Normative Adjustment Research Articles

Suitability of a three-dimensional model to measure empathy and its relationship with social and normative adjustment in Spanish adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Objectives(1) To examine the psychometric properties of the Basic Empathy Scale (BES) with Spanish adolescents, comparing a two and a three-dimensional structure;(2) To analyse the relationship between the three-dimensional empathy...

Multidimensional Social Competence, Motivation, and Cyberbullying: A Cultural Approach With Colombian and Spanish Adolescents

International research on the risk and protective factors of cyberbullying focus on individual personality variables and the use of technological devices. However, it is necessary to examine in greater depth the interpersonal context as a factor that may influence cyberbullying and the possible differences between cultures. The objective of this article was to analyze the relationship of influence of two interpersonal variables, multidimensional social competence and social motivation, on cyberaggression and cybervictimization through a cultural study of Spain and Colombia, which will permit generalizing the influence of interpersonal variables on cyberbullying in different cultural settings. The sample consisted of 3,830 secondary school students (50.4% Colombian and 49.6% Spanish). Self-reporting measurement instruments validated with different European samples were used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed. A model of mutual influence revealing the inverse relationship of normative adjustment and the direct relationship of popularity goals in cyberaggression was obtained. Cybervictimization was explained by the direct influence of prosocial behaviors and avoidance goals and the inverse influence of perceived social efficacy, development goals, and social and normative adjustment. As conclusion, this study demonstrates the homogeneity of the Colombian and Spanish models and the important role that the face-to-face context plays in cyberbullying involvement. This article highlights and supports the design of cyberbullying prevention programs, which requires the inclusion of multidimensional social competence and social goals.

Pemenuhan Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara Indonesia: Studi Kasus Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional

Health is an important factor for every citizen and thus require collateral for its survival. The objective is to determine the normative regulation and its efforts to investigate the implementation and proper normative adjustment pattern to give recognition, security, and protection of the constitutional rights of Indonesian citizens accordance with the mandate of Article 28 H paragraph (1), paragraph (2), paragraph ( 3) and Article 34 paragraph (1) and (2) 1945. The method used is normative juridical statute approach. The results obtained are finding normative regulations governing the national health insurance in the national social security system implemented social security administering bodies associated with membership and health services that are not appropriate if adjusted against the constitutional rights of Indonesian citizens. The remedies that can be taken in the event of problems regarding the implementation of the program is not health insurance through the judicial institution namely the National Human Rights Commission and the Ombudsman as well as through the courts at the district court level to the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.

Multidimensionalidad de la competencia social: medición del constructo y su relación con los roles del bullying

The aims of this paper were two-fold: to validate the AMSC-Q (Adolescent Multidimensional Social Competence Questionnaire) and to examine the social competence of those involved in bullying. The representative sample was composed of 4047 Andalusian secondary school students (48.2% girls). Two measures were used: the AMSC-Q and the EBIPQ (European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire). The AMSC-Q measure yielding a 5-factor structure (prosocial behaviour, social adjustment, normative adjustment, cognitive reappraisal and social efficacy) and revealed adequate reliability and validity. Victims presented greater prosocial behaviour and normative adjustment but low social adjustment and social efficacy. Bullies and bully victims demonstrated worse normative adjustment and less developed cognitive reappraisal but similar social adjustment and social efficacy. The social competence characteristics of those involved and non-involved in bullying are discussed.

Multidimensionality of Social Competence: Measurement of the Construct and its Relationship With Bullying Roles

The aims of this paper were two-fold: to validate the AMSC-Q (Adolescent Multidimensional Social Competence Questionnaire) and to examine the social competence of those involved in bullying. The representative sample was composed of 4047 Andalusian secondary school students (48.2% girls). Two measures were used: the AMSC-Q and the EBIPQ (European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire). The AMSC-Q measure yielding a 5-factor structure (prosocial behaviour, social adjustment, normative adjustment, cognitive reappraisal and social efficacy) and revealed adequate reliability and validity. Victims presented greater prosocial behaviour and normative adjustment but low social adjustment and social efficacy. Bullies and bully victims demonstrated worse normative adjustment and less developed cognitive reappraisal but similar social adjustment and social efficacy. The social competence characteristics of those involved and non-involved in bullying are discussed.

