Normalized Polarity Parameter Research Articles

Preparation and characterization of novel polyols-based DESs and their use in efficient sequestration of radioactive iodine

The utilization of Novel DESs can be greener alternative to traditional organic solvents. In present study, four polyols-based DESs are synthesized and characterized by several techniques. The prepared DESs are used for the efficient capture of hazardous iodine. In present study by simple combination of two readily accessible, economical, and biodegradable components four polyols-based DESs have been prepared. For the creation of these DESs, a hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) (polyols) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) (BTEAC) are used, which havemelting points far lower than their respective melting points. The developed DESs were investigated for their physicochemical properties such as density, dynamic viscosity. Our results revealed distinct trends in these properties across different DES compositions, highlighting unique molecular interactions and solvation capabilities. The FTIR and NMR characterization study indicated considerable intermolecular interaction between the various component of the DES system. Further, Kamlet-Taft solvatochromic parameters were determined using Nile red dye, and other solvatochromic dyes. For synthesized DESs, the solvatochromic parameters ENT, normalized polarity parameter, π*, polarity / polarizability; β, hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity and α, hydrogen-bond donor acidity, have been determined. The ENT parameters demonstrate that both non-specific and specific interactions play a significant role in solute–solvent interactions. The synthesized DESs have been utilized for the efficient capture of the iodine. The removal efficiency of DES depends upon the mass of the DESs taken and time duration. These findings deepen our understanding of DES behavior and underscore their versatility in diverse industrial and scientific applications.

Solvent polarity indicators based on bithiophene carboxamidine hydrochloride salt derivatives

The photophysical properties of water soluble 5′-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene-5-carboxamidine hydrochloride salt (MBTCH) and 5′-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene-5-carboxamidine hydrochloride salt (DMBTCH) were studied in different solvents. The absorption spectra of MBTCH and DMBTCH show very weak solvent dependence, while the fluorescence emission spectra show bathochromic shift of about 35 nm and 48 nm on changing the solvent from cyclohexane to DMSO for DMBTCH and MBTCH, respectively. In protic solvents further bathochromic shift is observed in case of DMBTCH. The excited state time resolved decay of MBTCH and DMBTCH were measured over the entire fluorescence spectra and fitted very well with bi-exponential function in all solvents. Correlation of MBTCH and DMBTCH photophysical properties with ETN (Reichardt’s normalized polarity parameter) was successful when the solvents are classified according to their hydrogen bonding properties, namely, protic and aprotic solvent categories. Reichardt-Ravi equation was used to determine dipole moment changes, Δμ, in both categories of solvents. Several multiple linear regression solvation energy relationships were used to assess the dependence of the photophysical properties on specific and non-specific properties of the solvents, such as Kamlet-Taft, Catalán and Laurence et al. relationships. These relationships have shown that hydrogen bonding interactions (specific interactions) and dipolar interaction (non-specific) competes strongly in their contribution to the photophysical properties of the studied compounds with slight domination of the latter.

Solvatochromic parameters of imidazolium-, hydroxyammonium-, pyridinium- and phosphonium-based room temperature ionic liquids

Solvatochromic solvent parameters of different room temperature ionic liquids based on the imidazolium, hydroxyammonium, pyridinium and phosphonium cations, namely 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-octyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-octyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, N-octylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate, 2-hydroxypropylammonium formate, trihexyl-(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride, trihexyl-(tetradecyl)phosphonium bromide, trihexyl-(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and trihexyl-(tetradecyl)phosphonium dicyanamide were determined at 25°C using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Specifically, we have measured the Kamlet–Taft parameters: α (hydrogen-bond donor acidity), β (hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity), π* (dipolarity/polarizability) and the Reichardt's normalized polarity parameter, ETN.In previous works, we employed the Solvation Parameter Model to predict the partition coefficients for compounds of biological and pharmacological interest and to elucidate the chemical interactions involved in the partition process of different probe molecules between water and different types of ionic liquids. In this work, we have used the obtained solvatochromic solvent parameters to explain and understand the relative magnitudes of the chemical interactions obtained with the solvation parameter model.

Effect of solute–solvent interactions on DPPH radical scavenging efficiency of some flavonoid antioxidants in various binary water–methanol mixtures

Scavenging ability of three kinds of natural flavonoid antioxidants including chrysin, naringenin, and quercetin against the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical was evaluated by the UV-vis spectrophotometric technique in different aqueous mixtures of methanol (50%–90% v/v) at physiological pH. The studied flavonoids showed their activity to be comparable with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which is used as a standard reference material in most testing methods. Our findings indicated that an increase in the organic solvent percentage (v/v) has different effects on the radical scavenging efficiency of flavonoids presumably due to solute–solvent interactions. These variations were analyzed in light of various simple and multiple regression equations using the normalized polarity parameter ([Formula: see text]) and Kamlet, Abboud, and Taft solvatochromic parameters. Moreover, The IC50 values of the samples were then obtained by the Yasuda–Shedlovsky extrapolation procedure in pure water.

