Normal Women Research Articles

Comparative Demographic and Clinical Profile of Preeclamptic and Normal Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester

Background: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific, multi-system disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Its exact etiology remains unknown, and globally, it stands as a prominent cause of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the comparative demographic and clinical profile of preeclamptic and normal pregnant women in the third trimester. Methods: This case-control study took place in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Hospital and Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, spanning from July 2011 to June 2012. The study enrolled 100 pregnant women, with 50 cases diagnosed with preeclampsia and 50 controls representing normal pregnant women. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23.0. Results: The mean ages of cases (25.8 ± 4.4 years) and controls (27.1 ± 3.1 years) were similar (P=0.177). A predominant proportion of cases (74%) and controls (66%) belonged to a lower social class (P=0.383). BMI assessment showed no significant difference (P= 0.645). Most participants in both groups were preterm (P=0.235) and primigravida (P= 0.422). The case group exhibited significantly higher mean serum ferritin than the control group (P<0.001). Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels showed no significant differences (P=0.761 and P=0.231, respectively). Elevated serum ferritin (>20 ng/ml) was prevalent in 76% of cases and 44% of controls (P=0.001). The odds of elevated serum ferritin in preeclampsia were approximately 4 times higher than in normal pregnancies (95% CI=1.7–9.5). Variations in serum ferritin levels across gestational ages are illustrated. Conclusion: The study found no significant correlation between preeclamptic and normal pregnant women's demographic and clinical status in the third trimester, except for serum ferritin levels. Further research is needed to obtain a clearer understanding of these relationships.

Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life Among Infertile Women: A Case-Control Study.

Introduction Pregnancy holds significant cultural and social value for women. However, women facing challenges in conceiving often grapple with emotional distress, including depression and anxiety. The connection between psychological elements (stress, anxiety, and depression) and infertility is complex, influenced by multiple factors, and bidirectional. Infertile women are more likely to develop mental illnesses, marital dissatisfaction, and impaired quality of life compared to the individuals of the fertile group. Thus, the study aimed to assess levels of anxiety, depression, and quality of life among infertile women compared to fertile women. Methods This case-control study conducted at a tertiary care center recruited 100 nulliparous women between the age group of 20 and 38 years with primary or secondary infertility, while those with male factor infertility were excluded. The control group (N=100) comprised normal parous women who had at least one child. The primary objective of the study was to assess the impact of infertility on the mental health and quality of life of women seeking infertility treatment. Outcome measures included standardized tools such as the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to assess the quality of life across multiple domains (e.g., physical, psychological, social, and environmental) as well as the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the tool's reliability. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Baseline sociodemographic parameters were comparable between the two groups. The mean age of infertile women was 30.6±3.9 years compared to 31.5±3.2 years in fertile women (P=0.076). Using the WHOQOL-BREF scale, we found that the quality of life was better in the fertile group compared to the infertile group through all the physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains (P<0.001). The infertile group had a significantly higher number of women with anxiety, depression, and stress. The questionnaires showed high internal reliability. Conclusion Infertile women experienced a lower quality of life in various domains, higher levels of anxiety, and increased rates of depression compared to fertile counterparts. The study findings underscore the multidimensional impact of infertility, emphasizing the need for comprehensive healthcare approaches to address the psychosocial challenges faced by women undergoing infertility treatment.

Predictive value of placental real-time shear wave elastography combined with 3-dimensional power Doppler index for preeclampsia.

This study aimed to investigate the value of placental real-time shear wave elastography combined with three-dimensional power Doppler index (3D-PDI) in the prediction of preeclampsia. We conducted a retrospective study selecting 60 pregnant women diagnosed with preeclampsia as the experimental group and 60 normal pregnant women as the control group from January 2021 to December 2022. The elastic modulus values of different regions of the placenta and placental 3D-PDI were detected and compared between the two groups. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of each parameter, alone or in combination, for preeclampsia. The study findings demonstrated that the elastic modulus values of different regions of the placenta and 3D-PDI of the two groups have statistical significance. The values of SWE, VI, FI, and VFI are different in prediction of preeclampsia, and the combination of various parameters can improve the prediction value. Overall, our study provides a valuable method for the prediction of preeclampsia with the advantages of non-invasiveness, efficiency, and simplicity.

Bioinformatic Analysis of m6A Regulator-Mediated RNA Methylation Modification Patterns and Immune Microenvironment Characterization in Endometriosis.

