Normal Woman Research Articles

A STUDY OF PLATELET COUNT AND BLEEDING TIME IN THIRD TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY WITH REFERENCE TO PRE-ECLAMPSIA.

BACKGROUND: - Pre-eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy and contributes signicantly maternal as well as perinatal morbidity and mortality. So an attempt was made to study the platelet count and bleeding time in cases of preeclampsia. AIM:-(1) To nd out the platelet count and bleeding time in pre-eclamptic woman. rd (2) To compare the values of platelet count and bleeding time in pre-eclamptics and normal pregnant woman in 3 trimester of pregnancy. METHODOLOGY:- 120 pregnant women in age group 18-42 years were included in the study of which 40 women were mild pre-eclamptic, 40 severe pre-eclamptic and 40 normal pregnant women in third trimester of pregnancy. RESULT:- Signicant decrease in platelet count and signicant increase in bleeding time was found between pre-eclamptic in comparison with the normal pregnant women. DISCUSSION:- Platelet count was found to decrease & Bleeding Time increase in pre-eclampsia CONCLUSION:- From this study,it was concluded that platelet count decrease and bleeding time incease with increase in severity of preeclampsia

GROUP BASED TRAJECTORY MODELING (GBTM) OF ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE (AMH) IN A COHORT OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN (AAW)

AMH has been used as a marker of ovarian reserve. Limited data are available to observe longitudinal changes in AMH over time. Our objective was to evaluate group based AMH trajectory models in a group of reproductive age AAW over the course of 5 years. This longitudinal study used an established cohort of AAW from Detroit, MI aged 23-35 years, who were recruited as a part of the Study of the Environment, Lifestyle and Fibroids. Anthropometric measurements, self reported medical history, and serum AMH levels (picoAMH assay, Ansh Labs, Webster, TX) were collected from participants at 4 visits over 5 years. GBTM was used to establish clusters of women with similar AMH trajectories using age as the time variable. The number of groups and form of temporal trend (linear, quadratic, etc.) for each group trajectory was determined using Bayes Information Criteria. Time varying BMI and hormonal contraception (HC) use were tested to determine their effect on group trajectories. AMH is not normally distributed so analyses were carried out on the logarithmic scale and back transformed to report predicted AMH. 1551 women with AMH for at least 2 visits were included with mean baseline age of 29.2 ± 3.4 years and median AMH of 4.08ng/mL (IQR 2.28 - 6.70). At visit 4, mean age was 34.2 ± 3.4 years and median AMH was 3.00ng/mL (1.52 - 5.15). GBTM model results indicate 5 different groups of AMH trajectories in this population. Group 1 (0.9% of participants) has a linear decline in log AMH with predicted AMH of 0.03ng/mL at age 23 and 0.001ng/mL at age 35 for a normal weight woman not using HC. Group 2 (6.7% of participants) has a cubic trajectory with an AMH value of 1.80ng/mL at age 23 and 0.31ng/mL at age 35. Groups 3, 4, and 5 (comprising 27.8%, 45.4%, and 19.3% of participants respectively) all had a quadratic trajectory for log AMH, although with different slopes. In group 3, at age 23 the predicted AMH is 2.87ng/mL while at age 35 is 1.37ng/mL; for group 4 the predicted AMH at age 23 is 6.13ng/mL while at age 35 is 3.61ng/mL, and for group 5 the predicted AMH at age 23 is 13.8ng/mL and at age 35 is 8.7ng/mL. Time varying HC use and overweight or obese status is associated with AMH trajectories in some groups. In groups 3, 4, and 5, HC use is associated with 15.4% (p<0.001), 15.5% (p<0.001), and 23.9% (p<0.001) lower AMH compared to not using HC, respectively. Being obese is associated with 10.2% (p=0.016) and 12.1% (p=0.029) lower AMH compared to normal weight in groups 4 and 5, respectively. Group 1, with very low AMH at all 4 visits, is associated with 846.6% (p<0.001) higher AMH in HC users, 258.8% (p<0.001) higher AMH in overweight women, and 611.4% (p<0.001) higher AMH in obese women. We identified five groups of AMH trajectories over time. HC and overweight or obese status were found to influence AMH trajectories in some, but not all, groups. Further study is needed to understand other factors that may impact AMH trajectories or risk factors for group membership.

