Normal Test Research Articles

Pengaruh Media Arcademics terhadap Minat Belajar Matematika Peserta Didik di SD Miftahussadah

The use of learning media that is easy to make and use is needed by teachers along with technological advances. Learning media has a significant influence on the learning process. Observations at Miftahussadah Elementary School in Gebog Subdistrict show that although learning is quite varied, conventional methods without the help of media are still often used. Students' learning motivation is a determining factor in learning activities. The more interesting the learning media used, the higher the tendency and attention of students in learning. This study aims to see the effect of Arcademics media on students' interest in learning. This study used a one group pretest-posttest pre-experiment design. The sampling technique was purposive sampling with a total of 14 students from class V SD Miftahussadah. Data analysis includes validity and reliability tests, normality tests, homogeneity tests (Levene's test), and t-tests with the help of SPSS applications. The results showed that the use of Arcademics media had a positive influence on students' learning motivation.

The Influence of Good Corporate Governance on Financial Performance in Indonesian Islamic Banking

This study examines the impact of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) on the financial performance of Sharia banking in Indonesia Tbk. Analyzed GCG variables include the Board of Commissioners, Board of Directors, Independent Commissioners, Sharia Supervisory Board, and Audit Committee. Using a quantitative method with multiple linear regression analysis, the study employs secondary data from annual reports of Sharia banking in Indonesia Tbk. Normality tests were conducted using the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, while heteroscedasticity tests were performed using a scatterplot of residuals against standardized predicted values.Results indicate that none of the independent variables significantly impact financial performance, with p-values well above 0.05. Additionally, the F-test (ANOVA) shows that the independent variables collectively do not significantly impact financial performance, with an F value of 0.243 and a p-value of 0.939. The very low coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.048 suggests that the regression model explains only 4.8% of the variation in financial performance.The implementation of GCG principles at Bank Muamalat Syariah Tbk has not effectively improved financial performance. Therefore, evaluation and improvement of GCG implementation are needed, along with consideration of other factors potentially influencing financial performance. Recommended measures include enhancing the capacity of the Board of Commissioners and Board of Directors, optimizing the role of Independent Commissioners, and increasing the effectiveness of the Sharia Supervisory Board and Audit Committee to improve the bank's financial performance.

Epicardial fat and liver stiffness by ARFI elastography in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection without liver disease.

To evaluate the association between increased epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), as assessed by elastography in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection (PWH). 91 PWH on effective antiretroviral treatment (ART) were enrolled. EFT was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. Liver steatosis was evaluated by ultrasound Hamaguchi criteria and LSM by elastography with Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) Tecnique. LSM ≥8 Kpa was suggestive of clinically relevant fibrosis. Mean age was 54.3 years and 27.5% were women. EFT correlated with HIV-1 infection duration (rS 0.252, p = 0.016), age at study entry (rS 0.527, p < 0.001), BMI (rS 0.363, p < 0.001), waist circumference (rS 0.549, p < 0.001), HDL (rS -0.391, p < 0.001), triglycerides (rS 0.375, p < 0.001), Hamaguchi score (rS 0.279, p = 0.007), right lobe of the liver (rS 0.259, p = 0.014), Left ventricular mass/Body surface area (rS 0.220, p = 0.036).A LSM ≥8 Kpa was found in 20.9% of PWH, more commonly in those with EFT above the median >5.6 mm (30.4% vs 11.1%, p = 0.038). LSM significantly correlated with EFT (rS 0.274, p = 0.009), CD4+ cells (rS -0.320, p = 0.003) and nadir of CD4+ cells (rS -0.292, p = 0.007).In a subgroup (n = 53), an HOMA-IR index >2.33 identified increased EFT, (AUC 0.73, 95%CI 0.59-0.84, p = 0.001) while an HOMA-IR >3.27 predicted increased LSM (AUC 0.76, 95%CI 0.62-0.87, p = 0.005). PWH with increased EFT have worse metabolic profile and a high proportion of clinically relevant fibrosis at ARFI elastography, despite normal liver function tests. The HOMA-IR index might be used to identify PWH with increased EFT and liver fibrosis.

