking, and criminal sanctions—and critically evaluates their normative compliance with the applicable rules of international human rights law and their likely effectiveness based on an evidence-based psychological analysis. It identifies, albeit counter intuitively, criminal sanction as an effective regulatory response that can be justified when it is carefully tailored in a way that addresses legitimate interests to be protected.

Challenging infrastructural orthodoxies: Political and economic geographies of a Himalayan road

National and international development narratives frame Nepal’s Karnali region as synonymous with remoteness and food insecurity. These narratives often position food insecurity as a direct outcome of geographical remoteness associated with the lack of motorable road. Road building is thus presented as the solution to food insecurity. I challenge this orthodox narrative using the concept of “infrastructural orthodoxies”. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature on infrastructures and critical human geography scholarship on vulnerability, I argue that rather than resolving food insecurity, road increases vulnerability. This occurs in at least two ways: 1) through the proletarianization of wage workers and petty contractors in the road building market, and 2) through increasing dependence on cash and distant markets for the production and reproduction of local social lives. However, I neither suggest road building as inherently negative nor limit my discussion to the normative evaluation of the success or failure of road. Instead, I ask: what is it that these road projects are actually doing? This question helps turn our attention to the multivalent effects of road and illustrate why the orthodoxy is problematic. I thus present two unintended effects of road that exceed and are obscured by the orthodoxy: 1) road as key sites of electoral politics, and 2) road as vectors of new economic and labor geographies in the Himalayan borderlands. This paper contributes to the knowledge on the relationship between road and food (in)security, and to the interdisciplinary literature that view infrastructures as contingent and always in the process of becoming.

Lo nacional y lo global en el desempeño de los medios durante la infodemia sobre COVID-19

En el marco de la pandemia de la enfermedad COVID-19, organismos internacionales e investigadores denunciaron que la propagación de noticias “falsas” sobre la enfermedad y su combate tenía efectos epidémicos. Esto generó la propuesta de que las noticias y las redes de comunicación que proporcionan información sensible sobre la crisis sanitaria pudiesen considerarse como bienes públicos, con el objetivo de contrabalancear la denominada “infodemia”. En este artículo vamos a analizar críticamente esta propuesta, a partir de una evaluación normativa del rol de los medios de comunicación en el caso argentino, y realizando a tal efecto una encuesta de opinión pública sobre el desempeño de los medios y otros actores sociales durante la pandemia, cuyos resultados se presentan. En la conclusión se identifica una tensión entre las pretensiones de una información estandarizada global y las funciones de los medios en el marco nacional de las democracias, que se expresa tanto en el análisis conceptual como en las evaluaciones del público.

Necessary Suffering? - Investigating Existential Suffering in Youth through Everyday Experiences of Bad Conscience


 
 
 The purpose of this article is to develop an account of existential suffering in youth. According to recent studies, a growing amount of young Westerners has come to suffer from mental disorders, stress, and a general lack of well-being. It is suggested however that the massive concern for young people's mental health might risk contributing to an increased pathologization of all kinds of suffering in youth. In continuation hereof the article aims at disclosing a suffering that is not pathological in kind but quite the contrary clings to existence. Based on interviews with three Danish high school students, regarding their experiences of bad conscience in their everyday lives, it is revealed how they suffer from matters conceivable as normative implications of fundamental conditions of existence such as freedom, finitude and the Other. In the end, critical concerns are raised regarding the normative evaluation of existential suffering as a necessity. That is, should we not always be against suffering?
 
 

Adversarial argumentation and common ground in Aristotle’s Sophistical Refutations

In this paper I provide support for the view that at least some forms of adversariality in argumentation are legitimate. The support comes from Aristotle’s theory of illegitimate adversarial argumentation in dialectical contexts: his theory of eristic in his work On Sophistical Refutations. Here Aristotle develops non-epistemic standards for evaluating the legitimacy of dialectical procedures, standards which I propose can be understood in terms of the pragmatic notion of context as common ground. Put briefly, Aristotle makes the answerer’s meaning in giving assent in dialectical contexts the basis for further moves in the game of dialectic. Moves which subvert the answerer’s meaning or do not solicit the answerer’s consent are marked as eristic, i.e. adversarial in a problematic sense. I conclude with remarks on what Aristotle’s theory may teach us about how semantic features relate to the normative evaluation of argumentation.

“Commenting on your work is a waste of time only!”: An appraisal-based study of evaluative language in supervisory feedback

Research on supervisory feedback on master’s theses, especially attitudinal stances conveyed in such feedback, is thin on the ground. Students’ construal of their supervisors’ attitudes, however, can have a profound impact on their engagement with supervisory feedback. Drawing on the appraisal framework, which characterizes attitudinal meanings in terms of affect (i.e., emotional responses), judgement (i.e., normative evaluation of human behaviors) and appreciation (i.e., aesthetically-/socially-based evaluation of objects and products), this study examined Nepalese supervisors’ attitudinal stances communicated in written comments on master’s thesis drafts (n = 76) submitted by English-as-a-foreign-language students and oral feedback on proposal and thesis defences (n = 89). Quantitative analyses revealed that while instances of appreciation dominated in the supervisors’ use of evaluative language, judgements were also frequent, with affective responses trailing far behind. In both the oral feedback and written comments, significant disciplinary variations were observed for certain types of judgment and appreciation. These findings are discussed in terms of disciplinary culture and the potential impact of the attitudinal stances on students’ learning. Implications are derived for the productive framing of supervisory feedback to facilitate students’ feedback uptake.

НОРМАТИВНОЕ ОЦЕНИВАНИЕ В НАУЧНОМ ДИСКУРСЕ

This article is devoted to the statement of the normative evaluation principles in the field of professional communication. The aim of the study is to formulate the normative evaluation principles in the German-language scientific discourse from a cognitive point of view. The theoretical task of the work is to model the patterns of existence in the mind of human’s normative evaluation; the practical significance lies in the review of linguistic means used to objectify various aspects of normative evaluation in the field of professional communication. The materials of the research were the examples from scientific and popular science articles. The main research method is contextual analysis, which guides the transition of thought from parts to the general meaning; the authors used elements of definitional analysis and a modeling method allowing to reflect the sequence of cognitive operations in a visual form. A comprehensive analysis of the examples allowed formulating a number of normative evaluation principles. The fundamental logical operations determining the expression of knowledge about the norm are comparison and prediction of the result. The established degree of the evaluated object conformity to the norm predetermines a person’s schematized knowledge of the coincidence with it or deviation from it.