Pengembangan Media Self Trainning Basic Prenatal Yoga Berbasis Audiovisual di Puskesmas Pamulang Tangerang Selatan

Pregnancy and childbirth are inseparable chain reactions in a normal woman's life. To undergo a safe and comfortable pregnancy, pregnant women must be able to manage their body, mind and spirit holistically during pregnancy. (Kuswandi,2013) Changes in the safety and comfort of pregnant women are closely related to physical and psychological changes. (Prawiroharjo,2015) To reduce the physical and psychological complaints of mothers during pregnancy, what can be done by including the mother in pregnancy exercise classes, Prenatal yoga is a type of exercise that is good for pregnant women to do. Practicing yoga means that pregnant women practice physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation.Based on the data obtained at Pamulang Health Center, from 684 pregnant women during January to April, only 20% of pregnant women attended the pregnancy class provided by the puskesmas, the remaining 80% of pregnant women were not involved in gymnastics classes at all. The absence of pregnant women is due to busyness and unsuitable schedules. The general objective of this study is to develop audiovisual self-training media for basic prenatal yoga and to test its effectiveness.The research method is action research. The first stage will conduct a study of the condition and level of needs of pregnant women about basic prenatal yoga. The second stage will be the process of making audiovisual media for basic prenatal yoga self-training. The third stage is testing the effectiveness of the media. The results showed that 60% of respondents did not know well what Prenatal Yoga was, pre-intervention described the mean score of physiological comfort during pregnancy of 56.1 with a range of values ranging from a score of 35-77. The mean value obtained post intervention was 48.4 with scores ranging from 30-70. p value of 0,000. Thus, it is known that there is a significant relationship between prenatal yoga movements and physiological comfort during pregnancy.

PDX1-MODY: A rare missense mutation as a cause of monogenic diabetes

Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young type 4 is a rare form of diabetes mellitus, caused by mutations in the PDX1 gene. However, only a few mutations in this gene have been associated as a cause of monogenic diabetes up to date. It makes difficult to create a clinical manifestation profile of this disease and, consequently, to improve the therapeutic management for these patients. Here we report a normal weight woman, diagnosed with diabetes mellitus at 27 years old, during her first pregnancy. At the time of the recruitment, she was 40 years old and had a body mass index of 23.9 kg/m2, glycated hemoglobin level of 9.6%, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of 254 mg/dL. She presented no diabetic complications and she was being treated with insulin. She reported a family history of diabetes mellitus characteristic of an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Molecular analysis of the PDX1 gene revealed the missense variant c.532G > A (p.(Glu178Lys)) segregating from the patient to her son, reported as diabetic. It was absent in her healthy daughter. The c.532G > A seems to be a rare variant, absent in human variants databases, and among 86 normoglycemic controls. Eight in silico algorithms classified this variant as probably pathogenic. Additionally, analysis of the evolutionary conservation showed the glutamic acid in the position 178 of PDX-1 protein as conserved among several species. Our findings reinforce the importance of screening rare MODY genes among families with suspicion of monogenic diabetes to help better understand the clinical manifestations of this disease.

The Efficacy and Safety of the mTOR Signaling Pathway Activator, MHY1485, for in vitro Activation of Human Ovarian Tissue

BackgroundPremature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by abnormal ovarian function before the age of 40. POI showed that primordial follicles developed in disorder. mTOR signaling plays a vital role in the process of follicle development. It has been verified that the mTOR signaling pathway activator, MHY1485, can promote primordial follicle development in mice. We considered that MHY1485 would be a promising fertility preservation method for POI patients.MethodsThe fragmented ovarian tissues of normal woman was cultured with activator MHY1485 in vitro, and then the control and activated ovaries were transplanted into the kidney capsules of ovariectomized mice. We then used the Infinium Human Methylation EPIC BeadChip to verify the DNA methylation level of ovarian tissues, thus exploring the effectiveness of them.ResultsMHY1485 stimulated mTOR, S6K1, and rpS6 phosphorylation. Cultured with MHY1485, ovarian weights increased and endocrine function was restored. The number of growing follicles was increased. The in vitro activation process did not induce histological changes or abnormal DNA methylation occurrence.ConclusionMHY1485 for in vitro activation (IVA) is effective for ovarian rejuvenation and is a potential therapeutic treatment for POI patients.