Neuropsychologic Testing in Chiasmal Patients Exhibiting Inattention in the Temporal Visual Space during Monocular Visual Testing

Objective: By means of neuropsychologic tests, to further analyse a specific chiasmal monocular visual testing behaviour, here labelled temporal blocking because of the elective ignorance of optotypes on the temporal side of the chart. Often it is combined with impairment of reading and other cognitive impairments. Methods: Eighteen patients with lesions to the chiasm and some degree of temporal blocking aged 24 - 76 years underwent: 1) tests for visual neglect (Gothenburg test; behavioural inattention tests: star cancellation; line bisection); 2) visuo-perceptual tests; and 3) a test involving reading a crowded ten-letter and cipher bar. Results: The temporal blocking in two patients recovered after emergency neurosurgery and their results were normal when subsequently tested. Of the 16 patients with deficiencies, 14 had a poorer left eye (p Conclusions: The best neuropsychologic tests appeared to be those for visual neglect and the crowded bar test. In most cases, the right cerebral hemisphere’s lack of some crossed information from the left eye, usually needed for normative saccades and adjustment to visual space, may be a factor underlying the specific visual behaviour.

Influence of social motivation, self-perception of social efficacy and normative adjustment in the peer setting.

The first objective of this study was to adapt and test the psychometric properties of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) in Spanish adolescent students. The second objective sought to analyse the influence of social goals, normative adjustment and self-perception of social efficacy on social adjustment among peers. A total of 492 adolescents (54.1% females) attending secondary school (12-17 years; M = 13.8, SD = 1.16) participated in the study. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling were performed. The validation confirmed the three-factor structure of the original scale: social development goals, social demonstration-approach goals and social demonstration-avoidance goals. The structural equation model indicated that social development goals and normative adjustment have a direct bearing on social adjustment, whereas the social demonstration-approach goals (popularity) and self-perception of social efficacy with peers and teachers exert an indirect influence. The Spanish version of the Social Achievement Goal Scale (Ryan & Shim, 2006) yielded optimal psychometric properties. Having a positive motivational pattern, engaging in norm-adjusted behaviours and perceiving social efficacy with peers is essential to improving the quality of interpersonal relationships.

Establishing force and speed training targets for lumbar spine high-velocity, low-amplitude chiropractic adjustments.

We developed an adjusting bench with a force plate supporting the lumbar portion to measure loads transmitted during lumbar manual adjustment. It will be used to provide force-feedback to enhance student learning in technique labs. The study goal is to define the learning target loads and speeds, with instructors as expert models. A total of 11 faculty members experienced in teaching Gonstead technique methods performed 81 simulated adjustments on a mannequin on the force plate. Adjustments were along 9 lumbopelvic "listings" at 3 load levels: light, normal, and heavy. We analyzed the thrusts to find preload, peak load, duration, and thrust rate. Analysis of 891 thrusts showed wide variations between doctors. Peak loads ranged from 100 to 1400 N. All doctors showed clear distinctions between peak load levels, but there was overlap between high and low loads. Thrust rates were more uniform across doctors, averaging 3 N/ms. These faculty members delivered a range of thrusts, not unlike those seen in the literature for high velocity, low amplitude manipulation. We have established at least minimum force and speed targets for student performance, but more work must be done to create a normative adjustment to guide refinement of student learning.

Explicative factors of face-to-face harassment and cyberbullying in a sample of primary students.