The synthesis of multiphasic ionic liquid-coated Pt/Al2O3catalysts: the selective synchronous hydrogenation of CC and CO bonds and the modeling of the ionic liquid and solvent effects

Various ionic liquids (ILs) and their mixtures were coated on the Pt/Al2O3 catalyst and the resulting IL-coated catalysts were used in the synchronous hydrogenation of cyclohexene and acetone. The rate constant (k) and selectivity (S) toward CO hydrogenation were determined for several catalysts in various solvents. The solvatochromic parameters (ETN, normalized polarity parameter; π*, dipolarity–polarizability; β, hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity; α, hydrogen-bond donor acidity) were determined for the used ILs and solvents and the obtained selectivities were modeled based on the solvatochromic parameters of the IL layer and bulk solvent while using the Multiparameter Linear Regression (MLR) method for the first time. Selectivity toward the CO bond increases by increasing the percentage of 2-hydroxy ethylammonium formate (HEAF) in the IL layer and decreasing the polarity of the solvents. The single-parameter correlations of lnS versus π* presented the best correlation for the prepared catalysts in all solvents.

Molecular-Microscopic Properties and Preferential Solvation in Protic Ionic Liquid Mixtures

Structural and molecular-microscopic properties of the solvatochromic probes 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitroanisole, and Reichardt’s dye were investigated in binary mixtures of ethylammonium propionate with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol. Solvatochromic parameters (α, hydrogen-bond donor acidity; β, hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity; π*, dipolarity/polarizability; \( E_{\text{T}}^{\text{N}} \), normalized polarity parameter) in different binary mixtures of ionic liquid with molecular solvents were determined with UV–Vis spectroscopy. The \( E_{\text{T}}^{\text{N}} \) parameters show nearly ideal trends in all solvent mixtures, but the other parameters show different behavior in the mixtures. The π* parameters show a negative deviation from ideality in the ionic liquid/methanol system. In contrast, the α parameters have severe positive deviations from ideal behavior in ionic liquid/1-propanol and ionic liquid/2-propanol solvent mixtures. A synergistic solvation effect is observed for the π* parameters in IL/methanol mixtures. Specific solute–solvent interactions or solvent–solvent interactions, which cause non-ideal trends in some parameters, are justified and interpreted by the preferential solvation model.

Solute–Solvent Interaction Effects on Protonation and Aggregation Constants of TTMAPP in Different Aqueous Solutions of Methanol

The protonation constants of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-trimethyl-ammonio-phenyl)-porphine tetratosylate (TTMAPP) were determined in water–methanol mixed solvents, using a combination of spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods at 25 °C in 0.1 mol·dm−3 sodium perchlorate. Two protonation constants, K 1 and K 2, were characterized and analyzed in various media in terms of the normalized polarity parameter ( $$ E_{\text{T}}^{\text{N}} $$ ). A linear correlation is observed when the experimental log10 K 1 and log10 K 2 values are plotted versus the calculated ones over the range of 40–90 % (v/v) methanol. The self aggregation of TTMAPP was observed from acidic media (pH ≅ 3) to alkaline pH, where it reached its highest intensity, when methanol is lower than 40 % in solution. The formation of aggregate species prevents a quantitative analysis of titration curves and thus, the determination of the protonation constants of TTMAPP. Therefore, to evaluate the protonation constants of TTMAPP in low or zero percent of methanol, the Yasuda–Shedlovsky extrapolation approach has been used.

AcidBase Properties of Adenosine 5′‐Monophosphate, Guanosine 5′‐Monophosphate, and Inosine 5′‐Monophosphate in Aqueous Solutions of Methanol

AbstractThe protonation constants of adenosine 5′‐monophosphate, guanosine 5′‐monophosphate, and inosine 5′‐monophosphate were determined in binary mixtures of H2O containing 0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50% MeOH, using a combination of potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods at a constant temperature (25°) and constant ionic strength (0.1 mol⋅dm−3 NaClO4). The protonation constants were analyzed using the normalized polarity parameter (E$\rm{{_{T}^{N}}}$), and Kamlet, Abboud, and Taft (KAT) parameters. A linear correlation of log K vs. the normalized polarity parameter was obtained. Dual‐parameter correlation of log K vs. π* (dipolarity/polarizability) and α (H‐bond‐donor acidity), as well as π* and β (H‐bond‐acceptor basicity) also gives good results in various aqueous organic solvent mixtures. Finally, the results are discussed in terms of the effect of solvent on the protonation equilibria.

