Normal Weight Young Adults Research Articles

The specially designed nudging tableware promotes healthy food choices: Evidence from a randomized crossover trial in normal-weight young adults

PurposeTo evaluate the effects of the specially designed nudging tableware, including a plate and bowl, on individual food choices in normal-weight young adults and preliminarily explore its mechanisms. We hypothesized that the toolset could increase the choice of vegetables and decrease that of rice. MethodsA randomized, single-blind, two-period crossover trial was carried out among 40 normal-weight university students in China. All subjects completed two buffets separated by an interval of one week, wearing the eye tracker. Vegetable choice, evaluated through the proportion of vegetables, was the primary outcome, and the weight of vegetables and rice were the secondary outcomes. The mechanisms of the decision-making process were preliminarily explored through eye tracking. ResultsThe usage of the nudging tableware significantly increased the proportion of vegetables and decreased the amount of rice taken (P<0.05), while insignificantly increased the weight of vegetables (P = 0.079). Eye tracking shows that the nudging plate significantly prolonged the food-choosing process and fixation duration on vegetables (P<0.05), and the latter was positively correlated to the increased quantity of vegetables while using the nudging plate (r = 0.493, P<0.01). ConclusionThe specially designed nudging tableware might be an effective and practical tool to promote the choice of less rice and more vegetables. Mechanisms behind this change might include automatic and unconscious processes with the inconspicuously smaller capacity of the bowl and larger portion size of the vegetable segment, and increased attention triggered by the vegetable patterns and larger green underpainting.

Metabolic and inflammatory profiles, gut microbiota and lifestyle factors in overweight and normal weight young thai adults.

Obesity among young adults, especially those living in developing countries is increasing. A high body mass index (BMI) is one of the major causes of several diseases worldwide, constituting an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Investigations describing the relationship between BMI, clinical and gut microbiota characteristics and lifestyle factors of overweight young adults, especially from Southeast Asian countries are limited. Metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, fecal microbiota profiles and lifestyle factors were compared between overweight Thai young adults (n = 30, mean age 33 ± 9.48) and those with normal weight (n = 30, mean age 27 ±7.50). This study was registered with the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20220204007). Health status including body composition, fasting glucose and insulin, lipid profiles, liver and kidney function, inflammatory biomarkers, blood pressure and fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing data was determined. Dietary intake was assessed using a 3-day dietary record and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), with physical activity levels compared using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). The overweight group had significantly higher BMI, waist-hip ratio, body fat mass, % body fat, skeletal mass, triglyceride level, C-reactive protein, insulin and blood pressure, with lower levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and blood urea nitrogen compared to the normal weight group. Significant differences in fecal microbiota composition at the family and genus levels were observed between the two groups. In our clinical setting, we also observed that unhealthy diets with high consumption of food rich in fat and sugar, processed meat and alcohol, and physical inactivity were associated with an increased prevalence of overweight in Thai young adults. Results provided the big picture of health and lifestyle characteristics of overweight young Thai people. Young adults should be encouraged to engage in health-promoting activities that maintain healthy bodyweight.

The Prevalence of Metabolically Unhealthy Normal Weight and Its Influence on the Risk of Diabetes.

Diabetes is a major health problem and metabolically unhealthy is an important risk factor. To conduct the first nationally representative study on epidemiological data of metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) focused only on nondiabetic subjects and determine the predictive effect on diabetes in China. A longitudinal study was conducted using data from the Rich Healthcare Group in China. Metabolic status was determined by the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, and individuals with 2 or more criteria were categorized as MUNW and diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (MetS) if they met 3 or more. Of a total of 63 830 nondiabetic normal-weight individuals, 8935 (14.0%) were classified as MUNW and 1916 (3.00%) were diagnosed with MetS. After adjusting for potential confounders, individuals with MUNW had a greater diabetes risk (4.234, 95% CI 3.089-5.803) than those without MUNW during an average of 3.10 years of follow-up. Also, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for developing diabetes were 3.069 (95% CI 1.790-5.263), 7.990 (95% CI 4.668-13.677), and 11.950 (95% CI 6.618-21.579) for participants with 1, 2, and 3 or more components, respectively, compared with those without any components. Further analyses suggested that the number of MetS components present is associated with the risk of diabetes, especially in metabolically unhealthy normal-weight young male adults. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for incident diabetes among individuals with 1, 2, and at least 3 components were 4.45 (1.45-13.72), 9.82 (3.05-31.64), and 15.13 (3.70-61.84) for participants aged ≤44 years, and 3.55 (1.81-6.97), 8.52 (4.34-16.73), and 13.69 (6.51-28.77) for male participants, respectively. The prevalence of MUNW is 14% in Chinese normal-weight nondiabetic individuals, and active intervention is necessary for this category of people. The presence of MUNW significantly increases the risk of diabetes, and the risk of diabetes is associated with the number of MetS components present in the patient.

