Normal Weight Females Research Articles

Body Fat Indices as Effective Predictors of Insulin Resistance in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study : BFI as Predictors of IR in OSA.

Body fat indices serve as predictive markers of insulin resistance (IR) in metabolic diseases. IR is common in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, whether body fat indices have utility as predictors of IR in OSA remain unknown. A longitudinal study was conducted in 46 patients undergoing bariatric surgery to explore the relationship between IR and body fat indices. Then, a cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the relationships between body fat indices and IR, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated. Body indices, homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), biological indicators, and polysomnographic variables were collected. In the longitudinal study, significant relationships were found between remission of IR and changes in visceral adiposity index (VAI) (r = 0.452, P < 0.05) and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) (r = 0.650, P < 0.01). In the cross-sectional study, lipid accumulation product (LAP) (best cutoff value: 30.16, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.728, P < 0.001) and TyG (best cutoff value: 8.54, AUC = 0.740, P < 0.001) were indicators of IR in normal weight group. In overweight/obese group, body mass index (BMI) (best cutoff value: 27.69 AUC = 0.707, P < 0.001) and waist circumference (WC) (best cutoff value: 97.25, AUC = 0.708, P < 0.001) were markers of IR. TyG showed better ability to predict IR in normal weight females (best cutoff value: 8.39 AUC = 0.813, P < 0.001). Body fat indices are predictive markers of IR in patients with OSA.

Comparative Evaluation of Stroke in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients

Introduction: Obesity has been recognized by the World Health Organization as ‘a pandemic nutritional disorder which represents a rapidly growing threat to the health of populations of an increasing number of countries worldwide. Objectives: The objective was to determine the obesity as a risk factor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Gestational Hypertension when compared with nonobese patients. Material & methods: A cohort study in which comparison of obese patients versus non-obese patients for developing gestational Diabetes Mellitus and gestational hypertension was done during November 2019 to October 2020 in DHQ teaching hospital, Sargodha. Results: The results of the current study reveals mean and SD was as 27.86 ± 4.21 in Group-1 and 26.33 ± 3.87 years in Group-2, mean and SD of body mass index in both groups was 33.47 ± 2.87 in Group-1 and 22.53 ± 3.21 in Group-2. Conclusion: The frequency of maternal complications is higher among obese pregnant females as compare to normal weight females.

Manipulation of fatty acid composition in a high-fat meal does not result in differential alterations in appetite or food intake in normal weight females: A single-blind randomized crossover study

A behavioral concept that generates a path to obesity is eating in the absence of hunger (EAH). One strategy that may be effective in preventing EAH is the manipulation of dietary fatty acid (FA) composition. However, it remains unclear which FA has the greatest impact on both appetite and EAH. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different dietary FA compositions (monounsaturated, MUFA; polyunsaturated, PUFA; saturated, SFA) on subjective ratings of appetite and subsequent ad libitum eating after a 3 h postprandial period. Sixteen apparently healthy normal weight females between ages 18–40 completed this randomized, single-blind, crossover study. Participants consumed a HF meal (65% energy from fat) rich in SFA, MUFA, and PUFA with an energy content corresponding to 35% of their measured resting metabolic rate on three separate occasions. Visual analog scales were collected while fasted and every 30 min for 3 h during a postprandial period to measure feelings of hunger, fullness, and desire to eat (DTE). Participants were provided an ad libitum buffet meal 3 h after the HF meal. There were no statistically significant differences for ratings of hunger, fullness, or DTE across conditions. Further, there was no significant difference in energy intake during the ad libitum lunch. We conclude that the manipulation of FA composition in a HF meal does not differentially affect appetite sensations or subsequent energy intake.

Cytokines, Adipokines, and Bone Markers at Rest and in Response to Plyometric Exercise in Obese vs Normal Weight Adolescent Females.

