Normal Water Research Articles

Effects of Supplementing Drinking Water of Parental Pigeons with Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus subtilis on Antibody Levels and Microbiomes in Squabs.

Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) are widely used as probiotics to improve performance in animal production, but there have been few reports of their impacts on pigeon milk. In this study, twenty-four pairs of parental pigeons were randomly divided into four groups, with six replicates, and each pair feeding three squabs. The control group drank normal water. The E. faecium group, B. subtilis group, and mixed group drank water supplemented with 3 × 106 CFU/mL E. faecium, 2 × 107 CFU/mL B. subtilis, and a mixture of these two probiotics, respectively. The experiment lasted 19 days. The results demonstrated that the IgA and IgG levels were significantly higher in the milk of Group D pigeons than in the other groups. At the phylum level, Fimicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the three main phyla identified. At the genus level, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Veillonella, and Enterococcus were the four main genera identified. In conclusion, drinking water supplemented with E. faecium and B. subtilis could improve immunoglobulin levels in pigeon milk, and this could increase the ability of squabs to resist disease. E. faecium and B. subtilis could be used as probiotics in the pigeon industry.

Tonic NMDAR Currents of NR2A-Containing NMDARs Represent Altered Ambient Glutamate Concentration in the Supraoptic Nucleus.

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) modulate glutamatergic excitatory tone in the brain via two complementary modalities: a phasic excitatory postsynaptic current and a tonic extrasynaptic modality. Here, we demonstrated that the tonic NMDAR-current (I NMDA) mediated by NR2A-containing NMDARs is an efficient biosensor detecting the altered ambient glutamate level in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). I NMDA of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) measured by nonselective NMDARs antagonist, AP5, at holding potential (V holding) -70 mV in low concentration of ECF Mg2+ ([Mg2+]o) was transiently but significantly increased 1-week post induction of a DOCA salt hypertensive model rat which was compatible with that induced by a NR2A-selective antagonist, PEAQX (I PEAQX) in both DOCA-H2O and DOCA-salt groups. In agreement, NR2B antagonist, ifenprodil, or NR2C/D antagonist, PPDA, did not affect the holding current (I holding) at V holding -70 mV. Increased ambient glutamate by exogenous glutamate (10 mM) or excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) antagonist (TBOA, 50 mM) abolished the I PEAQX difference between two groups, suggesting that attenuated EAATs activity increased ambient glutamate concentration, leading to the larger I PEAQX in DOCA-salt rats. In contrast, only ifenprodil but not PEAQX and PPDA uncovered I NMDA at V holding +40 mV under 1.2 mM [Mg2+]o condition. I ifenprodil was not different in DOCA-H2O and DOCA-salt groups. Finally, NR2A, NR2B, and NR2D protein expression were not different in the SON of the two groups. Taken together, NR2A-containing NMDARs efficiently detected the increased ambient glutamate concentration in the SON of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats due to attenuated EAATs activity.

Delayed coastal inundations caused by ocean dynamics post-Hurricane Matthew

Post Hurricane Abnormal Water Level (PHAWL) poses a persistent inundation threat to coastal communities, yet unresolved knowledge gaps exist regarding its spatiotemporal impacts and causal mechanisms. Using a high-resolution coastal model with a set of observations, we find that the PHAWLs are up to 50 cm higher than the normal water levels for several weeks and cause delayed inundations around residential areas of the U.S. Southeast Coast (USSC). Numerical experiments reveal that while atmospheric forcing modulates the coastal PHAWLs, ocean dynamics primarily driven by the Gulf Stream control the mean component and duration of the shelf-scale PHAWLs. Because of the large spatial impact of the post-hurricane oceanic forcing, the coastal hazards are not limited to a direct hit from a hurricane but can be detected throughout the USSC where the oceanic processes reach.

Comparative evaluation of alkaline ionized water and normal water on oral microbial flora: An in-vitro study.