Solvent dependence on antioxidant activity of some water-insoluble flavonoids and their cerium(IV) complexes

The antioxidant activity of three different classes of flavonoids including naringenin (flavanon), chrysin (flavone), and daidzein (isoflavone) as well as their complexes with Ce(IV) were assayed in different aqueous solutions of DMSO (50–80% v/v) at physiological pH using a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the samples was influenced by changes in solvent composition, and their variations were analyzed using the normalized polarity parameter (ETN) and Kamlet, Abboud, and Taft (KAT) equation. A very good linear correlation of the RSA versus ETN and also two parameters of KAT including π* (dipolarity/polarizability) and α (hydrogen-bond donating acidity) was obtained. The RSA values of the samples are also determined by the Yasuda–Shedlovsky extrapolation method at 0% of the organic solvent. Furthermore, it was found that the metal chelation enhances the RSA of the flavonoids.

Protonation Constants of Adenine and Adenosine in Different Aqueous Solutions of Methanol and Ethanol

The protonation constants of adenine (K1 and K2) and adenosine (K2) were determined in binary mixtures of water with methanol or ethanol containing (0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45) % (v/v) using a combination of potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods at 25 °C and constant ionic strength (0.1 mol·dm−3 sodium perchlorate). The protonation constants were analyzed using the normalized polarity parameter (ETN) and Kamlet, Abboud, and Taft (KAT) parameters. A very good linear correlation of log K versus the normalized polarity parameter was obtained. Dual-parameter correlation of log K versus π* (dipolarity/polarizability) and α (hydrogen-bond donor acidity) as well as π* and β (hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity) also gives good results in various aqueous organic solvent mixtures. Finally, the results are discussed in terms of the effect of the solvent on the protonation constants.

Preferential Solvation and Behavior of Solvatochromic Indicators in Mixtures of an Ionic Liquid with Some Molecular Solvents

Structural and intermolecular interactions of solvatochromic probes 4-nitroaniline, 4-nitroanisole, and Reichardt's dye were investigated in the binary mixtures of 2-hydroxy ethylammonium formate as an ionic liquid with N,N-dimethyl formamide, dimethyl amine, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Solvatochromic parameters (ETN, normalized polarity parameter; pi*, dipolarity/polarizability; beta, hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity; alpha, hydrogen -bond donor acidity) were determined in ionic liquid mixtures at 25 degrees C using UV-vis spectroscopy. ETN parameters obtained from absorbance of Reichardt's dye within various mixtures of ionic liquid were observed to be higher than predicted values from ideal additive behavior. Synergistic solvation behavior for some mixtures was observed. The combined nearly ideal binary solvent/Redlich-Kister (CNIBS/R-K) equation was used for various parameters correlation to predict solvatochromic parameters. Preferential solvation model was applied for the first time in the ionic liquid mixtures to study solvent mixtures effects on solvation of indicators, and from these information solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions were interpreted. Preferential solvation (specific solute-solvent interactions) or the solvent-solvent interaction is the reason for deviation from ideal behavior of probes.

Solvent effects on kinetics of an aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction in mixtures of an ionic liquid with molecular solvents and prediction using artificial neural networks

AbstractKinetics of the reaction between 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene and aniline was studied in mixtures of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM][EtSO4]) with methanol, chloroform, and dimethylsulfoxide at 25°C. Single‐parameter correlations of log kA versus normalized polarity parameter (ENT), hydrogen‐bond acceptor basicity (β), hydrogen‐bond donor acidity (α), and dipolarity/polarizability (π*) of media do not give acceptable results. Multiparameter linear regression (MLR) of log kA versus the solvatochromic parameters demonstrates that the reaction rate constant increases with ENT, π*, and β and decreases with α parameter. To predict accurately solvent effects on the rate constant, optimized artificial neural network with three inputs (including α, π*, and β parameters) was applied for prediction of the log kA values in the prediction set. It was found that properly selected and trained neural network could fairly represent the dependence of the reaction rate constant on solvatochromic parameters. Mean percent deviation of 5.023 for the prediction set by the MLR model should be compared with the value of 0.343 by the artificial neural network model. These improvements are due to the fact that the reaction rate constant shows nonlinear correlations with the solvatochromic parameters. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 153–159, 2009

Hydrolysis of diphenylmethyltin(iv) chloride in different aqueous solutions of ethanol