Short-term ozone exposure and metabolic status in metabolically healthy obese and normal-weight young adults: A viewpoint of inflammatory pathways

Unhealthy metabolic status increases risks of cardiovascular and other diseases. This study aims to explore whether there is a link between O3 and metabolic health indicators through a viewpoint of inflammatory pathways. 49 metabolically healthy normal-weight (MH-NW) and 39 metabolically healthy obese (MHO) young adults aged 18–26 years were recruited from a panel study with three visits. O3 exposure were estimated based on fixed-site environmental monitoring data and time-activity diary for each participant. Compared to MH-NW people, MHO people were more susceptible to the adverse effects on metabolic status, including blood pressure, glucose, and lipid indicators when exposed to O3. For instance, O3 exposure was associated with significant decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and increases in C-peptide and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) among MHO people, while only weaker changes in HDL-C and LDL-C among MH-NW people. Mediation analyses indicated that leptin mediated the metabolic health effects in both groups, while eosinophils and MCP-1 were also important mediating factors for the MHO people. Although both with a metabolically healthy status, compared to normal-weight people, obese people might be more susceptible to the negative effects of O3 on metabolic status, possibly through inflammatory indicators such as leptin, eosinophils, and MCP-1.

Joint effect of multiple air pollutants on lipid profiles in obese and normal-weight young adults: The key role of ozone

Dyslipidemia may be a potential mechanism linking air pollution to adverse cardiovascular outcomes and this may differ among obese and normal-weight populations. However, the joint effect of multiple air pollutants on lipid profiles and the role of each pollutant are still unclear. This panel study aims to investigate and compare the overall associations of major air pollutants with lipid parameters in obese and normal-weight adults, and assess the relative importance of each pollutant for lipid parameters. Forty-four obese and 53 normal-weight young adults were recruited from December 2017 to June 2018 in Beijing, China. Their fasting blood was collected and serum lipid levels were measured in three visits. Six major air pollutants were included in this study, which were PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 and CO. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was implemented to estimate the joint effect of the six air pollutants on various lipid parameters. We found that decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the obese group and increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-HDL-C in the normal-weight group were associated with the exposure to the mixture of six air pollutants above. Significant increases in total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C and non-HDL-C/HDL-C were observed in both groups, and the effect was stronger in obese group. Of the six air pollutants above, O3 had the largest posterior inclusion probability in above lipid indices, ranging from 0.75 to 1.00. In the obese group, approximately linear exposure-response relationships were observed over the whole range of logarithmic O3-8 h max concentration, while in the normal-weight group, these relationships existed when the logarithmic concentration exceeded about 2.8. Therefore, lipid profiles of obese adults may be more sensitive to air pollution and this study highlights the importance of strengthening emissions control efforts for O3 in the future.

Identification of Metabolic Phenotypes in Young Adults with Obesity by 1H NMR Metabolomics of Blood Serum

(1) Since the obesity prevalence rate has been consistently increasing, it is necessary to find an effective way to prevent and treat it. Although progress is being made to reduce obesity in the young adult population, a better understanding of obesity-related metabolomics and related biochemical mechanisms is urgently needed for developing appropriate screening strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the serum metabolic profile associated with young adult obesity and its metabolic phenotypes. (2) Methods: The serum metabolic profile of 30 obese and 30 normal-weight young adults was obtained using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). 1H NMR spectra were integrated into 24 integration regions, which reflect relative metabolites, and were used as statistical variables. (3) Results: The obese group showed increased levels of lipids, glucose, glutamate, N-acetyl glycoprotein, alanine, lactate, 3 hydroxybutyrate and branch chain amino acid (BCAA), and decreased levels of choline as compared with the normal-weight group. Non-hyperlipidemia obese adults showed lower levels of lipids and lactate, glutamate, acetoacetate, N-acetyl glycoprotein, isoleucine, and higher levels of choline and glutamine, as compared with hyperlipidemic obese adults. (4) Conclusions: This study reveals valuable findings in the field of metabolomics and young adult obesity. We propose several serum biomarkers that distinguish between normal weight and obese adults, i.e., glutamine (higher in the normal group, p < 0.05), and lactate, BCAAs, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate (higher in the obese group, p < 0.05). In addition, visceral fat and serum TG, glutamate, acetoacetate, N-acetyl glycoprotein, unsaturated lipid, isoleucine, and VLDL/LDL are higher (p < 0.05) in the obese with hyperlipidemia. Therefore, they can be used as biomarkers to identify these two types of obesity.