Epigenetic regulation plays an essential role in immunity and inflammation in endometriosis. In this study, we aimed to explore differences in m6A regulators between endometriosis patients and normal women and analyze the effect of m6A modification on immune and inflammatory microenvironment. The samples for analysis were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, including ectopic endometrium (EC), eutopic endometrium (EU), and normal eutopic endometrium (NM) samples from non-endometriosis women. The validation process involved utilizing our previous RNA-sequencing data. Subsequently, a correlation analysis was performed to ascertain the relationship between m6A and the inflammatory microenvironment profile, encompassing infiltrating immunocytes, immune-inflammation reaction gene sets, and human leukocyte antigen genes. LASSO analyses were used to develop risk signature. The findings of this study indicate that the m6A regulators FTO were observed to be significantly up-regulated, while YTHDF2, CBLL1, and METTL3 were down-regulated in endometriosis tissues. The CIBERSORT analysis revealed that the local inflammatory microenvironment of ectopic lesions plays a crucial role in the development of endometriosis. Notably, M2 macrophages exhibited a significant difference between the EC and NM groups. Moreover, M2 macrophages demonstrated a positive correlation with FTO (0.39) and a negative correlation with CBLL1 (-0.35). Furthermore, consistent clustering of EC and EU samples resulted in the identification of three distinct cell subtypes. Among different cell subtypes, significant differences were in immunoinfiltrating cells, plasma cells, naive CD4 T cells, memory activated CD4 T cells, gamma delta T cells, resting NK cells and activated NK cells but not in macrophages. Furthermore, the identification of various compounds capable of targeting these m6A genes was achieved. In conclusions, our integrated bioinformatics analysis results demonstrated that m6A-related genes METTL3, CBLL1 and YTHDF2 may be useful biomarkers for endometriosis in ectopic endometrium. The potential therapeutic approach of targeting m6A regulators holds promise for the treatment of endometriosis.

The Survival Dilemmas of Qinglou Talented Women in the Late Ming Dynasty and Their Encounters with the Patriarchal Order

Abstract During the Ming and Qing Dynasties it was common thought that the Qinglou talented women were not bound by normal human relationships and women’s virtues because they lived outside the patriarchal order. Chased after by male bigwigs in the society, they mingled at upper-class male playing places and obtained higher reputations because of their outstanding talent. However, they held a very contradictory position because, especially in the Ming dynasty, women’s virtues were still regarded as an important standard of female evaluation in the society. On the one hand, they faced dilemmas in their living conditions, and on the other, there was a subtle interaction between their living space and the patriarchal clan system – this also occurred because of changes created by the patriarchal clan system and social rules, which exerted a continuous influence on the way a female could survive in the later imperial period. Based on historical and literary documents such as jottings, novels, and unofficial history of Ming and Qing Dynasties, this essay aims at analyzing the living space of these talented women.

The impact of gut microbiota on autoimmune thyroiditis and relationship with pregnancy outcomes: a review.

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AITD) is a T-cell-mediated, organ- specific autoimmune disease caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Patients with AITD show thyroid lymphocyte infiltration and an increase in the titer of thyroid autoimmune antibodies, thereby altering the integrity of thyroid follicle epithelial cells and dysregulating their metabolism and immune function, leading to a decrease in multi-tissue metabolic activity. Research has shown that patients with AITD have a significantly higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as infertility and miscarriage. Levothyroxine(LT4) treatment can improve the pregnancy outcomes of normal pregnant women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies(TPOAb) positivity, but it is not effective for invitro fertilization embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in women with normal thyroid function and positive TPOAb. Other factors may also influence pregnancy outcomes of patients with AITD. Recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota participates in the occurrence and development of AITD by influencing the gut-thyroid axis. The bacterial abundance and diversity of patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) were significantly reduced, and the relative abundances of Bacteroides, fecal Bacillus, Prevotella, and Lactobacillus also decreased. The confirmation of whether adjusting the composition of the gut microbiota can improve pregnancy outcomes in patients with AITD is still pending. This article reviews the characteristics of the gut microbiota in patients with AITD and the current research on its impact in pregnancy.

Silhouette showcards confirm altered obesity-associated body image perception in international cohort study of African-origin populations

ObjectivesGiven the increasing prevalence of obesity and need for effective interventions, there is a growing interest in understanding how an individual’s body image can inform obesity prevention and management. This...