The hydrolysis of [(Ph)2MeSn(IV)]+ has been studied spectrophotometrically at 25ˆC and constant ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm−3 sodium perchlorate. Over a wide pH range, 1–11, the investigation has been performed in different aqueous solutions of ethanol. The species formed together with their formation constants have been determined using the computer program Squad. The hydrolysis constants at different media were analyzed in terms of Kamlet and Taft's parameters. A single-parameter correlation of the formation constants, K1-1 and K1-2, versus α (hydrogen-bond donor acidity), β (hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity), and π* (dipolarity/polarizability) for both cases are relatively poor in all solutions, but multiparameter correlation represents significant improvement with regard to the single-parameter models. In this work, we have also used the normalized polarity parameter, E, alone and in combination with the Kamlet–Taft's parameters to find a better correlation of the formation constants in different aqueous solutions of ethanol. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:654–660, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20484

Solvatochromic parameters for binary mixtures of an ionic liquid with various protic molecular solvents

Solvatochromic parameters (E N , normalized polarity parameter; π*, dipolarity/polarizability; β, hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity; α, hydrogen-bond donor acidity) have been determined for binary mixtures of propan-2-ol, propan-1-ol, ethanol, methanol and water with recently synthesized ionic liquid (IL; 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate) at 25 °C. In all solutions except aqueous solution, E N values of the media increase abruptly with the ILs mole fraction and then increase gradually to the value of pure IL. A synergistic behavior is observed for the α parameter in all solutions. The behavior of π* and β are nearly ideal for all solutions except for solutions of methanol with the IL. The applicability of nearly ideal combined binary solvent/Redlich–Kister equation was proved for the correlation of various solvatochromic parameters with solvent composition. The correlation between the calculated and the experimental values of various parameters was in accordance with this model. Solute–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions were applied to interpret the results. Predicted values of solvatochromic parameters (SP) (E N , normalized polarity parameter; π*, dipolarity/polarizability; β, hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity; α, hydrogen-bond donor acidity) from the correlation equations versus its experimental values for binary mixtures of 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate with water, methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol.

Hydrolysis of dimethylphenyltin(IV) and triphenyltin(IV) chlorides in different aqueous ethanol solutions

The hydrolysis of [(Me)2(Ph)Sn(IV)]+ and [(Ph)3Sn(IV)]+ has been investigated at 25 °C and different aqueous solutions of ethanol, using a combination of spectrophotometric and potentiometric techniques. The species formed together with their formation constants have been determined using the computer program Squad over a wide pH range of 1 to 11. The hydrolysis constants in different media were analyzed in terms of Kamlet and Taft parameters. Single-parameter correlation of the formation constants, K11 and K12, versus α (hydrogen-bond donor acidity), β (hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity), and π* (dipolarity/polarizability) for both cases are relatively poor in all solutions, but multiparameter correlation represents significant improvement with regard to the single-parameter models. In this work, we have also used the normalized polarity parameter, ETN, alone and in combination with the Kamlet–Taft parameter to find a better correlation of the formation constants in different aqueous ethanol solutions.Key words: dimethylphenyltin(IV) chloride, triphenyltin(IV) chloride, hydrolysis constant, aqueous ethanol solutions, solvent effect.

Kinetic study of heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene to cyclohexane in ionic liquid–alcohols mixtures

Abstract Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of cyclohexene, catalyzed by Pt/Al2O3, was carried out in solutions of 2-hydroxyethylammonium formate (a room temperature ionic liquid, RTIL) mixed with methanol, ethanol and propan-2-ol at 25 °C. The rate constants of the reaction in ionic liquid alcohol mixtures were higher than alcohol alone. First-order rate constant of the reaction in the RTIL relative to propan-2-ol is approximately 28. Furthermore, the rate constant of the reaction increases with the mole fraction of the ionic liquid. Single-parameter correlations of log k vs. normalized polarity parameter ( E T N ), hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity (β) and hydrogen-bond donor acidity (α) do not give acceptable results in the solutions. In addition, log k does not show an acceptable dual-parameter correlation with π* (dipolarity/polarizibility, one of the Kamlet–Taft parameters for solvent that shows the dipolarity of the solvent) and α, π* and β and E T N and β. However single-parameter correlation of log k vs. π* gives reasonable results. The increase of the reaction rate with π* is attributed to the non-polar nature of the reactants.