312 Associations Between Sleep Regularity and Body Mass Index: Findings from a Prospective Study of First-Year College Students

Abstract Introduction College students often experience irregular sleep timing, short sleep duration, and weight gain. Using data from a large, prospective study on sleep in first-year college students, we examined whether students’ sleep regularity index (SRI; Phillips et al., 2017) was associated with body mass index (BMI) and BMI change (∆BMI) during the first nine weeks of their college semester. Methods Analyses included data from 583 students (mean age = 18.7± 0.5 years; 59% Female; 48% non-White) who had their height and weight assessed at the start of classes (T1) and end (T2) of nine weeks. ∆BMI was calculated as the difference between T2 and T1, with a positive value indicating an increase in BMI. Throughout the semester, participants completed on-line daily sleep diaries that included bedtime, wake-time, sleep onset latency, and wake after sleep onset for the previous major sleep episode and daytime naps. Based on this data, total sleep time (TST) was calculated as time spent asleep between bedtime and wake-time, and SRI was calculated by comparing participants’ sleep/wake states across adjacent 24-hour periods. Average SRI reflects participants’ sleep regularity (0 (random) to 100 (perfect regularity)) across the study. Data were analyzed with hierarchical linear regressions that controlled for sex and average TST. Results Average SRI was 74.1±8.7 (range 25.7–91.6). Average BMI at T1 was 22.0±3.5; 6% of participants were underweight (BMI less than 18.5), 6% overweight (≥25 and &amp;lt;30) and 3% obese (≥30). Greater BMI at T1 was correlated with less ∆BMI by T2 (r=-.16, p&amp;lt;.001). On average, participants gained 1.8±2.4kg (range: -7.2–11.4); 6% of participants lost ≥2kg, 39% gained 2-5kg, 8% gained more than 5kg. Average TST was not significantly correlated with BMI or ∆BMI. Lower SRI was associated with greater BMI at T1 (B= -.06 [95% CI: -.09– -.02], p=.001) but less ∆BMI (B= .01 [.002–.018], p=.018). Conclusion We found that lower sleep-wake regularity associated with greater baseline BMI but less BMI increase during the initial transition to college. Given that the majority of our participants were normal weight young adults, our findings may indicate that sleep regularity associates with healthy growth in this population. Support (if any) R01MH079179, T32MH019927(P.W.)

Validation of InBody 770 bioelectrical impedance analysis compared to a four-compartment model criterion in young adults.

Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) offers enhanced body composition outcomes in a time-efficient manner. The accuracy of stand-up MF-BIA compared against a four-compartment (4C) criterion lacks evidence. To validate a stand-up MF-BIA compared to a 4C criterion for fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat percentage (%fat). Eighty-two healthy (32% men) normal-weight (BMI: 18.5-24.9kg/m2 ) young adults were measured for body composition determined from a stand-up MF-BIA and 4C model. Validity statistics included total error (TE) and standard error of the estimate (SEE) to examine prediction error between methods. For the total sample, prediction error was the highest for %fat (TE=4.2%; SEE=3.9%) followed by FM (TE=2.4kg; SEE=2.2kg) and FFM (TE=2.4kg; SEE=2.2kg). In men, %fat (TE=2.5%; SEE=2.2%) and FM (TE=1.9kg; SEE=1.6kg) were ideal; FFM was similar to FM (TE=1.9kg; SEE=1.6kg). In women, %fat (TE=4.7%; SEE=4.4%) ranged from good to fairly good, and FM was very good to excellent (TE=2.6kg; SEE=2.4kg); FFM was similar to FM (TE=2.6kg; SEE=2.3kg). Stand-up MF-BIA may overestimate %fat and FM, and underestimate FFM compared to a 4C model. FM and FFM estimates from MF-BIA demonstrate good agreement to a 4C model and may be a practical measure of body composition in normal-weight adults. The highest error was seen in %fat for both sexes, with greater error in women.