BackgroundIn adults, excess adiposity has been associated with low-grade, chronic inflammation and compromised bone health, but less is known about these linkages in children. The purpose of this study was to compare the circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, osteokines, and bone markers at rest and in response to plyometric exercise between obese and normal weight adolescent females.MethodsTen normal weight (BMI = 21.3 ± 2) and 10 obese (BMI = 32.9 ± 4), postmenarcheal females, aged 13–17 years, performed one bout of plyometric exercise (5 circuits; 120 jumps). Blood samples were taken at rest, 5 min, 1 h, and 24 h post-exercise. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), insulin, leptin, osteocalcin, carboxy-terminal telopeptide (CTX), sclerostin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured in serum.ResultsCytokines were not different between groups at rest or over time with IL-6 increasing (+31%; p = 0.04) 5 min post-exercise and TNF-α decreasing (-9%; p = 0.001) 1 h post-exercise. Insulin and leptin were higher in the obese compared to the normal weight females. In both groups, insulin significantly increased 5 min post-exercise but remained elevated 1 h post-exercise only in the obese group. Leptin did not change in response to exercise. Osteocalcin was lower in the obese group across time and increased (+12%; p = 0.02) 24 h post-exercise in both groups. CTX was similar between groups at rest and decreased (-24%; p < 0.001) 1 h post-exercise. Sclerostin was similar between groups at rest, but there was a significant interaction reflecting a significant increase (+29%; p = 0.04) 5 min post-exercise in the obese group and a non-significant decrease (-13%; p = 0.08) in normal weight controls. PTH increased 5 min post-exercise, dropped 1 h post-exercise to lower than pre-exercise, and returned to baseline 24 h post-exercise in both groups.ConclusionObese adolescent females from our study had no evidence of resting inflammation or differences in bone resorption but show blunted bone formation when compared to normal weight controls. The direction and temporal changes in inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and bone turnover markers to exercise were similar in both groups, reflecting an overall bone anabolic response for most biomarkers, except sclerostin, which increased only in the obese females immediately post-exercise, suggesting a different systemic regulation of sclerostin depending on adiposity.

Q Kidney Risk Calculator- Useful Tool in Hospitals and Community

A kidney health check was conducted over a day in two private hospitals (Peninsula Private Hospital and Beleura Hospital) in 2017. 243 participants enrolled in this study. The study population were mobile inpatients, members from the public and health workers (nurses, doctors, allied health workers and administrative staff). Method: A Q risk calculator was used to assess the risk of developing moderate and severe chronic kidney disease (eGFR &lt;60 mls/min) and end stage renal failure over the next 5 years. All participants consented prior to being involved in the study. Results: The majority was aged 65 to 75 years old (aged population). 18% of the participants were diabetic, 18% had cardiovascular disease, 37% were hypertensive, 5% were smokers, 28% of the participants were overweight and obesity was seen in 25%. Diabetic females are five times higher risk than non-diabetic females in developing chronic kidney disease stage 3 and 4. Male diabetics are three times more at risk than non-diabetic men in developing moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. However diabetic men are five times higher risk than normoglycaemic men in progressing into end stage renal failure Females with cardiovascular disease are five times higher risk than women with no cardiovascular disease in developing moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Men with cardiovascular disease are three times higher risk than men with no cardiovascular disease in developing moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Hypertensive women are ten times higher risk than normotensive women in developing moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Interestingly hypertensive men are four times higher risk than normotensive male in developing end stage renal failure Obese men are three times higher risk than normal weight men in developing moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Underweight females are three times at risk than normal weight females in developing moderate and severe chronic kidney disease. Summary: Qrisk questionaire is a quick and easy tool to assess risk of developing chronic kidney disease. Participants with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of developing moderate and severe chronic kidney disease over the next 5 years. Overweight (body mass index 25 to 29.99), obese patients (body mass index more than 30) and interestingly underweight females with body mass index 18.5 or less have a higher risk of developing moderate and severe chronic kidney disease.

The Effect of Hunger and Satiety on Mood-Related Food Craving.