A Comparative Study of Hepatic Enzymes Between Preeclampsia and Normal Pregnant Women

Background: Preeclampsia is a multisystem disorder, unique to pregnancy that is usually associated with high blood pressure and proteinuria after 20 week of gestation. Abnormal liver function tests occur in 20% to 30% of pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and are associated with a higher risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcome.&#x0D; Objective: To observe the alteration of hepatic enzymes in preeclampsia.&#x0D; Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Dhaka Medical College, and Dhaka from July 2015 to June 2016. A total number of one hundred pregnant women in third trimester of pregnancy with or without preeclampsia, attending in the outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in DMCH, were selected as study subjects. Of them fifty pregnant women in third trimester of pregnancy were with preeclampsia and fifty were normal healthy pregnant women. Estimation of hepatic enzymes like aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and gamma glutamyl transferase were done in both preeclampsia and normal pregnant patients and mean values of the variables were compared between them.&#x0D; Results: The mean serum aspartate transaminase level was significantly higher in preeclampsia compared to normal pregnant woman (32.4 ± 15.4 IU/L vs 24.8 ±11.8 IU/L respectively and p 0.007). Serum alanine transaminase level was also significantly higher in preeclampsia than normal pregnancy (38.1±19.9 IU/L vs 18.8±6.95 IU/L, respectively and p &lt; 0.001). Serum gamma glutamyl transferase was also significantly higher in preeclampsia than normal pregnancy (44.7±19.1 IU/L vs 26.6± 6.0 IU/L p &lt; .001).&#x0D; Conclusions: Hepatic enzymes (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyl transferase) were increased. So routine assessment of these parameters may helpful to prevent worse outcome of preeclampsia patients.&#x0D; J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 29, No.1, April, 2020, Page 18-22

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in a normal primigravida woman at the 35-week gestational stage: a case report

Background: Herein, we report a case of cerebral hemorrhage in a 21-year-old nulliparous, primi gravida woman caused by posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), which may be associated with reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). Case: The patient’s medical history was unremarkable, apart from the mother having had a cerebral infarction. She had been examined by a local doctor, and showed good progress; however, her blood pressure (BP) was 143/97 mmHg, she had findings of proteinuria (3+) and she had a headache on the 35th week with multiple vomiting episodes. She was admitted to our hospital after poor responsiveness and a consciousness level of GCS14, E4V4M6, a BP of 143/97 mmHg, a pulse rate of 77/min, bilateral abduction of the eyes, and left hemiplegia. Cranial computed tomography (CT) revealed cerebral hemorrhage with ventricular puncture in the right caudate nucleus. Emergency caesarean section was performed on the same day with priority given to maternal lifesaving. Acute cerebral infarction findings and PRES were observed on head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the admission day 1. Head MR angiography on the 4th hospital day showed narrowing of the entire main artery trunk, suspected as RCVS. Short-term memory deficits were diagnosed post-extubation, but gradually improved. Although it became possible and hematoma in the ventricles were absorbed, left paresis and higher dysfunction were observed, and she was discharged on the 21st hospital day. Conclusion: PRES and RCVS occur simultaneously quite frequently, but require opposing treatment approaches. Both cases are reversible, but if they occur simultaneously, RCVS, which progresses slowly, may cause irreversible symptoms, thereby requiring careful treatment.