Gait initiation differences between overweight and normal weight individuals

Accidental falls often occur during gait initiation. Excess body weight has been identified as a risk factor for accidental falls. This study aimed to examine the differences of gait initiation between overweight and normal-weight individuals. Fourteen overweight and 14 normal-weight young adults participated in the study. They were instructed to perform the gait initiation task under single-task and dual-task conditions. Dependent variables for the assessment of gait initiation included spatial–temporal measures and postural stability measures. The results showed that overweight could compromise postural stability during gait initiation, primarily by decreasing margin of stability in the anterior–posterior direction. Cognitive task interference with gait initiation was found to be similar between the overweight and normal weight groups. The findings from the present study can aid in better understanding the mechanisms associated with increased fall risks among overweight individuals. They also highlight the importance of overweight control in fall prevention. Practitioner summary: Overweight was found to compromise postural stability during gait initiation, primarily by decreasing margin of stability in the anterior–posterior direction. The findings highlight the importance of overweight control in fall prevention. Abbreviations: ANOVA: analyses of variance; AP: anterior-posterior; APA: anticipatory postural adjustment; BOS: base of support; BW: Body weight; COM: centre-of-mass; COP: center-of-pressure; CT: cognitive task; GI: Gait initiation; GRF: ground reaction force; HC: heel-contact; HO: heel-off; ML: medial-lateral; MOS: margin of stability; SD: standard deviation; SE: step execution; SL: step length; SW: step width; VEL_COM: velocity of the COM; XCOM: extrapolated center of mass

Oxidative Stress in Association with Metabolic Health and Obesity in Young Adults

Introduction Obesity is one of the most important public health problems in the world. Among obese people, there are those who, apart from excessive body weight, do not exhibit other metabolic dysfunctions, have a lower risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and show lower mortality. According to the theory, they are referred as metabolically healthy obese (MHO), in contrast to metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). Metabolic disturbances occurring with obesity have been well established to be associated with oxidative stress. Aim The purpose of this study was to analyse the association between selected anthropometric and biochemical parameters with oxidative stress in MHO, MUO, and normal weight young adults. Material and Methods. Individuals with age between 18 and 36 years with no history of chronic diseases and use of medicaments, with or without obesity, participated in the study. Complete blood counts, biochemical measurements, and parameters of oxidative stress such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), serum concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), ceruloplasmin, thiol groups and lipid hydroperoxides (LPH), concentration of lipofuscin (LPS) in erythrocytes, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Results 422 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. Among the study participants, 208 people (49.29%) were offspring of patients with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease. Among the participants, 16 patients have been included in the group of metabolically healthy obese (MHO) people and 61 patients in the group of metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) people and 345 patients had normal body weight. Significant differences between metabolically unhealthy obese and normal weight patients, as well as between women and men, have been found. Conclusions We showed significant differences in the selected parameters of oxidative stress between metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) individuals and young volunteers with normal body weight as well as without significant medical history.

Excessive Body Fat at a Young Age Increases the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Overweight and obesity was considered as a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), and CRC development may be due to exposure during one’s youth. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance seem to play an important role in the underlying mechanisms. Even though several studies indicated the association between BMI at young age and CRC risks, an identified founding is still lacked. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis and a dose-response analysis to quantify the association between BMI at young age and CRC risks with relative accuracy. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Medline and Cochrane Library databases for articles published before Sep. 15, 2019. Fifteen articles with 2 520 091 participants were included. Risk for CRC was estimated using relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared with individuals with normal weight, overweight and obese young adults had a significantly higher risk of CRC (relative risks (RR):18%, 95% CI:1.08, 1.28； RR:32%, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.56, respectively). However, this correlation may not exist for obese women (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.51); Overweight may not a risk factor for rectal cancer (RC) (RR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.29). In the dose-response analysis, we observed a linear relationship between BMI at a young age and CRC risk, with each 1 kg/m2 increment associated with a 2% increased risk. Higher BMI at a young age was positively associated with CRC risk, which indicates that weight control since a young age was needed.

Clinical and molecular evidence of accelerated ageing following very preterm birth.