Prognostic value of systemic immune-inflammation index in the diagnosis of preeclampsia

BackgroundPreeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy with negative consequences for the mother and fetus. It was aimed to investigate whether the systemic immune inflammation index is a parameter that will facilitate the diagnosis of preeclampsia. MethodsThis retrospective and single-center study included patients diagnosed with preeclampsia after admission to the emergency department and those who met the inclusion criteria. Vital parameters, demographic data, medical history, white blood cell count, platelet count, neutrophil count, systemic immune-inflammation index values, biochemical parameters, and gestational weeks were analyzed in each patient. ResultsA total of 40 patients with preeclampsia (preeclampsia group) and 40 normal pregnant women (control group) were included. Laboratory tests revealed that the mean WBC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts were significantly higher in the preeclampsia group than in the control group, whereas the preeclampsia group had a significantly lower mean platelet count than the control group (p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity for the cut-off value of 758.39 × 109/L systemic immune-inflammation index in pregnant patients with preeclampsia was 77.5% and 67.5%, respectively (AUC: 0.705; 95% CI: 0.587–0.823; p = 0.002). No significant difference was observed between the mean neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in preeclampsia diagnosis. ConclusionThe systemic immune-inflammation index may be used as a marker to help in establishing the diagnosis of preeclampsia. We believe that this index is an important prognostic indicator because it concurrently evaluates neutrophil and lymphocyte values—which indicate the inflammation process—and platelet count, i.e., an indicator of coagulopathy.

The influence of placenta microbiota of normal term pregnant women on immune regulation during pregnancy

Background The concerted regulation of placenta microbiota and the immune responses secures the occurrence and development of pregnancy, while few studies reported this correlation. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the placenta microbiota and immune regulation during pregnancy.Methods Twenty-six healthy pregnant women scheduled for elective cesarean section in the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. Placenta and peripheral venous blood samples were collected. Microbiota in placental tissue was detected using high-throughput sequencing. Flow cytometry was used to detect immune cells in placental tissue and peripheral venous blood. ELISA and Luminex liquid chip technology were used to detect the content of cytokines in placental tissue and peripheral venous blood, respectively.ResultsThe placental microbiota has stimulating effects on the local immunity of the placenta and mainly stimulates the placental balance ratio CD56 + CD16 + /CD56 + CD16 and the placental macrophages, that is, it plays the role of immune protection and supporting nutrition. The stimulating effect of placental microbiota on maternal systemic immunity mainly induces peripheral Treg cells and B lymphocytes.ConclusionThe placental microbiota may be an important factor mediating local immune regulation in the placenta, and placental microbiota participates in the regulatory function of the maternal immune system.

Sh- Ambra1 inhibits IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway to reduce autophagy in gestational diabetes.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disease in pregnancy. However, studies of activating molecule of Beclin1-regulated autophagy (Ambra1) affecting the insulin substrate receptor 1/phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (IRS-1/PI3K/Akt) signalling pathway in GDM have not been reported. The aim of the study was to detect the difference of Ambra1 expression in the placenta of normal pregnant women and GDM patients. An in vitro model of gestational diabetes mellitus was established by inducing HTR8/Svneo cells from human chorionic trophoblast layer with high glucose. The changes of cell morphology were observed by inverted microscope, and the expression levels of Ambra1 gene and protein in model cells were detected. After this, Ambra1 gene was silenced by shRNA transfection, and PI3K inhibitor was added to detect changes in Ambra1, autophagy, and insulin (INS) signalling pathways. The protein expression levels of Ambra1, Bcl-2 interacting protein (Beclin-1), and microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3-II) in the placentas of GDM pregnant women were higher than those of normal pregnant women. High glucose induces morphological changes in HTR8/Svneo cells and increases Ambra1 transcription and translation levels. sh-Ambra1 increased survival of HTR8/SvNEO-HG cells and inhibited Ambra1, Beclin1, and LC3-II transcription and translation levels. Also, sh-Ambra1 increased IRS-1/PI3K/Akt protein phosphorylation levels and inhibited the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and its resulting autophagy. sh-Ambra1 increased IRS-1/PI3K/Akt protein phosphorylation levels to reduce autophagy in gestational diabetes.

Circ_0007445 inhibits trophoblast cell proliferation, migration and invasion by mediating the miR-4432/HTRA1 axis in preeclampsia.