Toxicological evaluation of anti-cough herbal tea made from aqueous extracts of G. Kola, C. Citratus and B. pinnatum

Background: Herbal formulations currently contribute significantly to medical remedies with varying effects on health indices. Garcinia kola seeds, Cymbapogon citratus, and Bryophyllum pinnantum leaves are among the widely used in herbal formulations. Objectives: This study evaluated the toxicological effects of the ternary combination of these plant materials on some renal, hepatic, hematological and histological parameters of streptococci-infected white albino rats. Materials and Methods: Samples of Garcinia kola seeds, Cymbapogon citratus leaves, and Bryophyllum pinnantum leaves were sourced locally and authenticated by a taxonomist. Aqueous extract of the ternary combination comprising of 40% G. kola, 30% C. citratus, and 30% B. pinnantum was prepared and administered on albino rats. Thirty five white albino rats grouped into 7 groups comprising of normal control, treatment control, disease control, and test group were used for the evaluation after a 14 days treatment on infected and uninfected rats. The rats were sacrificed, and samples collected. Some renal, hepatic, histological, and hematological indices were analyzed. Results: Comparison of all hematological parameters (except for platelet count) between uninfected-untreated and unifected-treated with extract showed no significant (p&gt;0.05) difference. Platelet count was significantly (p&lt;0.05) raised in all groups treated with the extract. Comparison control and the extract-treated group showed no significant (p&gt;0.05) difference in renal parameters indicating no adverse effects on renal function. However, comparison of parameters between control and the infected-treated group showed significantly elevated creatinine which alone may not be sufficient to support renal damage. Albumin, and total bilirubin were significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower in the extract-treated group compared to the control group. In contrast, total protein and globulin were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in the controls to the infected groups. ALT and AST were significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower in the extract treated groups compared to the control group. Although comparison of ALP activity between uninfected-untreated and infected-treated group showed significant (p&lt;0.05) elevation this alone may not be sufficient to support liver damage. The hematoxyline and eosine stained sections of the kidney and the liver tissues of the tea fed groups show normal kidney and liver histology. There was no significant change in the liver and kidney histology of the test and control groups. The extract did not cause adverse impact on these organs. Conclusion: Ternary combination of 40% G. kola, 30% C. citratus, and 30% B. pinnantum can effectively be used in treatment of cough without significant adverse effects on renal, hepatic, hematological and histological parameters. The ternary combination rather demonstrated significant hepato-protective feature.

Integration of Dalihan Natolu's Local Wisdom in the Sets Learning Model to Improve Student's Problem Solving Ability

This study integrates the Science, Environment, Technology, and Society (SETS) learning model with the cultural framework of Dalihan Natolu (DNT), aimed at fostering active, effective, and creative learning. The objective was to examine the impact of this integrated DNT-SETS approach on students’ problem-solving skills, particularly in the context of environmental pollution. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving 60 students from SMA GKPS Pematang Raya, divided into an experimental group (30 students) and a control group (30 students). The learning materials included lesson plans, student worksheets, learning model guides, and six essay questions related to environmental pollution, designed to assess problem-solving skills. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality and Levene's test for variance homogeneity, both at a 5% significance level. A t-test was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the DNT-SETS model. The t-test results showed a significance value of 0.000, indicating a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The experimental group, which used the DNT-SETS model, demonstrated a 59% improvement in problem-solving skills, compared to a 38% gain in the control group. This suggests the DNT-SETS model effectively enhanced students' abilities to address environmental issues. The integration of the DNT-SETS model enabled students to approach environmental problems holistically, linking scientific concepts with real-world challenges. This model encourages students to gather evidence and develop effective solutions based on their understanding. The DNT-SETS model significantly improves problem-solving skills in environmental education, offering a practical and culturally relevant teaching strategy.

Improving multiplication counting skills of class IV students using PBL model and Jarimatica technique

This research is quantitative in nature using a non-equivalent control group design. The sample consisted of class IVA as the controlling classes and the IVB as the experiment classes. The instrument used is an essay test that has been validated both validity and reliability. The analysis data was carried out with prerequisite test including tests for normality and homogeneity, as well as testing of hypotheses using the paired sample t-test, with help the IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The results show that a significance the value (2-tailed) of 0.000 less than the alpha value of 0.05. Since 0.000 less than 0.05, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accept and the null hypothesis (Ho) is reject. Therefore, conclusion is that the problem-based learning model and the finger math technique significantly improve the counting multiplication skills of SD Inpres 7 Labuan Baru fourth graders. Keywords: Problem Based Learning Model; Jarimatica Technique; Multiplication Counting Ability