The mechanisms responsible for the associations between very preterm birth and a higher risk of poor cardiovascular and metabolic health in adult life are unknown. Here, we compare the clinical and molecular phenotypes of healthy, normal-weight young adults (18-27 years), born very preterm (<33 weeks gestational age (GA)) and at full-term (37-42 weeks GA). Outcomes included whole-body MRI, hepatic and muscle 1H MRS, blood pressure measurements and telomere length. We recruited 156 volunteers, 69 preterm (45 women; 24 men) and 87 born at full-term (45 women; 42 men). Preterm individuals had a significantly altered blood pressure profile, including higher systolic blood pressure (SBP mmHg: preterm men 133.4 ± 10.1, term men 23.0 ± 6.9; preterm women 124.3 ± 7.1, term women 118.4 ± 8.0, p < 0.01 for all). Furthermore, preterm men had fewer long telomeres (145-48.5 kb: preterm men 14.1 ± 0.9%, term men 17.8 ± 1.1%, p < 0.05; 48.5-8.6 kb: preterm men 28.2 ± 2.6, term men 37.0 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001) and a higher proportion of shorter telomeres (4.2-1.3 kb: preterm men 40.4 ± 3.5%, term men 29.9 ± 3.2%, p < 0.01). Our data indicate that healthy young adults born very preterm manifest clinical and molecular evidence of accelerated ageing.

Satiety responsiveness but not food reward is modified in response to an acute bout of low versus high intensity exercise in healthy adults

To compare the effect of iso-caloric low and high intensity exercises on Satiety Quotient and Food Reward in response to a fixed meal in healthy young adults. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (BIA), aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and food preferences were assessed in 19 healthy normal-weight young adults (21 ± 0.5 years old, 10 men). They randomly completed 3 experimental sessions: i) control session without exercise (CON); ii) High Intensity exercise session (HIE); iii) Low intensity exercise session (LIE). Thirty minutes after exercise or rest, then received a fixed lunch. Food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) was assessed before and after the meal. Appetite sensations were assessed at regular intervals, SQ was calculated from the lunch meal and self-reported food intake was collected for the rest of the day. Mean body weight was 66.7 ± 9.2 kg, body mass index was 22.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2 and FM% was 18.7 ± 6.8%. Appetite feelings did not differ between conditions and were not affected by exercise. SQ for satiety was not different between conditions. SQ hunger on CON was significantly higher than on LIE and HIE (p ≤ 0.05) with no difference between exercise conditions. SQ for desire to eat was significantly higher on CON versus HIE (p ≤ 0.01) with no differences between CON and LIE and between exercise sessions. SQ PFC was significantly lower on HIE compared with CON (p = 0.02) with no differences between LIE and CON and between LIE and HIE. Food reward was not significantly different between the three condition as well as self-reported total food and macronutrient intake for the rest of the days. Acute exercise, depending on its intensity, might affect the satiating response to food intake in healthy adults, without altering food reward.

Grab to eat! Eating motivation dynamics measured by effort exertion depend on hunger state

A crucial challenge in investigating motivated human eating behaviour is to go beyond subjective measures, by developing reliable methods capable of objectively quantifying the dynamic aspects of appetitive motivation. We developed and tested a novel effort-based task (Grab-to-Eat Task (GET)), utilising handgrip force as a motivational measure, to capture eating motivation dynamics throughout consumption. Sixty normal-weight young adults were allocated to one of two hunger state conditions (hungry or satiated) and performed a continuous reinforcement-based task, during which sips of chocolate milk were self-administered with a handgrip force transducer. Motivation was covertly assessed by the magnitude of effort exertion towards each sip. Cumulatively, hungry subjects exerted more effort and consequently consumed more chocolate milk than satiated ones. Effort exertion declined throughout consumption in both groups, with the rate of decline being two-fold greater in hungry subjects. Furthermore, effort exerted in the initial stages of consumption predicted subsequent intake. Present results fit in the theoretical framework of reward-related motivation and suggest that the developed paradigm is sensitive to eating motivation dynamics throughout consumption and to differences in eating motivation related to hunger state. Further validation, ideally involving functional neuroimaging, would be imperative. In the future, this paradigm could be used to investigate eating motivation dynamics in various populations, conditions and food products.

Eating pathology and psychological outcomes in young adults in self-regulation interventions using daily self-weighing.