Solvent effects on kinetics of the reaction between 2‐chloro‐3,5‐dinitropyridine and aniline in aqueous and alcoholic solutions of [bmim]BF4

AbstractRate constants, kA, for the aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2‐chloro‐3,5‐dinitropyridine with aniline were determined in different compositions of 1‐(1‐butyl)‐3‐methylimidazolium terafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) mixed with water, methanol, and ethanol at 25°C. The obtained rate constants of the reaction in pure solvents are in the following order: water > methanol > ethanol > [bmim]BF4. In these solutions, rate constants of the reaction decrease with the mole fraction of the ionic liquid. Single‐parameter correlations of log kA versus normalized polarity parameter (E), hydrogen bond acceptor basicity (β), hydrogen bond donor acidity (α), and dipolarity/polarizability (π*) do not give acceptable results in all solutions. Dual‐parameter correlations of log kA versus E and β also α and β gave reasonable results (e.g., in solutions of water with [bmim]BF4, the correlation coefficients are 0.994 and 0.996, respectively). The proposed dual‐parameter models demonstrate that the reaction rate constant increases with E, β, and α. The increase in the rate constant is attributed to hydrogen‐bonding interactions (donor and acceptor) of the media with an activated complex of the reaction that has the zwitterionic character. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 39: 681–687, 2007

Artificial Neural Network Prediction of Normalized Polarity Parameter for Various Solvents with Diverse Chemical Structures

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are successfully developed for the modeling and prediction of normalized polarity parameter (ETN) of 216 various solvents with diverse chemical structures using a quantitative-structure property relationship. ANN with architecture 5-9-1 is generated using five molecular descriptors appearing in the multi-parameter linear regression (MLR) model. The most positive charge of a hydrogen atom (q+), total charge in molecule (qt), molecular volume of solvent (Vm), dipole moment (μ) and polarizability term (πI) are input descriptors and its output is ETN. It is found that properly selected and trained neural network with 192 solvents could fairly represent the dependence of normalized polarity parameter on molecular descriptors. For evaluation of the predictive power of the generated ANN, an optimized network is applied for prediction of the ETN values of 24 solvents in the prediction set, which are not used in the optimization procedure. Correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.903 and 0.0887 for prediction set by MLR model should be compared with the values of 0.985 and 0.0375 by ANN model. These improvements are due to the fact that the ETN of solvents shows non-linear correlations with the molecular descriptors.

Solvent effects on complexation of thallium(I) with guanosine 5′‐monophosphate in methanol–water mixtures

AbstractThe interaction of guanosine 5′‐monophosphate, GMP, with the thallium(I) ion was studied by UV–vis and potentiometric titration methods and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Both NMR spectra and UV–vis titration data have shown that GMP coordinates via guanine to the thallium(I) ion in the pH range 1.5–10. Our study of the system Tl(I) + GMP was performed in water–methanol mixtures with different volume ratios of methanol. The complexation equilibrium in the pH range of study led to the following mononuclear species: TlH2(GMP)+, TlH(GMP) and Tl(GMP)−, where (GMP)2− represents the fully dissociated ligand. The formation constants of the species were calculated in the various media at constant temperature (25 °C) and constant ionic strength of sodium perchlorate (0.1 mol dm−3) using a suitable computer program. The formation constants were analyzed in terms of Kamlet and Taft's parameters. A single‐parameter correlation of the formation constants, β121, β111 and β101 vs α (hydrogen‐bond donor acidity), β (hydrogen‐bond acceptor basicity) and for π* (dipolarity/polarizability) are relatively poor in all solutions, but multi‐parameter correlations represent significant improvements with regard to the single‐parameter model. In this work, we have also used the normalized polarity parameter, ETN, alone and in combination with some of the Kamlet–Taft parameters to find a better correlation of the formation constants in different methanol–water mixtures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Solvatochromic Parameters for Binary Mixtures of 1-(1-Butyl)-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate with Some Protic Molecular Solvents

The solvatochromic parameters (ET(N), normalized polarity parameter; pi*, dipolarity/polarizability; beta, hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity; alpha, hydrogen-bond donor acidity) were determined for binary solvent mixtures of 1-(1-butyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) with water, methanol, and ethanol at 25 degrees C over the whole range of mole fractions. In nonaqueous solutions, the value of the mixture increases with mole the fraction of [bmim]BF4 and then decreases gradually to the value of pure [bmim]BF4. Positive deviation from ideal behavior was observed for the solvent parameters ET(N), pi*, and alpha, whereas the deviation of the beta parameter is negative. The applicability of the combined nearly ideal binary solvent/Redlich-Kister equation for the correlation of various solvatochromic parameters with solvent composition was proved too for the first time. This equation provides a simple computational model to correlate and/or predict various solvatochromic parameters for many binary solvent systems. The correlation between the calculated and the experimental values of various parameters was in accordance with this model. Solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions have been applied for interpretation of the results.