Normative Characteristics Research Articles

A Meta‐Analysis of Parent–Adolescent Conflict: Disagreement, Hostility, and Youth Maladjustment

Parent–adolescent conflict is a normative characteristic of adolescence. However, research findings have been inconsistent, and the relative contributions of specific dimensions of parent–adolescent conflict (disagreement and hostility) to youth maladjustment are unknown. This meta‐analysis synthesized the literature on parent–adolescent conflict and distinguished disagreement, hostility, and composite measures of disagreement and hostility. A multilevel model was utilized to analyze 401 effects from 52 studies. Results indicate that parent–adolescent conflict is positively associated with youth maladjustment. The strength of this association varied as a function of youth maladjustment dimensions but not conflict dimensions. The association between parent–adolescent conflict and youth maladjustment also varied by youth gender and by longitudinal versus cross‐sectional design. Results suggest that both disagreement and hostility in parent–adolescent relationships have negative effects on youth development.

Trinidad and Tobago National Standardization of the Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents

Given relevant cultural distinctions across nations, it is important to determine the dimensional structure and normative characteristics of psychological assessment devices in each focal population. This article examines the national standardization and validation of the Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents (ASCA) with a nationally representative sample of Trinidad and Tobago schoolchildren (N = 900). ASCA is a 156-item teacher rating scale that measures sociobehavioral adjustment. Results from exploratory and confirmatory analyses yielded the same Overactivity and Underactivity dimensions observed in international samples. The dimensions were scaled using IRT and Bayesian scoring, with scores evincing expected moderate to strong relationships with other teacher observations and weaker relationships with parent observations and reading achievement. Population performance trends are explored and implications are discussed.

Gender differences in body image and preferences for an ideal silhouette among Brazilian undergraduates

The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in the accuracy of body size estimation and body dissatisfaction among Brazilian undergraduates and their relationships with perceptions of the ideal body silhouettes that would be selected by same-gender and opposite-gender peers. A total of 159 undergraduates (79 males) from a public University in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, participated in the study. They completed a Figure Rating Scale and indicated the figure that best describes the size of their own body (actual), their desired body, the body they judged would be ideal to same-gender peers, and the body they judged would be ideal to opposite-gender peers. The results showed that women were less precise in estimating their actual size and more dissatisfied. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) that was selected as “current” by women was significantly higher than their desired and ideal BMIs, whereas the mean BMIs that were selected by men were practically the same. Men and women selected ideal silhouettes for their own gender that were the same as those that were selected as ideal by the opposite gender. The mean BMIs that were actually chosen by men and women as desired and ideal were closer to the upper end of normal weight and lower end of overweight, respectively. Such results contradict what has been assumed to be a normative characteristic of men and women in several countries, raising some doubts regarding the role of beliefs about judgments of the opposite gender in the development of body image disturbances.

ECG findings in competitive rowers: normative data and the prevalence of abnormalities using contemporary screening recommendations.

Background/aim The international governing body for competitive rowing recently mandated the inclusion of 12-lead ECG during preparticipation screening. We therefore sought to describe normative ECG characteristics and to examine the prevalence of abnormal ECG findings as defined by contemporary athlete ECG interpretation criteria among competitive rowers. Methods Competitive rowers (n=330, 56% male) underwent standard 12-lead ECG at the time of collegiate preparticipation screening. ECGs were analysed quantitatively to develop a sport-specific normative database and then for the presence of abnormalities in accordance with the 2010 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommendations and 2013 ‘Seattle Criteria.’ Results 94% of rowers had one or more training-related ECG patterns including sinus bradycardia (51%), sinus arrhythmia (55%), and incomplete right bundle branch block (42%). Males were more likely than females to have isolated voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (51% vs 8%, p Conclusions Training-related ECG patterns with several gender-based differences are common among competitive rowers. The diagnostic accuracy and down-stream clinical implications of ECG-inclusive preparticipation screening among rowers will be dictated by the choice and future refinement of ECG interpretation criteria.

Main concepts for three different discourse tasks in a large non-clinical sample

Background: Semi-spontaneous speech production tasks are commonly elicited to assess discourse ability. When knowledge of a topic, story, or event is shared, it is possible to gauge the informativeness of discourse by evaluating how accurately and completely an individual produces the concepts considered to be essential to the shared topic. This analysis, main concept analysis (MCA), quantifies the degree to which speakers are able to communicate the overall gist of an event. Though MCA is an easy-to-perform, informative, and reliable measure of discourse adequacy, its widespread adoption depends on the development of standardisation and normative reference. Given the large collection of control discourse transcripts available on the AphasiaBank database, it is possible to generate main concept lists based upon a large sample of control speakers and to characterise their performance to establish preliminary normative reference.Aims: The first aim of this study was to develop main concept checklists drawn from a control population for three semi-spontaneous discourse tasks included in the AphasiaBank protocol—a picture sequence narrative (Broken Window), storytelling (Cinderella), and a procedure (Peanut Butter and Jelly). The second aim was to report MCA results for control speakers to provide a normative reference and to stratify the normative information by age.Methods & Procedures: Ninety-two control transcripts, stratified into four age groups (20–39 years; 40–59 years; 60–79 years; 80+ years), were downloaded from the AphasiaBank database. Relevant concepts were identified, and those spoken by at least one-third of the control sample were considered to be main concepts. A multilevel coding system was used to determine the accuracy and completeness of the main concepts produced by control speakers.Outcomes & Results: Main concept checklists for three discourse tasks are provided. Descriptive statistics are reported and examined to assist readers with evaluation of the normative data. No differences between age groups were observed for the Broken Window narrative. For the remaining discourse tasks, the younger half of the sample generally performed differently than the older half of the sample. Additionally, the two younger age groups did not differ significantly from each other, nor did the two older groups.Conclusions: This study provides main concept checklists drawn from a large control sample. Normative information for main concept production is provided for three discourse tasks. The sample distribution is evaluated relative to the normal probability distribution and the sample composition is described, enabling readers to determine the adequacy of normative characteristics of the sample and also the fit between their patient or client and the normative sample. This study also provides information about main concept or event production for four age groups.