Development and Usefulness of Hypernasality Control Device: A Preliminary Study

The purpose of this study was to compare nasalance scores of the experimental paragraphs and sentences with and without ‘Hypernasality Control Device (HCD)’ and to determine the degree of foreign body sensation and pain with HCD. A 44-year-old normal adult woman wore type I and type II HCD, and then she was asked to read aloud the experimental paragraphs and sentences. Using a Nasometer, the nasalance scores were measured. The subject responded to a questionnaire with 5-point scale to measure the degree of foreign body sensation and pain after wearing two types of HCD. In all experimental paragraphs and sentences, the nasalance scores with HCD were measured lower than those of without HCD. In addition, there was no foreign body sensation and pain with HCD, or it was at a slight level. These results showed that HCD played a role in regulating nasal resonance in a normal adult woman. It is expected that the HCD will contribute to the control of the nasalance scores in hypernasality subjects. And simplify the production process and continuous modification are required for efficient application and the appropriate HCD size and shape.

Gonadoblastoma versus ovarian mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumor in women or girls with no evidence of a disorder of sex development: A problem in differential diagnosis

Gonadoblastoma occurring in a normal girl or woman has been confused with ovarian mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumor (MGC-SCST) due to a lack of knowledge that the former occurs occasionally in a normal woman or girl. In this article, we develop histological criteria that facilitate the distinction of gonadoblastoma in an individual with a normal karyotype and no evidence of a disorder of sex development from ovarian MGC-SCST. We reviewed the histological findings of gonadoblastoma occurring in normal individuals and compared them to cases of ovarian MGC-SCST in our files. The histological findings of gonadoblastoma differ substantially from those of ovarian MGC-SCST. Importantly, gonadoblastoma contains two types of transformed germ cells, some histologically benign and others premalignant, whereas MGC-SCST contains only a single type, typically premalignant in the ovary and benign in the testis. Furthermore, degenerative changes of hyalinization and calcification are common in gonadoblastoma, whereas they are extremely rare in MGC-SCST. Although the great majority of cases of gonadoblastoma occur in an individual with a disorder of sex development and an abnormal karyotype, a substantial number arise in a normal woman or girl with no evidence of a disorder of sex development. In the latter circumstance, it is important to distinguish gonadoblastoma from ovarian MGC-SCST. It is very likely that those gonadoblastomas arising in a normal individual develop through a different molecular pathway than the ones that occur in the dysgenetic gonads of an individual with a disorder of sex development.

MiR-190b impedes pancreatic β cell proliferation and insulin secretion by targeting NKX6-1 and may associate to gestational diabetes mellitus

Background The dysfunction of pancreatic β cells is related to the occurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the effects of miR-190b on pancreatic β cell proliferation and insulin secretion. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect miR-190b expression in placenta tissues from GDM patients. The effects of miR-190b on islet cells activity, proliferation, and insulin secretion were measured using MTT assay, BrdU staining, and ELISA. The relationship between miR-190b and NK6 homeobox 1 (NKX6-1) was ensured by dual luciferase reporter assay. Results MiR-190b was overexpressed in placenta tissues from GDM patients compared to normal pregnant woman. MiR-190b inhibitor inhibited the cell activity, proliferation, and insulin secretion of islet β cells, while miR-190b overexpression had an opposite effect. Additionally, miR-190b negatively regulated NKX6-1 expression. Overexpression of NKX6-1 reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-190b-mimics on islet β cell activity, proliferation, and insulin secretion. In mouse islets, knockdown of miR-190b promoted insulin secretion by up-regulating NKX6-1 expression. Conclusion Silence of miR-190b accelerated pancreatic β cell proliferation and insulin secretion via targeting NKX6-1, which might be a mechanism underlying the effects of miR-190b on the progression of GDM.

Efficacy of MLPA for detection of Y-chromosome microdeletions in infertile Brazilian patients.