In addition to hunger, which results from food deprivation, fasting, or restrained eating, food craving is thought to be one of the major factors influencing eating behavior. Although food craving occurs in healthy humans with normal eating behavior, research suggests pronounced food craving to be a risk factor for binging food, which in turn might cause weight gain and obesity. In addition, negative mood seems to induce binge eating, although the underlying processes are not clearly understood. To examine these effects on momentary food craving more closely, we implemented a food cue-reactivity paradigm in 33 normal-weight females (mean age = 25.1 years, mean BMI = 21.6). Mood (negative vs. neutral) and state of food deprivation (hunger vs. satiety) were varied systematically. Self-rated craving was significantly higher in hungry compared to sated states. Moreover, in neutral mood, high-caloric foods modulated craving, i.e., hungry and sated participants preferred savory food and sweet food, respectively. In negative mood, this differential effect of savory and sweet items was absent. In summary, the state of hunger has a huge impact on food craving, which is further modulated by emotional state. Future research should consider hunger to be of high relevance for effects investigated in food-related paradigms. Our findings in healthy women of normal weight support etiological models of disturbed eating behavior and are in line with common interventions targeting eating schedules and mood regulation.

The influence of acute partial sleep deprivation on liking, choosing and consuming high- and low-energy foods

A wealth of cross-sectional studies found a link between sleep deprivation and food-related outcomes like energy intake and BMI. Recent experimental studies suggest that this link is causal. However, the mechanisms through which sleep deprivation influences intake remain unclear. Here, we tested two prevailing hypotheses: that sleep deprivation leads to 1) increased food reward sensitivity and 2) decreased food-related self-control.In a within-subject study (n = 60 normal-weight females), we compared outcome measures under normal sleep and partial sleep deprivation conditions. Our outcome measures were 1) proxies for food reward sensitivity – liking of high and low energy foods, 2) binary food choices ranging in level of self-control conflict, and 3) intake of high and low energy foods. Eye-movements during food choice were measured with an eye-tracker to gain insights in implicit food choice processes.Food reward sensitivity outcomes showed a lower liking of low energy foods after partial sleep deprivation. More high energy foods were chosen after partial sleep deprivation independent of the level of self-control conflict. Intake of high energy foods was higher in the partial sleep deprivation condition. Lastly, the number of gaze switches between high and low energy foods, an implicit measure of conflict in choice, was lower in the high-conflict trials after sleep deprivation than after a normal night sleep.To conclude, the increased intake of high energy foods after sleep deprivation may be driven by a decreased liking of low energy foods, rather than an increased liking of high energy foods. Further, sleep deprivation may affect self-control conflict detection as indicated by a lower number of gaze switches between food options.

Relation of Body mass index to Heart rate variability in female medical students

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a simple non-invasive, sensitive measure to evaluate autonomic system activity. Sympathovagal imbalance can explain increased incidence of sudden cardiac deaths associated with increased Body Mass Index (BMI). Understanding the mechanism that connects obesity and autonomic nervous system (ANS) functions is important because increasing obesity prevalence documented among men and women of all ages. The aim of the study is to assess the relationship of body mass index to heart rate variability in young females. In this study, 90 healthy female students, aged between 17-22 years were included. After calculating the BMI, subjects were divided into three groups. HRV was recorded for 5 min using INCO-NIVIQURE DIGITAL ACQUISITION SYSTEM VER.52.0. Low frequency (LF) component, high frequency (HF) component and LF:HF ratio were recorded and the relation between BMI, HF, LF and LF:HF ratio were analysed using ANOVA test. In this study, LF:HF ratio in overweight females was found to be high and parasympathetic was decrease when compared to normal weight and underweight females. Raised BMI is associated with reduced HRV, which correlates with decreased parasympathetic activity and sympathovagal imbalance, thus increases the chances of cardiac autonomic dysfunction and eventually leading to cardiovascular disease in overweight female.

Survival Outcomes According to Body Mass Index in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patient: Analysis of Nationwide Cancer Registry Database

Background and Aims: Body mass index (BMI) is known to be closely related to the prognosis and mortality of various diseases. The aim of our study was to evaluate differences in post-treatment overall survival (OS) according to BMI with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to understand the meaning of BMI. Among the records of 10,578 HCC patients registered at the Korean Central Cancer Registry from 2008 through 2014, we selected Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) 0, A, and B staged HCC patients (n = 4,926). HCC patients showed a good prognosis in the order of overweight, normal weight, obesity, and underweight. However, comparing normal-weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) to overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) after propensity score matching (PSM), there was no significant difference in OS (p = 0.153). Overweight males had a better prognosis than normal-weight males (p = 0.014), but, normal-weight females had a better prognosis than overweight. To determine the gender-specific OS differences, we examined the differences according to the HCC treatment type. In males, overweight patients had better OS after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) (p = 0.039) than normal-weight, but not after surgical resection (p = 0.618) nor radiofrequency ablation (p = 0.553). However, in females, all of those HCC treatments resulted in significantly better OS in normal-weight patients than overweight. In patients with HCC of BCLC stages 0–B, unlike females, overweight males had a better prognosis than normal-weight, especially among TACE-treated patients. Our results carefully suggest that the meaning of normal BMI in patients with HCC may have gender difference.