Various artificial chemical agents have been evaluated over many years with respect to their antimicrobial effect in oral cavity. The gold standard for removal of plaque is usage of chlorhexidine, but it can cause alteration in taste sensation and staining of teeth. Electrolytes and oxidizing water may be useful against microbes, but its clinical application has still not been evaluated. Hence this present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the alkaline ionized water on oral microbial flora. Ten non-carious, un-restored and intact freshly extracted human teeth were collected and sectioned using a round bur. Each tooth was sectioned longitudinally in two parts and stored in closed sterile containers which was filled with alkaline ionized water (Group 1) and normal water (Group 2), respectively for 15 days. The microbial growth was analyzed prior to dipping in the solutions, 3 days, 7 days and 15 days. The pH of alkaline ionized water and normal water was evaluated using pH meter before placing teeth in different solutions. Results were analyzed using t-test and the level of significance was set at ≤ 0.05. No difference in bacterial colony was observed before test and after 3 days among Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. After 7 days and 15 days, statistically significant decrease in bacterial colony count was seen among Group 1 as compared to Group 2 (P ≤ 0.05). It was then concluded that alkaline ionized water can be effective in reduction of oral microbial flora.

FLEXURAL AND DURABILITY CHARACTERIZATION OF CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH TREATED BAMBOO AS AN ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIAL

Abstract The cost and environmental problems associated with steel as a reinforcement material in concrete has necessitated the need to research for alternative reinforcement materials, and bamboo is one of them. The flexural and durability characteristics of bamboo reinforced concrete (BRC) samples under harsh environmental condition was simulated by curing samples in an alkaline solution. Bamboo splints that were coated with sanded bitumen were used to reinforce the concrete samples with unreinforced concrete (UC) serving as control. The BRC samples were cured in normal water and an equal number were cured in 5% Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) alkaline solution. Samples from both curing conditions and another of the control were tested for flexural strengths after 7, 14, 28, 56, and 76 days of curing respectively and results compared. Water absorption rates after each curing period were also taken. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests were also conducted on the samples to find out the composite qualities. The results showed that BRC had twice as much flexural strength than UC but reduced in strength by 17.9% in the alkaline environment after 28 days of curing. In addition to possessing acceptable strength values under normal water and alkaline solution curing situations by ponding, all the samples had elastic dynamic modulus and static modulus values that exceeded minimum recommended values by the relevant standards.

ENHANCEMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF THERMOHYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEAT EXCHANGER WITH THREE FLUIDS USED IN SUSTAINABLE HEATING APPLICATIONS

An experimental investigation of the thermohydraulic and energetic performance of a heat exchanger with three fluids (HETF) was carried out in the present work. The HETF comprises two straight tubes and a helical tube inserted in between the outermost and the innermost tube for better heat transfer. The present heat exchanger is projected for the heating of two fluids (TF2: normal water and TF3: air) simultaneously by another fluid TF1 (hot water). The present investigation is carried out with three levels of TF1 flow rate (i.e., 100, 200, and 300 LPH), three levels of TF2 flow rate (i.e., 50, 100, and 150 LPH), three levels of TF3 flow velocity (i.e., 1, 2, and 3 m/s), and two levels of TF1 inlet temperature (i.e., 60°С and 80°С). A coupled Taguchi-Grey relational analysis is employed to determine the optimum combination of control parameters to predict optimized overall performances of the HETF. The outcomes show that the TF1 inlet temperature has significant influence on the JF factor, exergy efficiency, and sustainability index with a contribution of 41.29%, 63.06%, and 60.66%, respectively. The optimized performance of the HETF is predicted at 60°С TF1 inlet temperature, 100 LPH TF1 flow rate, 150 LPH TF2 flow rate, and 3 m/s TF3 velocity and the same result got confirmed with significant enhancement in Grey relational grade of 32.9%.