Research has shown that there is a co-occurrence between bullying and cyberbullying in relation to certain variables that describe and explain them. The present study aims to examine the differential influence of individual and contextual variables on perception of the role played in the involvement in both phenomena. Participants were 1278 schoolchildren (47.7 % girls) of primary education, aged 10 to 14 years ( M =11.11, SD = 0.75). Logistic regression analysis indicated that social adjustment, normative adjustment, disruptiveness, gender, and self-esteem explain a substantial part of the involvement in both violent phenomena as victims, aggressors, and bully/victims. The results are discussed regarding the weight that must attributed to individual versus contextual factors, concluding that the explicative weight of the immediate social elements and educational context may make the difference.

Addictive Adjustment to Imprisonment and Recidivism. Addiction to Imprisonment, Addiction to the Criminal Life Style, Addiction to Specific Crime

Objectives: The research aimed to investigate the ways of adjustment to imprisonment and recidivism. Method: 233 adult male prisoners in Israeli prisons completed a series of questionnaires. Results: Two ways of adjustment to prison life were identified: (1) addictive adjustment; (2) normative adjustment. Findings indicated that a perception of social affiliation, coping style and the characteristic of codependence correlated with adjustment to imprisonment and recidivism. Conclusions: Main contributions to knowledge include: (1) a high and medium level of codependence amongst Israeli prisoners (2) addictive adjustment is a common way of adjustment (3) recidivism is partially due to addiction to imprisonment, addiction to the criminal life style and addiction to a specific crime (sex crime).

Rethinking Love at the Office: Antecedents and Consequences of Coworker Evaluations of Workplace Romances

Researchers have pointed out a wide variety of organizational effects attributable to workplace romances, concluding that the impact of such romances on the workgroup can range from positive to negative. To date, however, little research has attempted to pinpoint the elements leading to this divergence. We suggest that coworker evaluation of a romance or anticipatory injustice may play a key role in influencing the positive or negative impact of the relationship on the workgroup at large. Our model proposes that three separate mechanisms (procedural fairness, intragroup cognitive dissonance, and normative adjustment), each corresponding to a different domain of evaluation, may mediate the apparent relationship between coworker evaluation of a romance and various aspects of group performance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A direct comparison of girls adopted from China and Eastern Europe: anxiety, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattention and defiant behaviours.

Previous research looking at adopted children has shown that children adopted from Eastern Europe (EE) are more likely to show inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity whereas girls adopted from China (CH) tend to have normative adjustment scores, although as they grow up, internalising behaviours might increase. We directly compare parental ratings of the SNAP-IV (Hyperactivity/Inattention) and SCARED (Anxiety) of girls adopted from CH (n = 42), EE (n = 34) and other countries (n = 32). EE were more likely to show inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity and defiant behaviours than CH, independent of age at adoption and number of siblings. The age of the child only had a significant effect on defiant behaviours. No significant differences in anxiety were observed between groups. Overall anxiety levels were related to hyperactivity/impulsivity. Specific factors related to adoption in each region might account for differential levels in inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity and defiant behaviours and should be taken into account to aid the adjustment of adoptees.

Adjusting for dependent comorbidity in the calculation of healthy life expectancy.

BackgroundHealthy life expectancy – sometimes called health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) – is a form of health expectancy indicator that extends measures of life expectancy to account for the distribution of health states in the population. The World Health Organization has estimated healthy life expectancy for 192 WHO Member States using information from health interview surveys and from the Global Burden of Disease Study. The latter estimates loss of health by cause, age and sex for populations. Summation of prevalent years lived with disability (PYLD) across all causes would result in overestimation of the severity of the population average health state because of comorbidity between conditions. Earlier HALE calculations made adjustments for independent comorbidity in adding PYLD across causes. This paper presents a method for adjusting for dependent comorbidity using available empirical data.MethodsData from five large national health surveys were analysed by age and sex to estimate "dependent comorbidity" factors for pairs of conditions. These factors were defined as the ratio of the prevalence of people with both conditions to the product of the two total prevalences for each of the conditions. The resulting dependent comorbidity factors were used for all Member States to adjust for dependent comorbidity in summation of PYLD across all causes and in the calculation of HALE. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out for order effects in the proposed calculation method.ResultsThere was surprising consistency in the dependent comorbidity factors across the five surveys. The improved estimation of dependent comorbidity resulted in reductions in total PYLD per capita ranging from a few per cent in younger adult ages to around 8% in the oldest age group (80 years and over) in developed countries and up to 15% in the oldest age group in the least developed countries. The effect of the dependent comorbidity adjustment on estimated healthy life expectancies is small for some regions (high income countries, Eastern Europe, Western Pacific) and ranges from an increase of 0.5 to 1.5 years for countries in Latin America, South East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.ConclusionThe available evidence suggests that dependent comorbidity is important, and that adjustment for it makes a significant difference to resulting HALE estimates for some regions of the world. Given the data limitations, we recommend a normative adjustment based on the available evidence, and applied consistently across all countries.