The association between physical activity and body fat percentage with adjustment for body mass index among middle-aged adults: China health and nutrition survey in 2015

BackgroundThe inverse association between physical activity and body fat percentage (%) varies among different populations. We aim to examine whether the significant association between them was uniform across the subpopulations after taking into account body mass index (BMI).MethodsOur study relied on data from China Health and Nutrition Surveys in 2015, including 5763 participants aged 40–64 years from 15 regions. Physical activity was calculated as metabolic equivalent task hours per day (MET·h/d). Body fat% was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body mass index < 24 kg/m2 was defined as normal weight and BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2 was overweight/obese. The effects of physical activity on body fat% were estimated using the Kruskal-Wallis test among sex, age, BMI groups, education, income, region and urbanization. Quantile regression analyses were utilized to describe the relationship between physical activity and body fat% distribution.ResultsOlder adults, overweight/obese, higher education, higher income, residents of central China and those living in areas of higher urbanization had the lower physical activity. Participants who engaged in the highest level of physical activity had 2.0 and 1.5% lower body fat% than the lowest level of physical activity group (23.4, 34.8%) for men and women, respectively. There were 10.4 and 8.8% of normal weight males and females called normal weight obese. Overall, 1 h extra 4.5 MET•h/d was significantly associated with 0.079 and 0.110% less total body fat% at the 75th and 90th percentiles in normal weight males, with 0.071% less at the 25th percentiles in overweight/obese males, with 0.046–0.098% less at the 25th to 90th percentiles in normal weight females, and with 0.035–0.037% less from the 50th to 90th percentiles in overweight/obese females. The inverse association between physical activity and total body fat% was stronger in normal weight obese participants than other subgroups.ConclusionsIn middle-aged Chinese adults, the inverse association between physical activity and body fat% was only in particular subpopulations rather than the entire population. We should pay much attention to normal weight obese and give a suitable physical activity guideline taking into account people with different body fat%.

Bone Mineral Density Assessment by DXA vs. QCT in Postmenopausal Females with Central Obesity

Although Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis, several reports have shown discordant T-score values measured by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) and DXA especially in obese subjects, but it is still not clear whether BMD measurement by two modalities is affected by overall obesity or central obesity in postmenopausal females. Therefore, the aims of this study were to compare BMD and T-scores by DXA and QCT and to evaluate whether these two osteoporosis assessment modalities yield different T-score values in postmenopausal females with obesity and central obesity. This cross-sectional study enrolled 44 postmenopausal females, referred for osteoporosis screening. Anthropometric indices (BMI-body mass index, WC-waist circumference and ICOindex of central obesity) were measured and females underwent an assessment of bone mineral density by DXA and QCT. Lumbar Spine (LS) T-score values were observed to be significantly lower by DXA compared to qCT in females with BMI >25 kg/m2, (-1.9±1.5 vs. -2.3±1.2; p=0.039), in females with WC>88 cm(-1.9±1.5 vs. -2.4±1.2; p=0.008) and in females with ICO>0.5(-1.96±1.4 vs. -2.5±1.2; p=0.004). However, in normal-weight females and in those without central obesity, LS T-scores by DXA were not different than qCT. DXA at lumbar spine and proximal femur revealed osteoporosis in 47.7% and 11.4% respectively, while QCT detected osteoporosis in 61.4% of females (p<0.001). Measures of central obesity; ICO and WC were not associated with QCT bone mineral density (BMD) (r=0.14 and r=0.21, respectively), but were positively associated with both DXALS BMD (r=0.29 and r=0.31; p<0.05) and DXA proximal femur BMD (r=0.41 and r=0.44; p<0.01). Our results suggest that obesity is associated with lower T-scores by DXA compared to QCT. Caution is needed when assessing osteoporosis status in obese postmenopausal females. However, further studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm the findings.