Impacts of hinterland surface water on the coastline of Al Hoceima Bay (Central Rif, Morocco)

The present work aims to assess the chemical and bacteriological quality of the two Ghiss-Nekôr tributaries of Al-Hoceima Bay. A set of field data collected, either from direct analysis or from satellite data, was used to conduct this study. We relied on GIS tools for data processing and analysis. The nutrient analysis indicates normal surface water quality, with nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations typical of less polluted waters. These nutrients originate from continental inputs due to runoff. Nitrates are the most common mineral nitrogen species, resulting from the leaching of nitrate-based fertilizers from agricultural and domestic sources. Bacterial analysis reveals water contamination by total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli (EC), and intestinal enterococci (IE). Hinterland inputs from the two rivers are the primary source of liquid and solid pollutants in Al-Hoceima Bay. They are influenced by climatic and anthropogenic factors such as hydraulic development, agriculture and urbanization.

Prediction of wheat SPAD using integrated multispectral and support vector machines.

Rapidly obtaining the chlorophyll content of crop leaves is of great significance for timely diagnosis of crop health and effective field management. Multispectral imagery obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is being used to remotely sense the SPAD (Soil and Plant Analyzer Development) values of wheat crops. However, existing research has not yet fully considered the impact of different growth stages and crop populations on the accuracy of SPAD estimation. In this study, 300 materials from winter wheat natural populations in Xinjiang, collected between 2020 to 2022, were analyzed. UAV multispectral images were obtained in the experimental area, and vegetation indices were extracted to analyze the correlation between the selected vegetation indices and SPAD values. The input variables for the model were screened, and a support vector machine (SVM) model was constructed to estimate SPAD values during the heading, flowering, and filling stages under different water stresses. The aim was to provide a method for the rapid acquisition of winter wheat SPAD values. The results showed that the SPAD values under normal irrigation were higher than those under water restriction. Multiple vegetation indices were significantly correlated with SPAD values. In the prediction model construction of SPAD, the different models had high estimation accuracy under both normal irrigation and water limitation treatments, with correlation coefficients of predicted and measured values under normal irrigation in different environments the value of r from 0.59 to 0.81 and RMSE from 2.15 to 11.64, compared to RE from 0.10% to 1.00%; and under drought stress in different environments, correlation coefficients of predicted and measured values of r was 0.69-0.79, RMSE was 2.30-12.94, and RE was 0.10%-1.30%. This study demonstrated that the optimal combination of feature selection methods and machine learning algorithms can lead to a more accurate estimation of winter wheat SPAD values. In summary, the SVM model based on UAV multispectral images can rapidly and accurately estimate winter wheat SPAD value.

Advances and Obstacles in Reinforcement Learning : Unleashing AI's Potential, Practical Implementations, and the Roadmap for the Future

The bacteria are the most common naturally occurring organisms in an aquatic medium which are important for the degradation of the aquatic wastes, chemical substances and pollutants.. The normal bacteria of the fish is the flora of the medium in which they live. The heavy mortality that occurs in the cultured and the feral fish population is commonly caused by the bacterial diseases and affects fish living in the polluted waters. Therefore, the present study was aimed at studying the bacteria which can be easily identified by using biochemical parameters. During the present study bacteria of fish collected from the polluted water body was identified using various biochemical tests and compared with that of the fish from normal or comparatively less polluted water body .The polluted water fish are more prone to the bacterial ,fungal ,viral and parasitic infections than the fish living in the less contaminated waters. Therefore, a comparative study involving fish bacterial catalase ,peroxidase, and oxidase activities was qualitatively detected from fish obtained from both the normal water body and the polluted water body . The catalase activity was interpreted as positive for example Staphylococcus species and allied ones and negative for the streptococcus and related species. Peroxidase also showed similar results. The oxidase activity was found to be less than the other two enzyme activities. The difference in the enzyme activities are due to the differential breakdown of the pollutants by the bacteria present over the surface of the body of the fish and in the body fluids and more so in case of oxidase enzyme due to the low levels of oxygen as observed in the present study.