: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to be extensively involved in preeclampsia progression. At present, the role of circ_0007445 in preeclampsia progression is not clear. A total of 30 preeclampsia patients and 30 normal pregnant women were recruited in our study. The function of trophoblast cells was explored to clarify the role and mechanism of circ_0007445 on the preeclampsia progression. The expression of circ_0007445, microRNA (miR)-4432 and high temperature requirement A1 (HTRA1) was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The proliferation, migration and invasion of trophoblast cells were determined by cell counting kit 8 assay, EdU assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay. Protein expression was examined by western blot analysis. Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay and RNA pull-down assay were used to assess RNA interaction relationships. Our data suggested that circ_0007445 had increased expression in preeclampsia patients. Knockdown of circ_0007445 enhanced trophoblast cell proliferation, migration and invasion. MiR-4432 was lowly expressed in preeclampsia patients, and it could be sponged by circ_0007445. MiR-4432 inhibitor overturned the promotion effects of circ_0007445 knockdown on trophoblast cell functions. HTRA1 was highly expressed in preeclampsia patients, and it could be targeted by miR-4432. HTRA1 overexpression could also reverse the proliferation, migration and invasion of trophoblast cells promoted by miR-4432 mimic. In addition, circ_0007445 positively regulated HTRA1 through targeting miR-4432. :Our results suggested that circ_0007445 facilitated the development of preeclampsia by suppressing trophoblast cell function through miR-4432/HTRA1 axis.

Normal weight obesity is associated with lower AFC and adverse IVF outcomes.

Body weight could be classified into underweight, normal weight and overweight according to percentage of body fat (%BF), and normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as a normal BMI but a high %BF. While the impact of NWO in women fecundity remain unknow. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the associations between %BF and reproductive outcomes among in vitro fertilization (IVF) women with normal BMI. A total of 469 women were included in this study and were classified into low %BF, normal %BF and high %BF according to previous study. Multivariate generalized regression models were employed to evaluate the associations of %BF with ovarian reserve parameters, IVF outcomes and early pregnancy outcomes. We further run sensitivity analyses by restricted the analysis to young women and those only with tubal factor, respectively. About 32.2% of normal BMI women were misclassified according %BF, with 16.4% of them were low %BF and 15.8% were high %BF. The high %BF group had significantly lower antral follicle count (AFC) than normal %BF groups, and the AFC showed a tendency of decrease as %BF increased. In sensitivity analysis in young women, high %BF group also had significantly lower number of good-quality embryos when compared to normal %BF groups. The results expanded to all IVF outcomes when analysis restricted to tubal factor women. In summary, misclassifications of body weight status based on BMI are common according to %BF, and NWO is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes.

Introduction: Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Publication Patterns in Political Science

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered rapid transformations across the globe. Probably no other event in the past 50 years has changed the working environment more comprehensively. When the pandemic started in February and March of 2020, university campuses all over the globe shut down in less than a week. Most remained closed or had heavily restricted access for almost two years, depending on the country and the city. Overnight online teaching replaced in-person instruction; all professional and student interactions moved to Zoom, Teams, or Skype; academic conferences either did not take place or moved to an online format; and field research became almost impossible. In addition, contact restrictions, lockdowns, curfews, and homeschooling were unprecedented challenges for many people, especially members of the academic community who had small children (Del Boca et al. 2020). It is important to note that even in normal times women bear the greatest burden of childcare, social care for older people, and general household tasks. The COVID-19 pandemic quickly amplified these disparities (Ohlbrecht and Jellen 2021; Yerkes et al. 2022). Discussions emerged in many sectors, including academia, about specific ways that the pandemic was impacting professional lives, especially those of women. Given the acute pressure to publish in most higher-education institutions, it is important to evaluate the effect that the pandemic had on this central aspect of scholarly careers.

Bioinformatics analysis identifies potential autophagy key genes and immune infiltration in preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a disease that seriously threatens maternal and fetal health. Appropriate autophagy can shield the placenta from oxidative stress, but its role in PE is unclear. To identify potential autophagy-related genes in PE. Microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, compassing the test dataset GSE10588, along with validation datasets GSE4707 and GSE60438 GPL10558, were utilized. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the limma R package, intersected with autophagy-related genes. Hub genes were obtained using the Cytoscape software and analyzed via gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The diagnostic capability of hub genes was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Analysis of immune cell infiltration was conducted using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and CIBERSORT methods. Placental tissues were collected from 10 normal pregnant women and 10 preeclamptic pregnant women, and the expression of hub genes was validated through immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Analysis of the microarray data identified 2224 DEGs, among which 26 were autophagy-related DEGs identified through intersection with autophagy genes. Ten hub genes were identified. Immune cell infiltration analysis suggested the potential involvement of T regulatory cells (Tregs), natural killer cells, neutrophils, and T follicular helper cells in the pathogenesis of PE. ROC curve analysis indicated promising diagnostic capabilities for EGFR and TP53. Additionally, levels of EGFR and TP53 were significantly higher in placental tissue from PE pregnancies compared to normal pregnancies. EGFR and TP53 may play a role in PE by influencing autophagy.