Pelvic floor dysfunctions in female cheerleaders: a cross-sectional study.

Cheerleaders perform high-impact maneuvers that can be associated with pelvic floor dysfunction. We hypothesized that female cheerleaders would report more symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction and fewer symptoms of premenstrual syndrome than nonathletic women. This cross-sectional study included high-performance female cheerleaders and young nonathletic, nulliparous, and normal-weight females. Demographics, sports practices, and pelvic floor dysfunction data were collected through an electronic questionnaire. Urinary symptoms were collected through the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and King's Health Questionnaire. Intestinal symptoms were collected through the use of Criterion F of item C3, referring to functional constipation of Rome III and Fecal Incontinence Severity Index. Data on sexual function were collected through the Female Sexual Function Index. Data on pelvic organ prolapse were obtained through the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Vaginal Symptoms (ICIQ-VS). In addition, questions about premenstrual syndrome-dysmenorrhea, irritability, headache, tiredness, fluid retention, and constipation-were collected through the Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire. The comparison between groups of the quantitative variables was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for comparison between groups on the occurrence of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction symptoms. A significance level of 5% was adopted. A total of 156 women (78 cheerleaders and 76 nonathletes) completed the electronic questionnaire. Anal incontinence was the most prevalent symptom of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction. Cheerleaders were 2.3 times more likely to report symptoms regarding anal incontinence than nonathletic women. For the other symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction, no statistical differences between the groups were found. Cheerleaders reported fewer symptoms of tiredness and constipation during the premenstrual period than did nonathletic women. Pelvic floor dysfunction, particularly anal incontinence, appears to be more prevalent among cheerleaders than among nonathletic women. In addition, cheerleaders demonstrated fewer symptoms of tiredness and constipation during the premenstrual period.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Insulin Physiology: An Observational Quantitative Serum Proteomics Study in Adolescent, Normal-Weight Females.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder associated with insulin resistance, even in the absence of overweight/obesity. The aim of the present study is to examine the global serum proteomic profile of adolescent, normal-weight females with PCOS in order to gain novel insight in the association of this endocrine disorder with insulin physiology and to identify novel circulating markers that can guide intervention protocols. Non-depleted serum from normal-weight (BMI: 18-23 kg m-2 ), adolescent females (13-21 years old) with PCOS (n = 20) is compared to BMI- and age-matched healthy controls (n = 20) using our 3D quantitative proteomics methodology. Serum samples from study participants are randomly pooled to form four biological replicates of females with PCOS and four of healthy controls (n = 5 per sample pool). One-hundred and twenty-six proteins are differentially expressed in females with PCOS compared to controls. Gene ontology analysis shows significant enrichment for terms related to inflammatory immune response, metabolism and insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Circulating levels of IGF-1 and -2 and IGFBP-2, -3, and -4 are found to be lower in females with PCOS compared to healthy controls. The present serum proteomics study provides insight into the pro-inflammatory status and insulin dysregulation in young females with PCOS and identifies potential serological markers that can guide early intervention protocols.

Association of anthropometric status, perceived stress, and personality traits with eating behavior in university students.

We investigated the association of anthropometric status, perceived stress, and personality traits with eating behavior in university students. The participants, 1546 Japanese university students (964 males, 582 females), completed a questionnaire which asked for their current height and weight, ideal height and weight, eating behaviors, perceived stress, and personality traits. Restrained eating was higher in normal-weight participants compared with underweight participants in both males and females (p < 0.001, both males and females). Restrained eating in normal-weight males was significantly lower in normal-weight females (p < 0.001). In addition, normal-weight males reported less stress than normal-weight females (anxiety/uncertainty, p = 0.037; tiredness/physical responses, p < 0.001; autonomic symptoms, p < 0.001; depression/feeling, p < 0.001) and underweight males (tiredness/physical responses, p = 0.018; autonomic symptoms, p = 0.001). Moreover, among normal-weight males, neuroticism was significantly lower compared with normal-weight females (p < 0.001). In multiple regression analysis, male participants revealed positive association between restrained eating and body mass index (β = 0.199, p < 0.001) or body mass index difference (β = - 0.170, p = 0.001). In contrast, female revealed more significant associations between emotional and external eating and perceived stress or personality traits compared with males. These results indicate that associations between eating behavior and anthropometric status or psychological factors are different by each eating behavior, which is partly influenced by gender difference. V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Salivary alpha-amylase and hormones levels of young adults with different body composition.