Utilization Of Cockle Shell Ash, Sea sand And Plastic Waste In The Manufacture Of Paver Blocks

The cockle shell is categorized as industrial waste and often disposed of in open dumping zones, especially in coastal areas. Therefore, an eco-friendly solution to this disposal issue is crucial, as it can transform waste into a high-value product, such as a partial cement replacement. Also, as there is a growing interest in using alternatives to sand as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete, in this study we used plastic coated sea sand as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. The design mix is formulated for a non-traffic application, with varying percentages of cockle shell ash and plastic-coated sea sand replacing cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Two curing methods, normal water curing and accelerated curing, are applied. The samples are then tested for compression strength and water absorption after 28 days of curing. The findings indicate that compressive strength value increased with increase in both cockle shell ash content as well as plastic coated sea sand content. The water absorption value increased with increase in cockle shell ash content and decreased with increase in plastic coated sea sand content. Hence, this composite material is suitable for use in paver blocks.

Experimental Studies on Paver Block Concrete using Granite and Kota Stone Waste with Environmental effects on Strength

The need to address the worldwide demand for the preservation of limited resources has prompted the exploration of alternate materials. The application of waste materials in the concrete sector is experiencing a growing trend due to its potential to mitigate costs and minimize environmental repercussions. This study aims to assess the appropriateness of utilizing waste materials from granite and Kota stone for the production of interlocking concrete paver blocks (ICPB). The current study examines the potential use of waste materials from granite and Kota stone as substitutes for natural aggregates in the production of concrete interlocking paving blocks. The focus is on applications that cater to pedestrians and non-traffic scenarios. Concrete blocks of M30-grade were cast for this study. The replacement percentages were ranged from 0% to 100% for Kota stone as coarse aggregates and from 0% to 40% for granite waste as fine aggregates and total of 543 samples were cast using the replacement level. The mix proportion ratio used was 1:1.57:2.76 (cement: sand: aggregates) while continuing a constant water-cement ratio of 0.45. Weathered Kota stone waste (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) was also used as anauxiliary for coarse aggregates in M30-grade concrete. The tests conducted covered the physical characterization of the constituent materials, determination of compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, and water absorption tendency for both hardened concrete blocks and I-shaped interlocking pavers. The result indicates that while using stone waste (granite and Kota stone), the required compressive strength was achieved up to a replacement level of 100% Kota stone and 5% granite waste. Flexural strength and splitting tensile strength were also satisfactory at all replacement ratios, along with normal water absorption and minimum abrasion. Paver blocks were also cast from waste stones at various replacement levels. In this study, concrete blocks were also cast using weathered Kota stone waste, which also provided sufficient strength at some level of replacement. The findings suggest that waste stone may be a viable option for manufacturing interlocking pavers, contributing to the development of an environmentally conscious and sustainable pavement infrastructure.

THE EFFECT OF WATER DEFICIENCY ON THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF MISCANTHUS (MISCANTHUS SPP.)

The article discusses the main physiological features of the formation of productivity elements of three species of miscanthus (Giganteus, Sinensis and Sacchariflorus) in drought conditions. The aim of the study is the comprehensive characterization of the responses of three miscanthus species under conditions of water deficit in order to identify potential mechanisms of drought resistance of this crop and assess the possibility of its cultivation in a more arid climate. The objectives of the study included assessing the level of biomass accumulation by miscanthus plants under normal and drought conditions, determining growth indicators and indicators of functional activity, as well as evaluating indicators of the aquatic regime of miscanthus plants. The results obtained indicate the presence of a wide species-specificity of the responses of miscanthus plants to water deficiency. In the case of prolonged drought, the relative growth rate of all miscanthus species decreases. In Miscanthus sacchariflorus drought leads to the decrease in photosynthesis productivity, but the efficiency of water consumption in these plants remained at the plant level in conditions of normal water supply. Miscanthus giganteus and especially miscanthus sinansis have found a wider range of reactions to drought, which includes not only maintaining photosynthetic productivity, but also optimizing it, as well as increasing the efficiency of water utilization. In the miscanthus of the studied species, two strategies for adaptation to conditions of draught were confirmed - the preservation and maintenance of vital processes in conditions of water deficit, along with the presence of mechanisms that optimize the efficiency of water consumption.