Clinical significance of the combined test of seven blood coagulation indexes, lipids and platelet agglutination on hypercoagulable state of blood in parturient women.

To investigate the value of the combined test of seven blood coagulation indexes, lipids and platelet agglutination on the evaluation of the hypercoagulable state of blood in parturient women. This is a retrospective study. Total 50 high risk parturient women who underwent an antenatal examination in Baoding Maternal and Child Health Hospital from June 2021 to January 2023 were selected as the observation group, while 50 normal parturient women who underwent antenatal examination without comorbidities and complications were randomly collected in a ratio of 1:1 as the control group. All subjects had venous blood drawn for testing of seven blood coagulation indexes, lipids and platelet agglutination before delivery, and their general data were recorded. The activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, while thrombin time(TT) and D-dimer(DD) were both higher than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences(p<0.05); total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in the observation group were both higher than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (p<0.05); adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA) in the observation group were both higher than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Moreover, the overall incidence of adverse pregnancy was higher in the observation group than in the control group, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The combined test of seven blood coagulation indexes, lipids and platelet agglutination results in excellent performance in predicting and judging the presence or absence of the hypercoagulable state of blood in parturient women, with the combination of APTT+TT+DD+TG+ADP+AA being the preferred test.

PCDHGB7 hypermethylation-based Cervical cancer Methylation (CerMe) detection for the triage of high-risk human papillomavirus-positive women: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundImplementation of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) screening has greatly reduced the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. However, a triage strategy that is effective, noninvasive, and independent from the subjective interpretation of pathologists is urgently required to decrease unnecessary colposcopy referrals in hrHPV-positive women.MethodsA total of 3251 hrHPV-positive women aged 30–82 years (median = 41 years) from International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital were included in the training set (n = 2116) and the validation set (n = 1135) to establish Cervical cancer Methylation (CerMe) detection. The performance of CerMe as a triage for hrHPV-positive women was evaluated.ResultsCerMe detection efficiently distinguished cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2 +) from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or normal (CIN1 −) women with excellent sensitivity of 82.4% (95% CI = 72.6 ~ 89.8%) and specificity of 91.1% (95% CI = 89.2 ~ 92.7%). Importantly, CerMe showed improved specificity (92.1% vs. 74.9%) in other 12 hrHPV type-positive women as well as superior sensitivity (80.8% vs. 61.5%) and specificity (88.9% vs. 75.3%) in HPV16/18 type-positive women compared with cytology testing. CerMe performed well in the triage of hrHPV-positive women with ASC-US (sensitivity = 74.4%, specificity = 87.5%) or LSIL cytology (sensitivity = 84.4%, specificity = 83.9%).ConclusionsPCDHGB7 hypermethylation-based CerMe detection can be used as a triage strategy for hrHPV-positive women to reduce unnecessary over-referrals.Trial registrationChiCTR2100048972. Registered on 19 July 2021.

COMPARISON OF MICROBIOTA IN THREATENED PRETERM LABOR AND NORMAL PREGNANCY AT RSUP DR.M. DJAMIL PADANG

One of the threats in pregnancy is threatened preterm labor. Several studies show that thecomposition of the microbiota in the vagina of premature births and normal pregnancies is different.This study aims to determine the comparison of microbiota in pregnancies with premature parturitionand normal pregnancies at Dr M Djamil General Hospital, Padang. This research is an analyticalobservational study with a case–control study design conducted at the Department/SMF of Obstetricsand Gynecology, RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang from July – September 2023. The study population in thisresearch were all pregnant women with a gestational age of 20-37 weeks who were diagnosed withimminens preterm labor and normal pregnant women with a gestational age of 20-37 weeks whoreceived antenatal care at RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang. Respondents had vaginal swabs taken formicrobiological culture at the Biomedical Laboratory, Andalas University, Padang. There were 33respondents each in the imminence premature birth and normal pregnancy groups. Vaginal swabresults showed that the most common microorganism found in normal pregnancy was Lactobacilussp. (73%) while in threatened preterm labor Staphylococcus aureus (37%), Staphylococcus epidermidis(27%) and E.coli (15%) were more commonly found with only a small proportion of Lactobacilus sp(12%). Chi square analysis showed a significant difference between the vaginal microbiota of normalpregnant women and pregnant women with PPI. The conclusion of this study is that there is anincrease in Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and E.coli in pregnant women on PPIwith a decrease in the number of normal flora, namely Lactobacilus spp.