Development of Mobile Learning based on Problem Solving to Improve IPAS Learning Outcomes

Teachers have not optimally used technology learning media and have not implemented problem solving learning models, causing low student learning outcomes. The research objective is to develop, test feasibility, and measure effectiveness of Mobile Learning based on Problem Solving to improve IPAS learning outcomes for class V. This type of research is Research and Development with the Borg &amp; Gall model. The research subjects were 21 class V students at SDN 02 Jatipurwo Karanganyar. Data collection techniques use tests (pretest, posttest) and non-tests (observation, interviews, questionnaires). Data analysis was carried out using normality test techniques, t test, and N-Gain test. The research results show: Mobile Learning based on Problem Solving was developed using the canva application containing a cover, learning outcomes, instructions for use, developer profile, references, accompanied by learning objectives, concept maps, materials and evaluation questions; the feasible of the media is shown from the validity test of material experts, media experts, teachers and students who receive a very feasible category; and effectiveness is shown from the analysis of pretest and posttest scores. The t test results get a sig value. (2-tailed) 0.000 &lt; 0.005. The N-Gain test result is 0.4234 in the medium category. The conclusions in this research show that the development of Mobile Learning based on Problem Solving has been successfully developed, is very feasible, and is effectively used to improve the science and science learning outcomes of class V students at SDN 02 Jatipurwo Karanganyar

The Effect of Using a Project-Based Learning Model Assisted by Creative Media on Increasing Student Interest in Learning

The purpose of this study is to see the impact of the implementation of project-based learning supported by creative media can influence students' interest in and outside the classroom to learn. class to learn. The study involved 50 students from SMPN 21 Mataram, who were divided into two different groups: an experimental group and a control group. experimental and control groups. The researcher used a questionnaire to obtain data on students' interest in learning. The instrument has been tested for validity and reliability. Before conducting hypothesis testing, the researcher Researchers conducted a prerequisite test on the research data. Prerequisite test through homogeneity test using Levene test while, for the normality test the statistical formula used is the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and Shapiro-Wilk.The results are the basis for hypothesis testing using the Hypothesis testing using the Mann Whitney U Test with non-parametric tests with conclusions conclusion which confirms that there is an influence regarding the application of PjBL on increasing students' students' interest in learning which is statistically proven through the acceptance of Ha (Asymp.Sign value of 0.001 0.05), it can be concluded that the Alternative Hypothesis is accepted. The results of this study indicate that the use of creative media in project-based learning is significantly The results of this study indicate that the use of creative media in project-based learning significantly increases students' interest in learning. in learning. The findings of this study strongly support the idea that the use of project-based learning creative project-based learning can be an efficient method to develop students' drive and students' interest in learning at school

Nexus of Classroom Environment and English Language Learning Skills in Higher Education in Pakistan

This study has been designed to examine the nexus between classroom environment and English language learning skills among students in higher education in Pakistan. It has been observed that the classroom environment has a favourable effect on students' language learning not only at school and college levels but also at the university level. A quantitative approach was used for this study. The students of the BS (4 Years) program constitute the population of the study. Cross-sectional research has been conducted, and a well-structured questionnaire has been used as a tool for data collection. The measuring tool consists of different variables, including identification, socio-demographic characteristics, classroom environment, and English language learning skills. A pilot test was done for 30 randomly selected students and the value Alpha was reported to be above .700. A statistics analysis was conducted, including the Normality test and Kendall’s tau_b test. The study findings revealed that the classroom environment favourably affects the English language learning skills of the students at the tertiary level. The results of Kendall's tau_b test confirm the positive correlation between variables (classroom environment and English language learning skills).

Pengaruh Model Discovery Learning Dengan Pendekatan STEM Terhadap Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 3 Lubuk Basung