Worldwide publications follow the gold standard method-the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-for detecting Y-chromosome microdeletions; however, markers are frequently variable between the studies. Can we detect the deletions by another molecular method with more genomic coverage? The Y chromosome harbors several different genes responsible for testicular development and spermatogenesis, and its repetitive conformation predisposes it to complex rearrangements that have clinical impact. Our aim was to evaluate a molecular diagnostic method, the Multiplex Ligand Probe-dependent Amplification (MLPA), which is also a valuable ancillary method for the identification of deletions, duplications, and rearrangements in a single and faster reaction, leading to a better comprehension of patients' phenotypes, and should be considered a useful tool for detection of Y chromosome deletions. This is a study of diagnostic accuracy (transversal prospective study) conducted to investigate Y-chromosome deletions in 84 individuals through PCR and MLPA methods. Forty-three infertile men (azoospermic and oligozoospermic) and 41 controls (40 fertile men and 1 normal karyotyped woman) were analyzed by PCR and MLPA techniques. We diagnosed seven (7) deletions (16.2%) by PCR and 9 with MLPA (21%). In addition, we found five (5) duplications and a suggestive mosaic. Our results demonstrate that MLPA technique is valuable in the investigation of microdeletions and microduplications. Besides deletions, duplications can cause instability of chromosome genes, possibly leading to infertility. Both studied techniques provide an advantageous diagnostic strategy, thus enabling a better genetic counseling.

How does video case-based learning influence clinical decision-making by midwifery students? An exploratory study

BackgroundClinical decision-making skills are essential for providing high-quality patient care. To enhance these skills, many institutions worldwide use case-based learning (CBL) as an educational strategy of pre-clinical training. However, to date, the influence of different learning modalities on students’ clinical decision-making processes has not been fully explored. This study aims to explore the influence of video and paper case modalities on the clinical decision-making process of midwifery students during CBL.MethodsCBL involving a normal pregnant woman was provided for 45 midwifery students. They were divided into 12 groups; six groups received the video modality, and six groups received the paper modality. Group discussions were video-recorded, and focus groups were conducted after the CBL. Transcripts of the group discussions were analysed in terms of their interaction patterns, and focus groups were thematically analysed based on the three-stage model of clinical decision-making, which includes cue acquisition, interpretation, and evaluation/decision-making.ResultsThe students in the video groups paid more attention to psychosocial than biomedical aspects and discussed tailored care for the woman and her family members. They refrained from vaginal examinations and electric fetal heart monitoring. Conversely, the students in the paper groups paid more attention to biomedical than psychosocial aspects and discussed when to perform vaginal examinations and electric fetal heart monitoring.ConclusionThis study clarified that video and paper case modalities have different influences on learners’ clinical decision-making processes. Video case learning encourages midwifery students to have a woman- and family-centred holistic perspective of labour and birth care, which leads to careful consideration of the psychosocial aspects. Paper case learning encourages midwifery students to have a healthcare provider-centred biomedical perspective of labour and childbirth care, which leads to thorough biomedical assessment.

Deficiency of serum l-arginine levels in severe preeclampsia; a consideration for supplementation

The purpose of this study was to compare serum levels of l-arginine in normal pregnant women, severe preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia with complications. It was an observational study with a cross-sectional design, 88 third trimester of pregnancy became the sample which consisted of 46 normal pregnant women, 30 severe preeclampsia, and 12 severe preeclampsia with complication. This study conducted in four hospitals in the city of Makassar: Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo hospital, education Hospital of Hasanuddin University, Fatimah, and Sitti Khadijah 1 Mothers and Children hospital. Serum blood samples were taken from the antecubital venous blood Assessment of serum l-arginine levels was carried out using the Human l-Arginine Assay Kit. There were significant mean differences between normal, severe preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia with complications. The lowest serum levels of l-arginine were severe preeclampsia with complications (28.33ng/mL), then severe preeclampsia group (34.66ng/mL), and the highest was normal pregnant woman (60.91ng/mL). Severe preeclampsia with complications had the lowest l-arginine level. Role l-arginine level should be considered in the prevention and treatment of severe preeclampsia.

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and some Biochemical Parameters in Normal Pregnant Women

Pregnancy is associated with many metabolic changes in normal pregnant woman, this leads to change in physiological, biochemical, and hematological parameters drastically. The test subjects were selected among those attending to Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil Governorate between March 2017 and August 2017. Four groups of individuals were included in this study, 230 pregnant women divided into three groups (Group 1 first trimester, Group 2 second trimester, and Group 3 third trimester) and Group 4 contained 90 nonpregnant women as control. Full automatic chemical analyzer (Cobas C311, Germany) was used to determine the biochemical parameters. The EL ×800 Absorbance Microplate Reader from BioTek (USA) instruments is used to measure the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum. The results of this study showed a significant increase in serum albumin, glucose, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and MDA in pregnant women as compared to the control group, also show significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level, SOD activity, and CAT activity in pregnant women as compared to nonpregnant women, and nonsignificant difference in uric acid, and HDL.