Family-Based Pregnancy Risk Detection With Family-Centered Maternity Care

The ability of pregnant women to detect early high-risk pregnancies is still below average which is one of the causes of complications that can endanger the well-being of the mother and fetus. Family involvement and other social sources of support in the perinatal period are associated with the detection and reduction of pregnancy risk factors. Approach to families in early dedetermination of pregnancy risk can be done with Family Center Maternity Care (FCMC). FCMC is care designed to meet the informational, social, emotional, comfort, and support needs of normal pregnant women during pregnancy and childbirth. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinants of early detection factors for pregnant women with family-based risk with FCMC. This type of research is quantitative and non-experimental with an analytical observational design through a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study was all pregnant women who experienced risk factors in the Kedungwuni I, Kedungwuni II, Bojong Health Center Area as many as 103 pregnant women. The sampling technique used is the Total Population. The results of this study show that there is a positive and statistically significant relationship of knowledge with the implementation of early detection. Pregnant women who have good knowledge have a likelihood of carrying out early detection of pregnancy risk well by 3,193 times higher than respondents with less knowledge (OR=3,193; CI 95%=1.123-9.078; p=0.029). It is hoped that health workers, especially midwives, can involve their families, especially for early detection of the risk of pregnant women so that pregnant women get optimal health services.

Effect of thyroid function on offspring neurodevelopment in people receiving ART therapy: a prospective cohort study.

Adequate maternal thyroid hormone is vital for fetal neurodevelopment. Abnormal thyroid function can cause developmental defects in offspring from spontaneous pregnancies; however, research in assisted reproduction is lacking. To investigate the association between thyroid disorders and offspring neurodevelopment from assisted reproduction. Prospective cohort study. In this prospective and longitudinal birth cohort study (Jiangsu, China), we included 729 women who had their thyroid function tested before ART cycle and delivered liveborn babies between November 2015 and June 2020. Maternal thyroid function was assessed by measuring thyroid antibodies, free thyroxine, and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone. The third edition Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development screening test (Bayley-III screening test) is used to assess the infant's neurodevelopment. In multivariate corrected linear regression analysis, infants of women with subclinical hypothyroidism demonstrated a significantly lower receptive communication score (β = -0.63, 95% CI [-1.12, -0.14], P = 0.013), with stratified analysis showing a significant association among female offspring (β = -0.87, 95% CI [-1.59, -0.15], P = 0.018) but null association among male offspring (β = -0.44, 95% CI [-1.03, 0.15], P = 0.145). No significant differences were found in assisted pregnancy population with normal thyroid function and positive antibodies according to the diagnostic cut-offs applied to normal pregnant women. Subclinical hypothyroidism in assisted pregnancies correlates with lower communication scores in 1-year-olds, especially in girls. Recommending medication for subclinical hypothyroidism throughout, regardless of thyroid autoantibody status.

High-Fat, High-Calorie Breast Milk in Women with Overweight or Obesity and Its Association with Maternal Serum Insulin Concentration and Triglycerides Levels.

The childhood obesity epidemic continues to be a challenge. Maternal obesity and excessive infant weight gain are strong predictors of childhood obesity, which itself is a major risk factor for adult obesity. The primary source of nutrition during early life is breast milk, and its composition is impacted by maternal habitus and diet. We thus studied the relationship between maternal BMI, serum lipids and insulin, and breast milk fat and calorie content from foremilk to hindmilk. Women who were exclusively breastfeeding at 7-8 weeks postpartum were BMI classified as Normal (18.5-24.9, n = 9) and women with Overweight/Obese (OW/OB ≥ 25, n = 13). Maternal blood and continuous breast milk samples obtained from foremilk to hindmilk were analyzed, and infant milk intake was assessed. Women with OW/OB had significantly higher milk fat and calorie content in the first foremilk and last hindmilk sample as compared to Normal BMI women. Amongst all women, maternal serum triglycerides, insulin, and HOMA were significantly correlated with foremilk triglyceride concentration, suggesting that maternal serum triglyceride and insulin action contribute to human milk fat content. As the milk fat content of OW/OB women has caloric implications for infant growth and childhood obesity, these results suggest the potential for modulating milk fat content by a reduction in maternal serum lipids or insulin.