Student learning outcomes are often unsatisfactory due to learning methods that still dominantly use lectures and do not actively involve students. This method tends for making learner passive at studying. For improving this situation and make learning more effective, it so urgent for overhaul the teaching oncoming. One way is for integrate learning models that involve STEM components. The focus through the following discussion the aim is to find out “the effect of the Discovery Learning learning model with a STEM approach on the learning outcomes of grade VIII students at SMPN 3 Lubuk Basung”.This research used a quasi-experimental design by Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. This research population consisted of VIII grade students at SMPN 3 Lubuk Basung for the 2024/2025 academic year. The sample method used was purposive sampling, where one VIII grade was selected being experimental group also the other VIII class being control group. The instruments using this study included multiple choice experiment of 20 questions also a student response questionnaire. Data analysing has been implemented with “normality test, homogeneity test, and non-parametric test, namely Mann-Whitney test”. The survey of learner proves that most of them give positive responses to application of the Discovery Learning model by STEM approach through a ratio 45% of learner agreeing (S) and 52% strongly agreeing (SS). The hypothesis experimental results show significant figures with large 0.000 &lt;0.05, meaning that the application of this model significantly improved student learning outcomes compared to the Discovery Learning model that did not integrate STEM. The N-Gain testing at experimental group reached 0.8594 which is included at high classification. The teaching use with the STEM-based Discovery Learning model was recorded at 97%. This finding shows thats the using Discovery Learning combined by STEM approach found positively and significant effect at learner understanding of introduction to cell material.

Diagnostic Yield of Endoscopic Ultrasound in Common Bile Duct Dilation: A Real Breakthrough.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is important for the evaluation of patients with common bile duct (CBD) dilation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of EUS for CBD dilation in patients with negative initial studies. This was a retrospective cohort study that included patients who underwent EUS for CBD dilation (≥ 7 mm if intact anatomy or ≥ 10 mm if prior cholecystectomy) in the absence of pathology on previous ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). A total of 109 patients were included, among whom 41 had a positive EUS: 33 choledocholithiasis (30.3%), 6 chronic pancreatitis (5.5%), and 2 ampullary cancer (1.8%). If the EUS was negative, no pathology was found during 1-year follow-up. Older age was associated with positive EUS (79 versus 71 years, p = 0.030). Patients with jaundice, cholelithiasis, and altered liver biochemistry were 16.2 (p = 0.002), 3.1 (p = 0.024), and 2.9 (p = 0.009) times more likely to have positive EUS, respectively. A total of 53 patients had a negative MRCP (48.6%); those with biliary abdominal pain and jaundice were 15.5 (p < 0.001) and 20.0 (p = 0.007) times more likely to have positive EUS, respectively. Considering asymptomatic patients with normal liver tests, CBD diameter ≥ 10 mm in US and ≥ 11 mm in CT can predict a positive EUS (AUC 0.754, p = 0.047 and AUC 0.734, p = 0.048). EUS is a useful diagnostic method for patients with unexplained CBD dilation, even if negative MRCP, and especially in patients with older age, abdominal pain, jaundice, cholelithiasis, and/or altered liver biochemistry. CBD diameter in US and CT had a moderate discriminative ability in predicting positive EUS in asymptomatic patients without altered liver biochemistry.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN AIR (AUDITORY, INTELLECTUALLY, REPETITION) TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN KONVERSI SATUAN PANJANG SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR (SD)

Mathematics learning in unit length conversion is still a problem that must be solved at SDN Ganeas I and II. The students still can't understand the concept of unit length conversion correctly. Therefore, in the learning activities, need a new innovations learning models. This research purpose to determine AIR (Auditory, Intelectually, Repetition) learning model on the concept of length unit conversion for students grade IV of elementary school.The research method used is a quasi-experiment with a non-equivalent control group research design. Data collection with observation and tests.The tests used are pretest and posttest, the sample was grade IV students SDN Ganeas II as the experimental class and grade IV students of SDN Ganeas I as the control class.Data processing techniques using normality tests, homogenenity, t-tests, Mann withney tests, normalized gain tests, with the help of SPSS 26.The results of the study, with using the Mann-Whitney test obtained a p-value of 0.000&lt;0.005,then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, so it is concluded that there is an improvement in students' abilities with the AIR (Auditory, Intelectually, Repetition) learning model.

The Relationship between Self-Concept and Job Satisfaction on the Performance of Private High School Teachers

This study aims to find out and analyze: (1) The relationship between self-concept and teacher’s performance, (2) the relationship between job satisfaction and teacher’s performance, (3) the relationship between self-concept and job satisfaction together on teacher’s performance. This study is quantitative research with partial correlation and multiple correlation methods. This research was conducted at a private high school in Seberang Ulu 1 District, Palembang with 89 teacher respondents. Data collection techniques are in the form of questionnaires and documentation. The validity test uses the validity of the construct while the reliability test uses Cronbranch Alpha. The prerequisite test for analysis uses the normality test, linearity test, multicollinearity test and the data are analyzed using partial correlation analysis and multiple correlation followed by the t-test. The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between self-concept and job satisfaction on the performance of private high school teachers in Seberang Ulu 1 District, Palembang with a correlation value of 0.533, the simultaneous contribution or contribution of self-concept and job satisfaction variables to teacher’s performance was 28.4% while 71.6% was determined by other variables.