Management of non-healing post allergic ulcers with Yashtimadhu Ghrita and adjuvant Ayurvedic drugs-A Case Report

An allergic reaction arises when the immune system responds to a harmful substance. Symptoms of drug allergy can range from mild to severe and may include skin rashes, itching on hands, inner elbows, neck, feet and around the eyes, fever, swelling in the mouth and throat. In the current scenario of human health, there is a high prevalence of allergic reaction due to increasing use of unnatural sources in Food, Medicine and other substances used in routine life. In this case report a 62 year old male patient presented in Shalya Tantra outdoor patient department with complaints of multiple ulcers in bilateral leg since one year, accompanied by severe burning sensation in bilateral leg since six months. In the presentation of allergic ulcer patient had history of trauma on medial malleolus of right foot before four years and ulcer was developed at right medial malleolus. The patient also had a previous allergic reaction to debridement (debridace) ointment. This patient was managed with Vrana Prakshalan using Panchavalkala Kwatha, followed by the local application of Yashtimadhu Ghrita twice daily. Additionally, Avipattikar Churna (5g) mixed with Sootashekhar Rasa (125mg) was administered twice daily after meals with normal water for 21 days. Within 10 days of treatment, the burning sensation subsided, and bandaging with Yashtimadhu Ghrita was initiated. By the second week of treatment, signs of ulcer healing began to appear, and complete ulcer healing was achieved in six weeks. Generally inflammatory condition is seen in allergic reactions, but in this case, ulcers developed due to allergy. This single case report shows that Yashtimadhu Ghrita and adjuvant Ayurvedic medicines have properties to treat post allergic ulcer.

Numerical calculation of seepage field and stability analysis of dam body of closed tailings pond

Abstract In this study, taking a certain iron ore tailings pond as the research object, a closed pond engineering design was conducted to ensure its sustained and stable operation. Firstly, installation of a flood drainage system (spillway) and closure of the existing overflow tower and drainage pipe are suggested. Secondly, numerical analysis is conducted on the seepage field of the dam body to determine the position of the saturation line of the dam body under normal water storage level and design flood level. Subsequently, the stability of the dam body under various working conditions is assessed using the limit equilibrium method.

Advances and Obstacles in Reinforcement Learning : Unleashing AI's Potential, Practical Implementations, and the Roadmap for the Future

The bacteria are the most common naturally occurring organisms in an aquatic medium which are important for the degradation of the aquatic wastes, chemical substances and pollutants.. The normal bacteria of the fish is the flora of the medium in which they live. The heavy mortality that occurs in the cultured and the feral fish population is commonly caused by the bacterial diseases and affects fish living in the polluted waters. Therefore, the present study was aimed at studying the bacteria which can be easily identified by using biochemical parameters. During the present study bacteria of fish collected from the polluted water body was identified using various biochemical tests and compared with that of the fish from normal or comparatively less polluted water body .The polluted water fish are more prone to the bacterial ,fungal ,viral and parasitic infections than the fish living in the less contaminated waters. Therefore, a comparative study involving fish bacterial catalase ,peroxidase, and oxidase activities was qualitatively detected from fish obtained from both the normal water body and the polluted water body . The catalase activity was interpreted as positive for example Staphylococcus species and allied ones and negative for the streptococcus and related species. Peroxidase also showed similar results. The oxidase activity was found to be less than the other two enzyme activities. The difference in the enzyme activities are due to the differential breakdown of the pollutants by the bacteria present over the surface of the body of the fish and in the body fluids and more so in case of oxidase enzyme due to the low levels of oxygen as observed in the present study.