Self-regulation interventions encouraging daily weighing prevent weight gain in young adults; however, concerns have been raised that such interventions may have undesirable effects on eating pathology, depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). The present study examined whether self-regulation interventions and self-weighing frequency were associated with these indices in normal weight individuals and those with overweight or obesity. Young adults (n = 599), 18-35 years with a body mass index (BMI) 21.0-30.9 kg/m² were randomized to control, self-regulation with small changes (SC) or self-regulation with large changes (LC). Interventions taught frequent self-weighing to guide behavioral changes. SC prescribed daily small decreases in intake and increases in physical activity. LC prescribed a 5- to 10-lb weight loss to buffer against anticipated gains. Psychological indices were assessed at baseline and periodically over 2 years of follow-up. There was no evidence that the interventions increased depressive symptoms or compensatory behaviors or decreased HRQL relative to control. LC increased flexible and rigid control and SC decreased disinhibition. Results did not differ by weight status with the exception of rigid control; here, differences between LC and the other conditions were smaller among those with BMI ≥ 25. Greater self-weighing frequency over time was associated with increases in flexible and rigid control, dietary restraint, and improvements in HRQL. The self-regulation interventions and increases in self-weighing had no untoward effects. Encouraging weight gain prevention in young adults through frequent weighing and self-regulation appears to be safe for normal weight young adults and those with overweight. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Complement c1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 a novel adipokine, protect against diabetes mellitus in young adult Egyptians

C1q/TNF-related protein-3 (CTRP3) is a novel adipokine with anti-inflammatory and a multitude of biological effects on glucose and lipid metabolism however, the influence of CTRP3 on incidence of diabetes mellitus remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of CTRP3 levels in obese and normal body weight young adults on insulin resistance and occurrence of diabetes mellitus. Subjects and methodsIn this case control study, Serum levels of CTRP3, HbA1c, Lipid profile, glucose and insulin levels were determined in 75 obese and 68 normal body weight individuals. ResultsIn obese young adults CTRP3 concentrations were decreased compared to normal body weight young adults (NBW). The association between reduction of CTRP3 concentrations and the presence of diabetes is statistically significant. CTRP3 showed significant negative correlation with BMI, HOMA-IR and triglycerides as well as positive correlations with HDL – cholesterol while there is no association between CTRP3 and BMI within the NBW group. Higher HbA1C, HOMA-IR, and risk of diabetes development within obese subjects were related to lower CTRP3 concentration. ConclusionsThis study shows that reduction of CTRP3 concentrations is likely to bring a concomitant increase in risk of diabetes in obese and normal body weight young adults. Decrease in CTRP3 concentration may have an essential role in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders concomitant to obesity.

Associations between anthropometric indicators of adiposity and body fat percentage in normal weight young adults

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the associations between various anthropometric adiposity screening indices and body fat percentage estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). A total of 186 (95 male and 91 female) normal weight (body mass index [BMI] = 18.5- 24.9 kg/m2) young adults (mean age= 20.96 ± 2.03 years) were measured on body fat percentage, body height, body mass, waist and hip circumferences. Abdominal volume index, body adiposity index, BMI, body roundness index, conicity index, reciprocal ponderal index, waist to height ratio, waist to height 0.5 ratio, and waist to hip ratio were calculated accordingly. Results revealed significant gender effects in all main anthropometric measurements. Except for waist to hip ratio, results indicated significant associations between anthropometric indices and BIA in both male and female participants. BIA results were found to be largely associated with BMI and abdominal volume index in both genders. Bland- Altman analysis showed good agreements between these indices and BIA. Considerable associations and agreements highlight the potential importance and the use of several anthropometric proxies to estimate body adiposity among male and female non-overweight/obese young adults. Despite continuing discussion regarding its accuracy, BMI seems to be useful for monitoring body adiposity within this cohort.

0223 COMBINED ACUTE EFFECTS OF SHORT TERM EXERCISE AND SLEEP ON DECLARATIVE MEMORY IN YOUNG, SEDENTARY ADULTS: A PILOT STUDY