Analyses of the variable selection using correlation methods: An approach to the importance of statistical inferences in the modelling process

Selecting the best set of variables in ecological niche models (ENM) and species distribution models (SDM) has become a topic of interest in correlative models, leading to the use of statistical methods to estimate the relationships between variables. However, selecting sets of variables requires several decisions, such as choosing sources of information (i.e., species records and calibration areas) and statistical methods to optimize the modelling process while preventing the overestimation of parameters. In the present study, we analyzed four scenarios for selecting variables in ENM/SDM, including the implication of using the Pearson and Spearman correlation methods, with two strategies to extract the variables' information: species records and calibration areas. First, we conducted a bibliographic review to determine the most used methods to select variables. 134 of the 150 articles selected applied correlation methods, 47 used Pearson and 18 Spearman, and the remaining 69 did not specify the type of correlation method. Also, 19 articles employed species records, 20 used calibration areas, and 95 did not specify how they selected variables, showing the absence of clarity and consistency in variables selection. Then, we explored the same four combinations for 56 bird species. We conducted normality tests for the variables per species and found a tendency for non-normal distributions. Furthermore, we performed Pearson and Spearman correlations using species records and calibration areas as extraction strategies and discussed the differences between each one. Finally, we built different sets of variables and performance SDM for six species and found that the set of variables selected has a different composition based on their strategy. Our findings highlight the absence of clarity and consistency in describing correlation coefficients commonly used for environmental variable selection and emphasize its significant implications.

Pengaruh Viral Marketing Dan Fasilitas Wisata Terhadap Minat Bekunjung Ke Pantai Minang Rua Lampung Selatan

This study aims to examine the Influence of Viral Marketing and Tourism Facilities on Interest in Visiting Minang Rua Beach, South Lampung. This research was conducted at Minang Rua Beach with the address Jl Pariwisata Batu Alif Dusun Kelawi 1 Kelawi Village, Bakauheni District. The population used in this study was the number of tourists who were interested in visiting the Minang Rua Beach tourist attraction, South Lampung with a sample size of 200 respondents. The sampling technique used was Purposive Sampling. The data analysis technique used validity tests, normality tests, classical assumption tests and multiple regression analysis. The analysis tool used was SPSS ver.26. The results of this study indicate that Viral Marketing and Tourism Facilities have a positive effect on Interest in Visiting Minang Rua Beach, South Lampung, both partially and simultaneously

THE EFFECT OF SERVICE QUALITY AND PROMOTION TOWARDS CUSTOMER DECISION

This study investigates the influence of service quality and promotion on consumer decision-making regarding the use of Lash by Vie services in Pontianak City. Using an associative research approach, the study gathered data from 100 female respondents who had previously utilized the salon's services. Multiple regression analysis was employed as the primary analytical method, using SPSS version 25. Validity and normality tests confirmed that all items were both reliable and normally distributed. The findings reveal that, individually (through T-tests), both service quality and promotion have a positive and significant impact on consumer decision-making. Furthermore, the F-test results demonstrate that, when considered together, service quality and promotion significantly and positively influence consumers' decisions. These results underscore the importance of both factors in shaping consumer choices regarding beauty services.

Retrospective Analysis of Etiology, Pattern, and Determinants of Pediatric Maxillofacial Injuries

Abstract Context: Children sustain facial skeletal and soft-tissue injuries, which are often seen in the preschool age; however, severe facial injuries involving facial bones occur in ages above 11 years. There have been several postulated reasons for the reduction in the incidence of skeletal fractures in children. These include sutural pliability of pediatric facial bones, increased subcutaneous fat, and a greater ratio of cranial to facial bones. Aims: The study aimed to report our institutional experience of the pattern of presentation in pediatric maxillofacial trauma and report its main etiologies. Methods and Materials: Clinical and demographic information was retrieved from the maxillofacial registers, day clinics, and pathology registers. The etiology of the trauma and associated injuries were also noted. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were performed on demographic variables such as age, gender, and location of trauma. Categorical variables were analyzed in frequencies and proportions. Association analyses across variables were done using student t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s Chi-square after normality test had been conducted. Dunn’s test and Tukey’s post-hoc analysis were conducted after significant observations. Results: The mean age observed in the study was 7.3 years ± 5.3 SD (range: 2.6 months–16 years). There was a slight male predilection with 58.6%. Falls were the most common etiology in the ≤5-years group. RTC accounted for most injuries in children above 11 years. Soft-tissue-only injuries were observed in 51.4% of all cases. In facial bone fractures, mandibular fractures accounted for 40% of all cases. Conclusion: Male children experienced the greatest impact from maxillofacial trauma. The primary factor contributing to this was falls among preschool children. Soft-tissue injuries were found to be more prevalent among preschool children, whereas the incidence of facial fractures increased as age advanced.