Introduction to the Special Section

Introduction to the Special Section

Self-Concept and Satisfaction With Physical Appearance in Youth With and Without Oral Clefts

This study investigated relationships between child/parent dissatisfaction with child facial appearance and the self-concept/social competence of 8- to 15-year-old children with (N = 34) and without (N = 34) oral clefts. Children in both groups had normative psychosocial adjustment, but also reported moderate dissatisfaction with facial appearance. Cleft group parents were more likely to agree with their child's dissatisfaction. When cleft group parents were more dissatisfied with child facial appearance, their children reported better quality of life. Results suggest that parents of children with clefts reporting greater dissatisfaction may respond in positive ways that enhance quality of life.

Empirical Investigation into the Limitations of the Normative Paired Sales Adjustment Method

This study investigates the normative paired sales adjustment method employed by appraisers in the sales comparison approach. It finds that the method fails to account for the diminishing marginal price effects of property attributes. The study develops an empirical model to test the marginal price effects of view and lot-size amenities. The finding is that the empirical data confirm land economic theory and identify a need to study and develop improved methods for estimating adjustments to comparable sales.

Systematics and CSR

This article examines the theoretical status of the three CSR models of William C. Frederick. Using the method of systematics, it disaggregates the elements of the three models and suggests one integrative means of re-sorting them. The article argues the need to develop a theoretical logic to understand behavior in this area and supplies one in the form of the beginnings of an explicit theory of normative referencing. The processes of normative referencing, including normative selection, normative commitment, normative instruction, normative implementation, normative administration, normative outcomes production, normative accounting, and normative adjustment are described.

INSTRUMENTALISM AND NECESSITY

The analysis of criminal law which divides its defences into justifications and excuses has gained currency in Anglo-American jurisprudence recently, thanks largely to its exposition by Professor Fletcher.2 A certain amount has been written which builds upon the distinction,3 and indeed Fletcher's exposition makes clear that he sees the two categories as differing both in their derivation and, in certain respects, in their consequences. But an equally interesting facet of his treatment, read as a whole, is his concern that the distinction will not always endure into the public perception of criminal justice, and that this may pose serious problems. Justifications are in principle founded upon utilitarian considerations: that under certain circumstances the conduct required by the general law will entail less good, or greater evil, than the alternative conduct in question. The idea is that we should prefer to see the promotion of utility by the alternative conduct; and the law's acceptance of justifications as defences to criminal liability has a legislative effect in the way of contraction of the relevant norm to this end. But there may be at least two major limitations upon this normative adjustment to the profile of greatest utility. First, it may be thought that there are (Kantian) limits to the pursuit of utility: for example, that it could not be justified to take one human life to save even a number of others. Secondly, it may seem unacceptable even to contemplate the replacement of the norms of a democracy by the acceptance of refractory conduct as justified. Fletcher's own reactions to these difficulties are interesting. So far as the first is concerned, he observes that, by contrast with justifications, excuses are founded not upon a utilitarian calculus to the effect that we should prefer the refractory conduct to the observance of the norm, but upon the consideration that under the particular circumstances the refractory conduct does not mark the actor as appropriately to be punished. So it may be possible to excuse conduct which exceeds the Kantian limitation on justification, such as homicide. The same might equally be true as regards the democratic limitation too, but here Fletcher has a