The aim of this study was to assess the differences in salivary biomarker levels of young adults classified according to body fat accumulation. One hundred and thirty-four volunteers were evaluated (mean age 21 ± 2 years). Body composition was calculated through skinfold thickness: supra-iliac, biceps, and triceps, sub-scapular. Body fat percentage (BF%) was used to classify subjects according to fat tissue accumulation: normal-weight (n = 37, 19 females, 18 males), overweight (n = 42, 30 females, 12 males), and obese (n = 55, 42 females, 13 males). Saliva samples were collected 30 min after awakening to determine salivary levels of 17-beta-estradiol. For salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase activity (sAA) three samples were obtained, just after awakening, 30 min after awakening and at bedtime. Oral contraceptive intake was considered for the female group. The results showed that overweight and obese females using oral contraceptive presented lower levels of 17-β-estradiol than normal-weight females. In overweight and obese males, sAA levels were higher 30 min post-awakening when compared with the normal-weight group. The comparison of sAA levels within time showed no difference for males; obese females showed significant higher values at bedtime than 30 min post-awakening. The salivary cortisol concentration showed higher values at morning decreasing significantly at bedtime for all groups. Concluding, differences in 17-β-estradiol and sAA levels were found in females and males, respectively, according to body fat accumulation, showing the usefulness of salivary biomarkers in the study of systemic conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Saliva is an advantageous biological fluid in innovative methods for diagnosis. Besides being a noninvasive method, salivary steroid measurements have the potential to provide a convenient assessment of serum free steroid concentrations.

Selected salivary antioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged 20-22 years in Baghdad, Iraq

Background: Obesity and periodontal disease are diseases of multifactorial etiologyclosely related to dietary habits and sociodemographic background of theindividuals. The aim of this study was the assessment of selected salivaryantioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged20-22 years in comparison with normal weight females.Materials and methods: The study group included 40 obese females, with an agerange 20-22 years old. The control group included 40 normal weight females ofthe same age. Body weight was assessed by using the Body Mass Index (BMI).Collection of unstimulated salivary samples was carried out under standardizedconditions. Plaque and gingival indices were used for recording the oral hygieneand gingivitis. Salivary flow rate was measured then salivary samples wereanalyzed to determine the concentration of salivary antioxidants (total protein anduric acid).Results: The data analysis of the present study found that the level of salivary totalprotein was lower among the obese females compared to the normal weightfemales with statistically highly significant difference (p&lt;0.01), while salivaryuric acid was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese than thenormal weight females (p&lt;0.01). Salivary analysis demonstrated that the salivaryflow rate was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese females(p&lt;0.01).The mean values of plaque index and gingival index were lower among obesefemales compared to the normal weight females with statistically highlysignificant difference for plaque index (p&lt;0.01).Conclusions: The result of this research revealed that salivary antioxidant (uric acid)and salivary flow rate were higher among obese females than normal weightfemales which may play a role in protection oral tissue from oral diseases inaddition to the oral cleanliness effect.

Prisustvo bakterije Helicobacter pylori kod gojaznih žena

Obesity is an increasing health problem in developing countries and has grown into a major global epidemic. Recent studies suggest that colonization of the stomach with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) may affect gastric expression of appetite and satiety-related hormones, finding that patients cured of H. pylori infection have gained weight. Further exploration of the relationship between obesity and H. pylori infection is therefore warranted. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in a sample of obese patients. A total of 69 obese females and 55 normal-weight females as a control group were included. Body mass indices (BMI) of all females were measured and tests for H. pylori performed. Subjects ranged in age from 20 to 59 years. The threshold for classification of obesity was a BMI of 30 kg/m² or higher. Fifty obese females (72.5%) were H. pylori positive. Thirty-two (58.2%) normal-weight females were seropositive for H. pylori, which was not significant (p > 0.05) when compared with obese group. All the obese above 45 years of age were found to be H. pylori positive. The study showed that there was no significant relation between H. pylori infection and obesity. Rather, the prevalence of H. pylori infection increases with age.