Research has provided evidence for the beneficial role of exercise in enhancing cognition and improving sleep. Sleep has been linked to memory processing and enhanced performance. Little is known about the effects of moderating factors. We aim to test the idea that a nap and a single aerobic exercise session may have synergistic, complementary effects on long-term memory in young sedentary adults. Participants were screened based on a history of having a low-to-moderate level of physical activity. Participants underwent medical and psychological evaluations, sleep screening, 10-day sleep diary and actigraphy. The study involved a between-subject design with three groups (N=5/group): 1) exercise+nap (ExNap), nap only (NoExNap), exercise only (ExNoNap). During the experimental procedure, participants were provided with a lunch after undergoing 40min of moderate-intensity cycling, followed by a study session (13h30), and a 60min nap (14h00). At the test session (17h00), the participants completed a recognition task whereby 45 of the previously studied photos were intermixed with 45 “foils”. The participant’s task was to indicate the previously presented photos by pressing a key on a computer. Polysomnography was used to monitor sleep. A visual analog scale for vigilance was administered prior to the memory testing. The outcome variables were accuracy, reaction times (RT) and sleep metrics (%N3, %N2, TST). We have preliminary data in 15 healthy, normal weight young adults (Mage23 ± 3.11SD yrs). We interpreted our results based on effect size, Cohen’s d calculations. A comparison between the groups showed that the ExNap group was more accurate than the NoExNap group (M±SD 93.8%±2.9 vs. 91.3%±8.7, respectively), d=.38. Furthermore, the NoExNap and the ExNap group were more accurate than the ExNoNap group (89.6%±6.6), d=.23 and d=.83, respectively. Pearson correlations revealed no significant associations between performance on the memory task and groups, or between RTs and sleep variables. These preliminary data, obtained in a small sample, support our hypothesis and suggest that a single moderate-intensity aerobic exercise session and a daytime nap may improve memory performance more than a nap or exercise alone in young adults with a sedentary lifestyle. American Sleep Medicine Foundation FPA 2016.

Obese young adults exhibit lower total and lower free serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in a randomized vitamin D intervention.

Although obesity is a risk factor for vitamin D insufficiency, its impact on vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) concentration, and thereby possibly also on free 25OHD, is less well known. Our aim was to compare total and free serum 25OHD, and DBP concentrations between obese and normal-weight young adults at baseline and their responses to cholecalciferol supplementation. A 12-week randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Obese subjects N = 18 (BMI = 38, 67% men) with severe childhood-onset obesity and 24 normal-weight subjects (BMI = 23, 46% men), age between 15 and 25 years, were randomized into two groups to receive either placebo or cholecalciferol 50 μg (2000 IU) daily. At baseline, 6-week and 12-week blood samples and anthropometric measurements were collected; baseline body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. At baseline, obese subjects had, compared with normal-weight, lower total and free serum 25OHD (49 vs 62 nmol/l, P = 0·041; 2·8 vs 4·7 pg/ml, P = 0·001), without differences in DBP concentrations (309 vs 346 μg/ml, P = 0·212). Cholecalciferol 50 μg per day increased both total and free 25OHD (ancova P < 0·001 and P = 0·021). The response of total 25OHD to supplementation was inferior in the obese compared with normal-weight subjects (P = 0·027). On the contrary, the change in free 25OHD concentration was similar in groups (P = 0·487). Obese young adults exhibit lower total and free 25OHD concentration, which is not directly explained by differences in DBP status. The response of free 25OHD to supplementation did not differ between obese and normal-weight subjects.

Greater vertical loading rate in obese compared to normal weight young adults

BackgroundObesity is a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis. Altered gait biomechanics are common in obese individuals, and may contribute to the development of knee osteoarthritis. Research has focused on older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis, and it is unclear if young obese individuals display similar aberrant biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to compare gait biomechanics between normal-weight and obese young adults. Methods15 normal-weight (body mass index=21.5 (1.1)) and 15 obese (body mass index=33.5 (3.7)) young adults were recruited and categorized by body mass index. Lower extremity kinematics and kinetics were collected while participants walked at standardized (1m/s) and self-selected speeds. Analysis of variance (group by condition) was used to compare peak vertical ground reaction force, vertical loading rate, peak internal knee extension moment, peak internal knee abduction moment, peak knee flexion angle, and knee flexion excursion between groups. FindingsGait biomechanics did not differ between groups during walking at a self-selected speed. When walking at a standardized speed, obese subjects displayed greater instantaneous vertical loading rates (46.2 vs. 35.0N/s, P<0.001), and lesser knee flexion excursion (5.5° vs. 7.7°, P=0.04). Instantaneous vertical loading rate was greater during walking at a self-selected speed compared to a standardized speed in the obese (P=0.007) and normal weight groups (P=0.001). InterpretationAs greater loading rates are related to cartilage degeneration, these results suggest that obesity may contribute to knee osteoarthritis. Prospective studies are needed to identify the influence of higher loading rates on knee osteoarthritis.