The Attention Economy Between Market Capturing and Commitment in the Polity

This article describes a participatory form of the attention economy, as opposed to another form, the market attention economy. The latter signifies an evolution of the market environment, characterized by an over-abundance of information at a cost that is quasi nil. In this context, attention becomes rare. The participatory attention economy accounts for the actors’ motives for engaging in social life, mainly through social media on the Internet, in a context where attention has become rare. Drawing on the work of pioneer authors who have studied the attention economy, I show that in its participatory form it can be described as a polity in the making, in the sense of Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thevenot. This means that it embodies a set of collective rules and a specific principle of justice governing behaviours in the polity. I describe the normative characteristics of this emerging polity and compare it to the market form of the attention economy. This enables me to shed light on three contemporary problems in economic sociology and public policy making.

A Study on the Legal Foundation and Normative Characteristics of Olympic Charter

A Study on the Legal Foundation and Normative Characteristics of Olympic Charter

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties; Een analyse van planningsbenaderingen in Vogelaarwijken

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties; Een analyse van planningsbenaderingen in Vogelaarwijken

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties; Een analyse van planningsbenaderingen in Vogelaarwijken

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties; Een analyse van planningsbenaderingen in Vogelaarwijken

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties; Een analyse van planningsbenaderingen in Vogelaarwijken

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties; Een analyse van planningsbenaderingen in Vogelaarwijken

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties; Een analyse van planningsbenaderingen in Vogelaarwijken

Gebiedsgericht Voorraadbeleid van Woningcorporaties; Een analyse van planningsbenaderingen in Vogelaarwijken

Doctrinal Expertise, Empirical Knowledge, and Causation Jurisprudence: On the Tentative Rationality of Doctrinal Development

The article offers an account of the ways in which the influx of empirical knowledge with scientific pedigree is controlled by the doctrinal structures of law, using the development of causation jurisprudence in the law of negligence (in the United Kingdom) as the focus of the analysis. It depicts the engagement with empirical knowledge as a learning process constrained by normative characteristics of the legal practice and considerations of professional competence. The doctrinal structures of causation jurisprudence are analysed in terms of a three-level engagement with the fact-norm distinction. The article argues that the discursive structures of doctrinal knowledge about law embody a pattern of rationality. And that pattern of rationality revolves around manifesting the dialectical relationship of normative and factual considerations in practical judgments. Legislative intervention in the common law must preserve that pattern of rationality.

The Metamorphosis of Normative Feminism in Pride and Prejudice as Descriptive Feminism in Beloved: Inevitable Path of a Woman

Jane Austen in Pride and Prejudice and Toni Morrison in Beloved view normative and descriptive feminism especially through the character analysis of Elizabeth and Sethe. Austen presents Elizabeth through the normative feminist view as a woman with the power to judge the situation, to make opinion and to take the decision according to her understanding and intelligence. In the male-oriented society, she establishes herself as an independent being and challenges the second-rate woman concept. On the other way, Toni Morrison views that Sethe moulded by normative feminist characteristics fells herself as a topic of descriptive feminist concept- woman of inherited identity who has to make herself weak and subordinate to man in every aspect. Having strong determination and capacity of getting freedom, her struggle to stand independently causes her isolation from the male-centred community which leads to her distract mentality and incapability to breathe in this society. This paper aims at presenting Elizabeth as an unequivocal voice and model of normative feminist view to exert woman as equally capable, qualified, respected and important being as man. The paper also aims at showing how Elizabeth with normative feminist quality in Pride and Prejudice has been transfigured as Sethe with descriptive feminism in Beloved, whose struggle to lead an independent self and to exercise her potentiality as woman self is hindered by male mechanism which is an inevitable path of a woman. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n13p425