Methanolic Extract of Ricinus Communis ameliorated cardiovascular dysfunction in dichlorvos-exposed rats.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death globally resulting in 17-19 million death every year. The search for an effective medicine to manage cardiovascular disorder without any side effect has led to the use of traditional based medicine. 75% of the world's population has been reported to depend on traditional medicine as their basic form of health care and this has resulted to the use of herbal medicine in the treatment and management of metabolic diseases. The study evaluated the effect of methanolic extract of Ricinus communis on DDVP-induced cardiotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Thirty-two (32) male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight (8) rats each. Group A served as control rats, received 10mL/Kg of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and distilled water solution (vehicle) for six weeks. Group B served as DDVP-induced rats and were exposed to DDVP (15 minutes daily) for 3 weeks without any treatment. Group C rats received DDVP as in group B and then administered 300mg/kg of R. communis extract for 42days. While Group D rats were administered 300mg/kg of R. communis extract daily, for 6 weeks in addition to normal feed and water. Exposure to DDVP caused significant cardiac dysfunction evidence by alteration in cardiovascular variables and electrocardiac function, compromised lipid profile and reduced antioxidant enzymes. However, treatment with methanolic extract of Ricinus communis improved antioxidant defense system, attenuate hemodynamic impairment and left ventricular dysfunction, as well as inhibit lipid peroxidation and prevent hyperlipidemia in rats. In addition, histopathology observation showed that Ricinus communis extract was able to regenerate the myocardial injury caused by exposure to dichlorvos. In conclusion, Ricinus communis exhibited cardioprotective properties and may be a potential remedy for cardiovascular diseases with low risk of toxicity.

SEEPAGE ANALYSIS ON THE EMBANKMENT BODY ZONAL TYPE DAM IN BAGONG EAST JAVA INDONESIA

Dam construction is one form of water resource utilization in Indonesia. In addition to its potential functions and benefits, dams in Indonesia also pose significant risks. Therefore, detailed planning for dam construction is essential. The Bagong Dam has a zonal embankment type with a vertical core. This type of dam has larger pores or voids compared to concrete/asphalt dams. Consequently, a detailed seepage calculation is necessary to avoid adverse events. Water seepage can be addressed by analyzing it using the Geo-Studio software, which can identify the depression line, as well as the velocity and discharge of seepage through the dam body. The analysis includes conditions such as Normal Water Surface (NWS), Flood Water Surface (FWS), Rapid Drawdown, and Dead Storage. The analysis will produce seepage patterns (depression lines), seepage discharge, and seepage velocity. The calculated seepage discharge in Geo-Studio is 5.82 x 10-3 m3/s, compared to the manually calculated seepage discharge of 5.98 x 10-3 m3/s, resulting in a negligible difference of 2.672%, with a discharge difference of 0.00016 m3/s. The highest critical velocity occurs in rip-rap material and embankments at a height of 4.04 x 10-1 in the NWS modelling. The critical diameter limit for the most critical (smallest) material to be carried away is found in clay material with a critical diameter of 5.61.10-14 cm. The safety factor for suffusion symptoms indicates the most critical value in NWS modelling, with a value of 4.51. The seepage discharge is still within safe limits since the calculated discharge through the dam body is 0.062 m3/s less than the permitted discharge.