The role of inflammatory markers following Ramadan Fasting.

Objectives:The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of fasting during Ramadan on plasma adiponectin and TNF-α levels.Methods:This is a cross sectional study, conducted at Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology (FUUAST), Karachi, comprising a total of 55 (50%) females and 55 (50%) males whose ages ranged between 20 and 40 years, and fasted during Ramadan (June-July 2014) were enrolled in the study. Subjects were separated into normal weight, overweight and obese males and females. Anthropometric measurements and Fasting venous blood samples were taken at first and last (29th) day of Ramadan. Plasma adiponectin and TNF-alpha levels were assayed with ELISA kits. All values were calculated and presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures. P values < 0.05 were accepted as significant.Results:Body mass index (BMI) (Kg/m2) in over-weight and obese male subjects exhibited considerable reduction (P<0.05; P<0.05), post Ramadan when compared to their respective pre Ramadan fasting weights. Noticeable and significant reduction was also observed in BMI of obese females (P<0.05). Post Ramadan Overweight Males (P<0.05) and Post Ramadan Obese Males (P<0.001) exhibited significantly elevated plasma adiponectin (μg/mL) values. While plasma adiponectin mean concentration of only obese females were significantly improved at last week of Ramadan (P<0.01). Fasting in Ramadan significantly decreased TNF-α (pg/mL) levels of post obese males and females than Pre-Ramadan-groups (P<0.05; P<0.01) respectively.Conclusion:The study reports of noticeable changes with Ramadan fasting resulting increase of plasma adiponectin and decrease of TNF-α levels as well as body weight. The study strongly suggests further investigations on larger sample sizes with possible association of dietary restrictions and weight loss on mechanism of enhanced adiponectin and reduced TNF-α in obese and overweight persons who fast on Ramadan pattern.

Obesity Negatively Impacts Outcome in Female Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Treated with Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide and Rituximab (FCR): An Analysis of Three Phase III Studies of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG)

Obesity Negatively Impacts Outcome in Female Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Treated with Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide and Rituximab (FCR): An Analysis of Three Phase III Studies of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG)

Body fat has stronger associations with bone mass density than body mass index in metabolically healthy obesity.

ObjectiveThe effect of obesity-induced metabolic abnormalities on bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis are well established. However, the association between metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and BMD remains unclear. Our aim was to investigate whether different obesity phenotypes in MHO were associated with BMD in a cross-sectional study.MethodsAll eligible adults receiving a health examination at the Tri-Service General Hospital from 2010 to 2016 were included. They were categorized based on body mass index (BMI) or percentage body fat (PBF). The associations between BMI or PBF and BMD were analyzed by adjusting for pertinent covariables.ResultsMales with normal weight and overweight and females with underweight and normal weight were associated with reduced BMD (β = 0.221, 95%CI = -0.354, -0.088; β = -0.155, 95%CI = -0.286, -0.023) (β = -0.736, 95%CI = -1.043, 0.429; β = -0.340, 95%CI = -0.567, -0.112), respectively. Females in Q1 had close to significant associations with reduced BMD (β = -0.253, 95%CI = -0.465, -0.041). Normal weight, overweight, Q2, and Q3 had stronger prediction of low BMD with ORs of 0.402 (95%CI = 0.204–0.791), 0.539 (95%CI = 0.321–0.905), 0.694 (95%CI = 0.490–0.982), and 0.466 (95%CI = 0.342–0.636), respectively. The relationship remained significant in male population that PBF was associated with reduced BMD with ORs of 0.435 (95%CI = 0.203, 0.935), 0.494 (95%CI = 0.247, 0.991), 0.268 (95%CI = 0.120, 0.597) in Q1, Q2, Q3 respectively.ConclusionIncreased PBF had a significant association with low BMD in the MHO population. Obesity defined by PBF might be a useful indicator for low BMD. The association between body fat and bone health deserves further investigation regarding the potential pathophysiological mechanisms.