Teaching games and sport for understanding

Over 30 years ago the original teaching games for understanding (TGfU) proposition was published in a special edition of the Bulletin of Physical Education (Bunker and Thorpe, 1982). In that time TGfU has attracted significant attention from a theoretical and pedagogical perspective as an improved approach to games and sport teaching in physical education (PE). It has been particularly championed as a superior alternative to what Kirk (2010) and Metzler (2011) described as a traditional method. Recently, however, one of the TGfU authors suggested that the TGfU premise needs to be revisited in order to explore and rethink its relevance so that pedagogy in PE again becomes a central and practical issue for PE (Almond, 2010), as it has not been as well accepted by PE teachers as it has by academics. In order to review and revisit TGfU and consider its relevance to games and sport teaching in PE this paper outlines two areas of the TGfU proposition: (1) the basis for the conceptualisation of TGfU; (2) advocacy of TGfU as nuanced versions. The empirical-scientific research surrounding TGfU and student learning in PE contexts is reviewed and analysed. This comprehensive review has not been undertaken before. The data-driven research will facilitate a consideration as to how TGfU practically assists the physical educator improve games and sport teaching. The review of the research literature highlighted the inconclusive nature of the TGfU proposition and brought to attention the disparity between researcher as theory generator and teacher practitioner as theory applier. If TGfU is to have improved relevance for teachers of PE more of an emphasis needs to be placed on the normative characteristics of pedagogy that drive this practice within curricula.

The role of technical progress, professionalization and Christian religion in occupational gender segregation: a cross-national analysis

Studies have linked cross-national variations in occupational gender segregation with various economic, social and normative characteristics of countries. This study contributes to the research on the role of normative or ‘cultural’ characteristics by examining the influence of the level of technical progress, professionalization and Christian religion on cross-national variations in occupational gender segregation. The analysis is based on a sample of 33 countries. Variations in gender distribution are assessed using a reliable measure of occupational segregation, marginal matching. The analysis uses recent survey data (collected between 2002 and 2006) and a differentiated occupational classification scheme at the ISCO-88 3-digit level. Controlling for other confounding influences, the study finds higher occupational segregation of sexes in countries with higher levels of technical progress and in countries where Catholicism or Protestantism is a dominant religion.

Doctrinal Devices, Legal Expertise and Empirical Knowledge: The Doctrinal Structures of Causation Jurisprudence

AbstractThe article offers an account of the ways in which the influx of empirical knowledge with scientific pedigree is controlled by the doctrinal structures of law, using the development of causation jurisprudence in the law of negligence (in the United Kingdom) as the focus of the analysis. It depicts the engagement with empirical knowledge as a learning process constrained by normative characteristics of the legal practice and considerations of professional competence. The doctrinal structures of causation jurisprudence are analysed in terms of a three-level engagement with the fact-norm distinction. The article argues that the discursive structures of doctrinal knowledge about law embody a pattern of rationality. And that pattern of rationality revolves around manifesting the dialectical relationship of normative and factual considerations in practical judgments. Legislative intervention in the common law must preserve that pattern of rationality.

Investigation of Inattentive Driving Estimation Method by Using Longitudinal and Lateral Driver Operational Models

Recently, a number of researches on detecting such inattentive driving have been carried out, and various detection methods have been proposed. In this paper, using driving data which can be measured with existing on-board vehicle sensors, the authors focus on headway distance (close following) behavior which relates to rear-end collision as well as the steering behavior which can be used to detect driver drowsiness. The emphasis of this study is that the inattentive driving can be potentially detected from the driving behavior deviated from the normative characteristics considering the transfer function from the environment to the driving operation. Therefore, intrusive measurement methods such as physiological measurement are not required. In addition, to detect the inattentive state by the criterion of the individual driver, the driver assistance system can be realized in the way that it can be adapted not only to various types of drivers, but also to the driver real-time driving state. In this study, the driver models are employed to estimate the normative driving. The driver models in car-following and in lane-keeping situations are constructed independently, and basically the constructed models are assumed to be the general dynamical system models. The driving data in the normative driving and in the inattentive driving were compared with these reference driver models. According to analysis results, this study exhibits the feasibility of the proposed method that it can detect the inattentive driving level by using the reference driver models. Language: en

The discount effect of non-normative physical characteristics on the price of lodging properties

This study suggests that lodging properties with tangible attributes enabling them to be easily converted are more liquid than those that are specific to a limited number of contracts, and thus benefit from a price premium. Grounded in the integration of research on transaction cost and real estate in the hospitality context, this paper investigates the effects of non-normative physical characteristics of lodging properties on their price discounts. The deviation from the normative physical characteristics of an asset is the operational measure of asset specificity. We estimate the standardized residuals resulting from a hedonic valuation model on 10,722 lodging transactions in the U.S. from 1980 to 2008 to develop our measurement of price discount. Results show that deviations from the norm on the three physical characteristics used are significant determinants of the price discounts and that the significance of the normative characteristics of lodging properties varies across segments.

Estimation of Driving Performance Level Using Longitudinal and Lateral Driver Models

This study proposes model-based driver performance level estimation method. Assuming that driver performance level in drowsiness driving state can be potentially detected from driving behavior deviated from driver's normative characteristics. The normative characteristics are estimated by employing driver models considering the transfer function from driving environment to driving operation. Therefore, the driver models are constructed using only driving data which can be measured with existing on-board vehicle sensors. In addition, to estimate the driver performance level by the criteria of the individual driver, the driver assistance system can be adapted not only to various types of drivers, but also to real-time driving performance level.