Development of E-Module Material on Recognizing the Environment With Dance

Dance learning in elementary schools is no less essential in learning activities. However, teachers still need to clarify many things regarding the purpose of learning dance in schools, where teachers still think that learning dance must teach students to become dancers. Therefore, this study aims to develop e-modules on recognizing the environment with dance for grade IV elementary school students. This type of research is development research with the ADDIE development model. The data collection techniques used in the study were observation, interviews, documentation, questionnaires, and tests. The data analysis techniques used are normality test, t-test, and N-Gain test. The results of the feasibility assessment of e-modules to recognize the environment with dance from material experts obtained a score of 92.26%. In comparison, the evaluation of media experts obtained a value of 89.02%. In addition, responses from users on product trials obtained a percentage of 98.18% from students and 100% from class teachers. The effectiveness of e-modules to recognize the environment with dance is evidenced in the t-test which obtained a significance value of 0.001 less than the significance level of 0.05, which means that there is a significant effect of using e-modules to recognize the environment with dance. In the N-Gain test, the result is 82.80, which can be concluded that the e-module of recognizing the environment with dance that has been developed is declared feasible and effective in learning dance.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING VOCABULARY SELF-COLLECTION STRATEGY (VSS) ON STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY MASTERY AT THE EIGHTH GRADE OF SMPN 23 KABUPATEN TEBO

Vocabulary mastery is very important when learning English. Vocabulary mastery determines four language skills because it is impossible to use language skills fully when students have limited vocabulary in their minds. Students feel confused about the meaning of a word, have difficulty remembering some vocabulary and students are less interested in learning English subjects. This happens because students do not master English vocabulary well. So students' vocabulary mastery is still relatively low. To overcome this problem, researchers used VSS in English language learning. This research aims to find out whether there is effectiveness in using VSS on students' vocabulary mastery. This research data was collected in 2024 in the second semester. The sample for this research was 26 class VIII students. The method used in this research is a quantitative method with a pre-experimental design, one group pre-test post-test. The results of the post-test were an average of 78.65. These results were calculated using the SPSS application where the tests analyzed were normality and Wilcoxon tests. Based on the Wilcoxon test, the result obtained is 0.000, which is a value smaller than 0.05. Thus, the results of the research that has been carried out conclude that VSS is effective for mastering the vocabulary of students in class VIII SMPN 23 Tebo Regency.

Embracing Technological Advancement: Assessing the Impact of Innovation on Sectorial Employment in Tanzania

Technological innovation is one of the most rapidly advancing and dynamic sector today. It drives growth across all sectors of the economy. However, this rapid growth presents both opportunities and challenges. Taking innovation into account, this study aims to assess the impact of technological innovation on three sectors which are agriculture, industrial, and service sectors. The study employed the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL), with data from 2000 to 2022 obtained from the World Bank (WB) and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Three ARDL models were used to estimate employment in the agriculture sector, employment in the industrial sector and employment in the service sector with inflation (CPI) and interest rate (INT) as the control variables. The ADF (Augmented Dickey-Fuller) test, PP(Philip-Perron) test, Serial Correlation LM test, BG Heteroscedasticity, and Jarque Bera Normality test were utilized to ensure robust estimates of the models. The findings revealed that innovation has a significant positive influence on employment in the agriculture sector and service sector whereas the industrial sector is negatively influenced by innovation. Nevertheless, inflation has a significant positive effect on employment in the agriculture and service sectors but negatively affects employment in the industrial sector, where a lag in interest rate influence negatively employment in the agricultural sector. Relying on these findings, the study recommends an increase in expenditure on research and development, formulation of policies that will mainstream innovation in all sectors of the economy, and investing more in education and skills development