Caval Aortic Index: A Novel Tool for Fluid Assessment in Obstetric Emergencies.

Background:Uncorrected maternal hypotension occurring during obstetric emergencies may result in maternal and fetal morbidity. Fluid status of the pregnant mother is a major variable which affects the maternal hemodynamics during patient management, and there is no objective assessment tool for the same. A relatively new sonographic parameter, the inferior vena cava aorta (IVC/Ao) diameter index or caval aortic index, showed promise in this regard, and its application was studied in obstetric patients.Methodology:A prospective analytical study was conducted involving 50 pregnant and 50 nonpregnant women of reproductive age group. Using both subxiphoid and transhepatic views, their normal fasting caval aortic indices were determined from the ratio of mean IVC diameter to the mean aortic diameter. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out accordingly.Results:Normal IVC/Ao diameter index for nonpregnant healthy women of reproductive age was 1.11 ± 0.29 in the subxiphoid view and 1.21 ± 0.33 in the transhepatic view. The difference between the two views was not statistically significant. IVC/Ao diameter index for a normal term pregnant woman was 1.03 ± 0.26, and term pregnancy does not significantly cause variation in the index.Conclusions:Caval aortic index is a useful noninvasive tool to assess volume status and guide fluid management in pregnant women presenting to the emergency department, and the transhepatic view is comparable to the traditional subxiphoid view for the measurement of the same.

Evaluation of total LDH and its isoenzymes as markers in preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia, a rapidly progressing pregnancy-specific multi-systemic syndrome is globally the leading cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This study aims to evaluate the serum total Lactate dehydrogenase levels in women with preeclampsia when compared to normotensive pregnant women and assess the electrophoretic pattern of the LDH isoenzymes in normal pregnancy, preeclampsia and eclampsia. The study, carried out in the Department of Biochemistry of MVJ Medical College, included 30 patients of preeclampsia and 30 normotensive gestational age-matched pregnant women admitted to the Department of OBG. Serum total LDH was analysed by DGKC method. Serum and cord blood samples for isoenzyme distribution analysis were collected from a normal pregnant woman undergoing delivery, a woman with mild eclampsia, two women with eclampsia, and analysed by slab gel electrophoresis followed by activity staining. LDH was significantly elevated in cases as well as between the case (mild and severe) groups, showed a moderate positive statistically significant correlation with systolic, diastolic blood pressure and a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 80%. Further, the isoenzyme pattern showed a decreasing distribution of aerobic forms of LDH in preeclampsia-eclampsia. Serum total LDH may serve as a robust and affordable marker of preeclampsia. Serum total LDH, along with its isoenzyme profile, might serve as a predictor and a stronger marker of preeclampsia when compared to serum LDH analysis alone. It may also be used to assess the severity of preeclampsia and hence help in predicting and preventing adverse maternal and foetal outcomes.

THE ROLE OF SERUM UREA, CREATININE, URIC ACID IN DIAGNOSIS OF PRE-ECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA

Eclampsia is a serious medical condition that affects women during pregnancy. Symptoms of eclampsia appear in pregnancy as a condition known as pre-eclampsia, (condition follows a high blood pressure) , the condition can go undetected until it develops into eclampsia. This can create additional complications during pregnancy. Each case of eclampsia is unique, and the pregnant woman may share few or no characteristics with other women who develop the condition. Pregnancy histories, Patient age, Family history, Obesity, High blood pressure are major high risk factors for preeclampsia and eclampsia will vary from patient to patient.&#x0D; Aims and Objectives of Study: To detect the level of urea, creatinine and uric acid in the diagnosis of preeclampsia and eclampsia.&#x0D; Material and Method: Total 100 subjects were selected for study. Out of 40 were normal pregnant womens, 30 were suffered from preeclampsia and 30 were suffered eclampsia. Blood sample were collected in plane test tube for assay of urea, creatinine and uric acid.&#x0D; Results of Study: The concentration of urea, creatinine and uric acid is significantly increased found in eclampsia compare to normal subjects. The level of serum urea and serum creatinine increased but insignificant in pre-eclampsia (40.08 ± 9.20 ; 0.78 ± 0.32) compare to normal group (30.47 ± 6.18 ; 0.58 ± 0.14). The level of uric acid was significantly increased found in pre-eclampsia subject (6.42 ± 1.42) than normal pregnant woman (4.82 ± 0.86) (p &gt;0.0001).&#x0D; Conclusion: On the basis of study findings we, concluded that the increased levels of serum uric acid, serum creatinine and serum urea are better diagnostic and predictive marker for PE and eclampsia and immediate medical attention required for preeclampsia and eclampsia. With the help of these parameters most cases are detected early in the pregnancy before they can progress to eclampsia. While there is no cure for preeclampsia, doctors will often prescribe medications to lower blood pressure or anticonvulsant medications to prevent seizures.&#x0D; Keywords: PE, ECLAMPSIA, UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE

Decreasing the Consumption of Foods with Sugar Increases Their Reinforcing Value: A Potential Barrier for Dietary Behavior Change

BackgroundThe Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) have recommended reducing added sugar intake since its inception in 1980. Nearly 40 years later, added sugar consumption still exceeds 2015-2020 DGA recommendations among most of the population. The reinforcing value of food influences eating behaviors, and foods high in added sugars are highly reinforcing. Restricting intake of foods high in added sugars as part of a low-sugar diet may increase their reinforcing value such that reducing consumption may be difficult to maintain. If so, this would present a mechanistic barrier to making the necessary dietary changes to meet 2015-2020 DGA recommendations. PurposeTo determine whether the relative reinforcing value of foods high in added sugars is altered when reducing intake of all foods high in sugars. MethodsObese (n=19) and normal weight (n=23) men and woman who habitually consumed over 10% of their calories from added sugars completed the study. Reinforcing value of foods high in added sugars was measured via progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement before and on day 7 of a weeklong controlled feeding intervention where added sugars comprised 2.5% to 4.0% of daily calories and total sugars 7.3% to 8.6% of daily calories. ResultsThe reinforcing value of foods high in added sugars increased (P<0.01) after consuming a diet low in total added sugars for 1 week in both obese and normal weight participants. ConclusionAdhering to a low-sugar diet for 1 week increases the reinforcing value of foods high in added sugars. Future studies should examine whether consuming a diet low in added sugars, but not other sugar, increases reinforcing value of foods high in added sugars and whether high–added sugar food reinforcement returns to baseline after longer-term reductions in added sugars.

Deep targeted sequencing reveals the diversity of TRB-CDR3 repertoire in patients with preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the major causes of maternal and perinatal mortality worldwide. This study aimed to determine the immunological characteristics of PE patients and normal pregnancy at the T cell receptor beta-chain (TRB) level by using high-throughput sequencing. High-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the expression of TRB-CDR3 in circulating T cells. T cells were isolated from 36 healthy pregnant women, 24 patients with severe PE, and 18 patients with moderate PE. Rearranged mRNA sequences were assigned to their germline V, D, and J counterparts, and translated into proper amino acids by the IMGT database. In general, PE samples had more TRB-CDR3 reads and types than those of normal pregnant woman in the circulation, but the mean number of TRB-CDR3 reads and unique TRB-CDR3 reads in severe group was lower than that in the moderate group. In PE patients, the V7_9 and V20_1 gene loci were more prevalent than in healthy pregnant women. In addition, 4 kinds of TRB-CDR3 peptides were found to be highly relevant to the pathogenesis of PE. Of them, peptides matched to herpes simplex virus antigen-specific T cells were much lower in PE samples.

Challenging Dissemblance in Pauli Murray Historiography, Sketching a History of the Trans New Negro

Challenging Dissemblance in Pauli Murray Historiography, Sketching a History of the Trans New Negro