The Effect of short-term hyper-ammonia exposure in Indiancatfish, Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) on haematological parameters, tissues structure and gene expression profiles

In the present study, pattern of changes in blood physiological parameters, structuralchanges in gills, liver and kidnney as well as gene expression patterns for ornithine-ureacycle (OUC) were studied, under hyper-ammonia stress (25 mM NH4Cl) for 1, 3, 6 and 9 hand 24 h in normal water condition after 9 h exposure (9h+N), in Clarias magur (Hamilton,1822). Analysis showed increase in blood ammonia upto 3 h, with decreasing trend (upto2 folds reduction) subsequently. It was accompanied by simultaneous increase in urealevels upto 6 folds at 9 h exposure. However, there were no significant changes in bloodparameters, except for serum protein, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) andlactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels after 1 h exposure. Histological analysis of gills revealedhighest (88%) percentage of damaged gills with congested blood capillaries, treated for 9 h,but declined by 65% at 9h+N. Histological alterations in liver and kidney were prominentonly at 9 h exposure, with nuclear hypertrophy and necrosis of hepatic cells in liver tissuesand distension as well as degeneration of Bowman’s capsule in kidneys. Significantup-regulation of cpsIII and otc genes at 9 h and 9h+N, points to activation of OUC in liver at6 h exposure and unique physiological characteristics of turning towards ureotelism fromammoniotelism, after short term exposure to high ammonia level. Keywords:Ammonium chloride; Clarias magur, Congested capillaries, Gills, Hyperplasia, Ornithine urea cycle, Urea

Exploring Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Gramine Bioactive Molecule in Wistar Rats.

ABSTRACT: The study evaluated the toxicity of Gramine in Wistar rats using a specified dose for acute and subacute toxicity evaluation. Female rats were given the Single dose as specified in OECD Guideline 425. Subacute toxicity was assessed using doses of 13, 27.5, and 55 mg/kg p.o. compared to a control group. After treatment, the satellite group continued operating for 14 days to assess the recovery effects. No mortality was observed at doses of 175mg/kg, but mortality was observed at doses of 550 mg/kg. In a subacute toxicity investigation, rats given Gramine orally for 28 days showed significant weight loss, reduced food intake, and normal water consumption. No harmful effects were observed for haematological or biochemical parameters, and no evidence of deterioration was found in brain, kidney, or liver histopathological examinations. The results indicate that 13, 27.5, and 55 mg/kg were considered safe doses for both short- and long-term oral therapy.

ON THE AGE AND CONDITIONS OF THE FORMATION OF THE POLYANYTSKA SUITE ACCORDING TO THE FORAMINIFERA STUDY RESULTS (LOWER MIOCENE, BORYSLAV-POKUTTYA NAPPE, UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS)

Neogene deposits of the Polyanytska Suite were exposed by the South Boryslav-1 well within the eastern block of the South Boryslav structure of the Boryslav oil and gas condensate field of the Outer Carpathians. The studied sediments of the Polyanytska Suite belong to the complex zone of planktonic foraminifers Globigerina pseudoedita with a characteristic association: Globigerina pseudoedita, Globoquadrina dehiscens, Dentoglobigerina langhiana, Trilobatus trilobus, Tenuitella brevispira, Tenuitella denseconnexa, Globorotalia tetracamerata, Globigerinella evoluta, Globigerinella obesa, Chiloguembelina gracillima. The Globigerina pseudoedita zone of planktonic foraminifera correlates with the zonal interval of nannoplankton NN2-NN3 of the Central Paratethys, which covers the upper part Eggerian, Eggenburgian, and the lowest part Ottnangian of the Central Paratethys and is compared with the upper Aquitan – the lower part of the Burdigal of the lower Miocene of the Neogene of the International Chronostratigraphic Scale. The sediments of the Polyanytska Suite were formed in a normally saline sea basin, with depths from the middle to the inner shelf. The medium shelf conditions (intervals 1812–1805 m; 1684–1645 m and 1546–1485 m in the the South Boryslav-1 well) are indicated by a relatively high percentage content and morphology of the shells of planktonic foraminifera, the taxonomic composition of calcareous benthic foraminifera. The presence of plankton indicates normal water salinity. Analysis of foraminifera in the interval 1395–1365 m indicates the depths of the inner shelf. The identified redeposited foraminifera of the Paleocene-Lower Oligocene testify to the erosion and demolition of clastic material from the uplifted part of the Carpathians.